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Yunanistan nas\u0131l kuruldu, 200 y\u0131l \u00f6nce neler ya\u015fand\u0131?<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n Stelyo Berberakis \/ Atina<\/strong><\/p>\n Yunanistan bug\u00fcn Yunan halk\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimine kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n 200\u2019\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kutlayacak. Atina, \u201c25 Mart Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k G\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d kutlamalar\u0131nda \u201cT\u00fcrkiye ile iyi ge\u00e7inmek istedi\u011fi\u201d mesajlar\u0131 veriyor.<\/p>\n Frans\u0131z Le Monde gazetesine konu\u015fan Yunanistan Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Ekaterina Sakellaropoulou, \u201cYunanistan T\u00fcrkiye ile iyi kom\u015fu olmak ve bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde ya\u015famak istiyor. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de ayn\u0131 niyet varsa, biz buna haz\u0131r\u0131z\u201d dedi.<\/p>\n Yunanistan Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Kiryakos Mi\u00e7otakis, kutlamalara kat\u0131lmak i\u00e7in Atina\u2019ya gelen K\u0131br\u0131s Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Nikos Anastasiadis\u2019i kar\u015f\u0131larken, \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019deki sondaj gemilerini \u00e7ekmesi, gerginli\u011fin azalmas\u0131 yolunda att\u0131\u011f\u0131 olumlu bir ad\u0131md\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin bu iyi niyet g\u00f6sterisinin s\u00fcrekli hale gelmesini arzu ediyoruz\u201d diye konu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n Bu y\u0131l kutlama t\u00f6renlerine, Yunan Devleti\u2019nin kurulu\u015funa fiilen destek veren Rusya, \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ayaklanmay\u0131 uzaktan destekleyen ve sava\u015f alan\u0131na g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc asker g\u00f6nderen ABD\u2019nin temsilcileri de kat\u0131lacak.<\/p>\n Bu kapsamda \u0130ngiltere Prensi Charles ve e\u015fi, Rusya Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Mihail Mi\u015fustinin ve e\u015fi, Fransa Savunma Bakan\u0131 Florence Parly de t\u00f6renlere kat\u0131lacak.<\/p>\n ABD u\u00e7ak gemisi Eisenhower\u2019\u0131n Pire Liman\u0131\u2019na demirleyece\u011fi, Amerikan ve Frans\u0131z sava\u015f u\u00e7aklar\u0131n\u0131n askeri ge\u00e7it t\u00f6renlerinde g\u00f6steri yapacaklar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131.<\/p>\n Emin Oktay\u2019\u0131n tarih dersi kitaplar\u0131nda \u201cYunan \u0130syan\u0131\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda yar\u0131m sayfa yer verilen Yunan ayaklanmas\u0131, Yunan tarih dersi kitaplar\u0131nda \u201cYunan ulusunun Osmanl\u0131 i\u015fgalinden kurtulu\u015fu\u201d olarak okutuluyor.<\/p>\n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u201cOsmanl\u0131\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 isyan ve ihanet\u201d olarak nitelenen bu ayaklanma, Yunanistan\u2019da \u201cKurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n Resmen kurulup ilan edildi\u011fi 1832 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Yunanistan diye bir \u00fclke yoktu. Sadece bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Yunanistan\u2019dan ba\u015fka b\u00fct\u00fcn Anadolu\u2019da, Balkanlar\u2019da ve Rusya\u2019da ya\u015fayan -adlar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131\u2019da Rum\/Romal\u0131 olarak ge\u00e7en- Helence konu\u015fan Ortodoks Yunanlar vard\u0131.<\/p>\n \u0130.\u00d6. Antik Yunan medeniyeti y\u0131llar\u0131ndan sonra ilk \u00f6nce Roma; daha sonra Bizans ve son olarak Osmanl\u0131 imparatorluklar\u0131n\u0131n hegemonyas\u0131 alt\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Helenler (Yunanlar), 1798 Frans\u0131z ihtilalinin t\u00fcm Avrupa\u2019da yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 siyasi depremlerden ilham alarak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 1821\u2019de Mora yar\u0131madas\u0131nda ba\u015flatt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n Frans\u0131z Devrimi\u2019nin etkisi<\/strong><\/p>\n 1821\u2019den Yunan Devleti\u2019nin resmen ilan edildi\u011fi 1832 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Osmanl\u0131 kuvvetleriyle s\u00fcrekli ya\u015fanan kanl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara, d\u00f6nemin s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7lerinden Rusya, \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n da kat\u0131lmas\u0131 Yunan Devleti\u2019nin do\u011fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131.<\/p>\n Yunan ayaklanmas\u0131 fikri, asl\u0131nda Frans\u0131z devriminden 16 y\u0131l sonra, 1814\u2019te Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Odessa kentinde Yunan t\u00fcccar ve ayd\u0131nlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan \u201cFiliki Eterya\u201d adl\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fct vas\u0131tas\u0131yla do\u011fmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n Rusya \u00c7ar\u0131 1. Aleksandr\u2019\u0131n Yunan as\u0131ll\u0131 yaveri Aleksandr \u0130psilanti\u2019nin 1820\u2019de Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131 Eflak Bo\u011fdan\u2019a sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fclmesine ra\u011fmen ayaklanma k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131m\u0131 k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde Mora Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019na s\u0131\u00e7ram\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n Theodoros Kolokotronis, Yorgos Karaiskakis, Petrobey Mavromihalis, Nikitaras, Andrea Myaoulis gibi komutanlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekti\u011fi ayaklanma s\u0131ras\u0131nda Yunan isyanc\u0131lar\u0131n aras\u0131nda da i\u00e7 sava\u015flar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n zaman zaman isyan\u0131 bast\u0131rmas\u0131na da yol a\u00e7\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n Yunan ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n tarih\u00e7esine bakacak olursak:<\/p>\n 1814\u2019te Odessa\u2019da kurulan \u201cFiliki Eterya\u201d ayaklanma fikrini yayan \u00f6rg\u00fct oldu.<\/p>\n 1820\u2019de Eflak Bo\u011fdan\u2019da, \u0130talya\u2019da (Napoli) ba\u015flayan ayaklanmalara paralel olarak Mora\u2019ya s\u0131\u00e7rayan ayaklanma, o d\u00f6nemdeki dengelerin bozulmas\u0131n\u0131 istemeyen ba\u015fta Avusturya \u015fans\u00f6lyesi Metternich olmak \u00fczere \u201cKutsal \u0130ttifak\u201d\u0131 olu\u015fturan Rusya ve Prusya, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n lehine Yunan ayaklanmas\u0131na da kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n Buna ra\u011fmen 1821\u2019de Yunan ihtilali 25 Mart\u2019ta resmen ilan edildi ve t\u00fcm yar\u0131madaya yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 katliamlar<\/strong><\/p>\n 1821 ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7emedi\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle \u201cRum milletinin ba\u015f\u0131\u201d konumundaki \u0130stanbul Rum Patrik\u2019i, ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n Nisan ay\u0131nda Sultan 2. Mahmut taraf\u0131ndan Patrikhane\u2019nin giri\u015f kap\u0131s\u0131na as\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n T\u00fcrkiye D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ar\u015fivlerine g\u00f6re, Osmanl\u0131 hariciyesinde g\u00f6revli \u0130stanbul Rumlar\u0131 (Fanaryot) maslahatg\u00fczarl\u0131k yapt\u0131klar\u0131 Avrupa kentlerinden geri \u00e7ekildiler ve 1830\u2019a kadar s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderildiler.<\/p>\n \u0130stanbul ve Anadolu\u2019daki Rum kiliseleri yak\u0131ld\u0131, ya\u011fmaland\u0131 ve cinayetler i\u015flendi. Rum maslahatg\u00fczarlar\u0131n g\u00f6revleri 1830 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra tekrar kendilerine iade edildi.<\/p>\n 1821\u2019in Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netiminin \u00f6nemli merkezlerinden Trepoli\u00e7a\u2019da (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Tripolis) b\u00fcy\u00fck katliamlar oldu. Kimi tarih\u00e7iye g\u00f6re 20, kimine g\u00f6re 35 bin M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kad\u0131n, erkek, \u00e7ocuk k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irildi.<\/p>\n \u00d6yle ki, Mora komutan\u0131 Kolokotronis, Yunan as\u0131ll\u0131 Rus prensi Dimitri \u0130psilanti (Aleksandr\u2019\u0131n karde\u015fi) ve komutanlardan Thomas Gordon\u2019un, Trepoli\u00e7a\u2019ya geldiklerinde i\u015flenen cinayetler ve ya\u011fmalamalar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00fcrperdikleri Yunan tarih kitaplar\u0131na yaz\u0131ld\u0131. Yunan edebiyat\u0131na ve a\u011f\u0131t yak\u0131lan \u015fark\u0131lara da konu olan katliam\u0131n, \u201ckomutanlar\u0131n emirlerini dinlemeyen azg\u0131n \u00e7eteler taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d s\u00f6ylendi.<\/p>\n 1822\u2019nin Mart ay\u0131nda bu kez Sak\u0131z (Chios) adas\u0131nda ya\u015fand\u0131. Sak\u0131z adas\u0131ndaki ayaklanmay\u0131 bast\u0131rmak i\u00e7in adaya g\u00f6nderilen Osmanl\u0131 kuvvetlerinin kad\u0131n, erkek, \u00e7ocuk ay\u0131rmadan kimine g\u00f6re 25 bin Hristiyan\u0131 katletti\u011fi yaz\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l (1822) Mora Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019nda ilk Anayasa a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131.<\/p>\n Bu ve bu gibi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 katliamlar, d\u00fcnya kamuoyunda b\u00fcy\u00fck yank\u0131lar uyand\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n Ancak Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 \u201cBa\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k heyecan\u0131, macerac\u0131l\u0131k\u201d ve \u201cantik Yunan hayranl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d ile Yunan ayaklanmas\u0131na maddi ve manevi destek vermeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n \u00dcnl\u00fc \u0130ngiliz \u015fair Lord Byron, b\u00fct\u00fcn servetini silah temini i\u00e7in ayaklanmaya hibe etti. 1824\u2019te yakaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n sonucunda Yunan ihtilalinin merkezlerinden Messolongi\u2019de \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n \u0130\u00e7 sava\u015flar<\/strong><\/p>\n 1823-1825 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Yunan komutanlarla, siyaset\u00e7ileri, ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 ve toprak a\u011falar\u0131 aras\u0131nda i\u00e7 sava\u015flar \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u201cOsmanl\u0131\u2019dan kurtar\u0131lan yerlerin payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ve y\u00f6netim us\u00fcl\u00fc\u201d i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ayaklanma hareketini yava\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n Yunan donanma komutanlar\u0131ndan Andreas Mialoulis siyaset\u00e7ilerden h\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 almak i\u00e7in Yunan donanmas\u0131n\u0131n amiral gemisi \u201cEllas\u201d\u0131 havaya u\u00e7urdu.<\/p>\n 1825\u2019te i\u00e7teki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar s\u00fcrerken, Sultan 2. Mahmud\u2019un emri ile M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 komutan \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa, donanmas\u0131yla geldi\u011fi Mora Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019na sald\u0131rarak isyan odaklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6nd\u00fcrmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Mora, tekrar b\u00fcy\u00fck katliamlara sahne oldu.<\/p>\n 1827\u2019nin Haziran ay\u0131nda Londra\u2019da toplanan Rusya, \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa liderleri, \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa ve ordular\u0131n\u0131n Mora\u2019dan ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00fcltimatom verdiler.<\/p>\n Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n Ekim ay\u0131nda Mora\u2019dan uzakla\u015fmayan \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n donanmas\u0131, Mora\u2019n\u0131n ucundaki Navarin a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 devletin donanmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yenilgiye u\u011frad\u0131. 89 par\u00e7al\u0131k donanman\u0131n 4\u2019te 3\u2019\u00fc tahrip oldu. Olay Osmanl\u0131 tarihine \u201cNavarin Facias\u0131\u201d, Bat\u0131 tarihine ise \u201cNavarin Zaferi\u201d olarak ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n Navarin deniz muharebesi Yunan Devleti\u2019nin gelece\u011fi i\u00e7in belirleyici olacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131 ve Edirne Anla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n 1827\u2019de, Yunan as\u0131ll\u0131 Rusya D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 \u0130oannis Kapodistrias yeni kurulan devletin ba\u015f\u0131na getirildi. Rusya D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 iken \u0130svi\u00e7re y\u00f6netim \u015feklini ve anayasas\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlayan Kapodistrias, bir\u00e7ok reformlar yapt\u0131 ve Yunan Devleti\u2019nin temellerini att\u0131.<\/p>\n 1828\u2019de patlak veren Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015f\u0131nda, Rus ordular\u0131 \u0130stanbul\u2019un s\u0131rtlar\u0131na kadar ilerledi.<\/p>\n 1829\u2019da Edirne Anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131. Anla\u015fman\u0131n maddelerinden biri Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netiminin yeni kurulan \u201cYunanistan Cumhuriyeti\u201dnin \u00f6zerkli\u011fini tan\u0131mas\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n 1831\u2019de Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n ilk y\u00f6neticisi Kapodistrias, bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fmay\u0131 sindiremeyen ve devletten s\u00fcrekli tazminatlar isteyen 1821 komutanlar\u0131ndan Mavromihalis karde\u015fler taraf\u0131ndan o d\u00f6nemdeki Ba\u015fkent Nafplion\u2019da yol ortas\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n 1832\u2019de Yunanistan Devleti, Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi taraf\u0131ndan da resmen tan\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n B\u00f6ylece Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n ilk s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan Mora Yar\u0131madas\u0131 ve y\u00f6resinde 1460\u2019ta ba\u015flayan ve 400 y\u0131l s\u00fcren Osmanl\u0131 hegemonyas\u0131 sona ermi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l, \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin bask\u0131lar\u0131yla Yunanistan\u2019a Kraliyet y\u00f6netimi getirildi. Alman k\u00f6kenli Otto von Wittelsbach \u201cYunanistan Kral\u0131\u201d tayin edildi.<\/p>\n 100 y\u0131l sonra<\/strong><\/p>\n Yunanistan, tam 100 y\u0131l sonra 1919\u2019da bu kez kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7ecek ve Anadolu\u2019yu i\u015fgal edecekti. Ancak 3 y\u0131l s\u00fcren Yunan i\u015fgali bu kez T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 ile sona erecek ve 1923 Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile iki \u00fclkenin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 belirlenmi\u015f olacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 1832-1947 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda a\u015famal\u0131 olarak geni\u015fledi. Mora ayaklanmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, yeni Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n nereye kadar olaca\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda kimsenin bilgisi yoktu.<\/p>\n Ama\u00e7, Yunanlar\u0131n (Rumlar\u0131n) ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcm topraklar\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakt\u0131.<\/p>\n