{"id":61827,"date":"2021-03-12T02:01:09","date_gmt":"2021-03-12T07:01:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=61827"},"modified":"2021-03-12T02:01:09","modified_gmt":"2021-03-12T07:01:09","slug":"dunyadaki-ilk-kadin-orgutlenmesi-baciyan-i-rum-orgutu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=61827","title":{"rendered":"D\u00fcnyadaki ilk kad\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi: Bac\u0131yan-\u0131 Rum \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Ahi Te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n kad\u0131n kolu olan Bac\u0131yan-\u0131 Rum mensuplar\u0131, y\u00f6netimin yanl\u0131\u015f kararlar\u0131na ve Mo\u011fol istilas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 da Ahilerle birlikte sava\u015ft\u0131. Mo\u011fol askerleri ve sonra da mallar\u0131na el koyan Sel\u00e7uklu sultanlar\u0131na direnen Anadolu Bac\u0131lar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irildi. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 da esir hayat\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Miyase \u0130lknur<\/strong><\/p>\n

Avrupa\u2019da Sanayi Devrimi \u00f6ncesinde nitelik gerektirmeyen ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla da aile i\u00e7i i\u015fletmelerde vas\u0131fs\u0131z i\u00e7i olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bir \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131lmas\u0131 ancak 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Emek yo\u011fun i\u015flerde ucuz i\u00e7g\u00fcc\u00fc olarak yararlan\u0131lan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeleri de ancak 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lla birlikte m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olacakt\u0131r. Oysa Anadolu\u2019da kad\u0131nlar daha 13.Y\u00fczy\u0131lda kendi ba\u015flar\u0131na i\u015f kurabilme, ara mal \u00fcretme, \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kurdu\u011fu \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131larda satma ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kad\u0131nlarla dayan\u0131\u015fma ama\u00e7l\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fct kurarak d\u00fcnyadaki ilk kad\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesini de gerekle\u015ftirme ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131na imza atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak ne hazindir ki, Bac\u0131yan-\u0131 Rum (Anadolu Bac\u0131lar\u0131) \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcnden b\u0131rak\u0131n d\u00fcnyay\u0131, bu topraklarda bile konu ile ilgili bir avu\u00e7 akademisyen d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda haberdar olan yok.<\/p>\n

Bu konuda yurti\u00e7inde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yapanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 o kadar az ki, yabanc\u0131 bilim adamlar\u0131, \u00c2\u015f\u0131k Pa\u015fazade\u2019nin ilk kez s\u00f6z etti\u011fi Bac\u0131yan-\u0131 Rum \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u015f\u00fcphe ile bakm\u0131\u015f, olsa olsa bunun yanl\u0131\u015f okuma ya da yanl\u0131\u015f kayda ge\u00e7me ihtimali \u00fczerinde durmu\u015flar. Alman \u015earkiyat\u00e7\u0131 Taescner, 1200\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llarda bir kad\u0131n org\u00fctlenmesini imk\u00e2ns\u0131z g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ve Bac\u0131yan-\u0131 Rum \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc diye al\u0131nt\u0131lanan tamlaman\u0131n Hac\u0131yan-\u0131 Rum olabilece\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyada Ahilik te\u015fkilat\u0131 ile birlikte kooperatif\u00e7ili\u011fin de ilk \u00f6rne\u011fini olu\u015fturan Bac\u0131yan-\u0131 Rum, sadece mesleki bir te\u015fkilat de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda siyasi faaliyetlerin de y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir kad\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesidir. Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti\u2019nin halk\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131ran kimi uygulamalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 direndi\u015f g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gibi Mo\u011fol istilas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 da bulundu\u011fu \u015fehri teslim etmek istemeyen Ahi Te\u015fkilat\u0131\u2019yla birlikte amans\u0131z bir direni\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015f, bunun bedelini de canlar\u0131yla \u00f6demi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

D\u0130NS\u0130Z T\u00dcRKMENLER DEN\u0130LD\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bac\u0131yan-\u0131 Rum \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc, siyasi kimli\u011fi ve ortodoks S\u00fcnni din anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 reddeden bat\u0131ni tasavvuf e\u011filimi nedeniyle o g\u00fcnden ne devlet kat\u0131nda ne de akademi d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda gereken ilgiye mazhar olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c2\u015f\u0131kpa\u015fazade tarihi, Bekta\u015fi manak\u0131pnameleri ve seyyahlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan tarih yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 kas\u0131tl\u0131 ve karalay\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Saray tarih\u00e7ilerinin yan\u0131nda Ahmet Eflaki gibi Mevlevi tarih\u00e7ileri Ahi Te\u015fkilat\u0131 ve Bac\u0131yan-\u0131 Rum \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc hakk\u0131nda \u201cdinsiz T\u00fcrkmenler, Babai, Hasan Sabbah art\u0131klar\u0131, m\u00fclhid, z\u0131nd\u0131k\u201d gibi su\u00e7lamalara yer vermi\u015ftir. Mevlevi tarih\u00e7ilerinin Ahi Te\u015fkilat\u0131 ile Bac\u0131yan-\u0131 Rum \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc hedef almas\u0131n\u0131n arka plan\u0131nda Mo\u011fol i\u015fgali kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda farkl\u0131 tutum almalar\u0131 yatmaktad\u0131r. Ahiler ve Anadolu Bac\u0131lar\u0131 (Bac\u0131yan-\u0131 Rum) Mo\u011follara direnirken Mevleviler ise Mo\u011follara ko\u015fulsuz biat etmekle kalmay\u0131p Ahilerin ve Bac\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n tekke ve medreselerinin kendilerine verilmesini talep etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

BACILARIN L\u0130DER\u0130 FATMA BACI<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bac\u0131yan-\u0131 Rum \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn lideri Fatma Bac\u0131, Ahilerin lideri Ahi Evran\u2019\u0131n e\u015fidir. Sadece e\u015finden dolay\u0131 de\u011fil d\u00f6nemin \u00fcnl\u00fc mutasavv\u0131flar\u0131ndan Evhad\u00fcddin- Kirmani\u2019nin de k\u0131z\u0131 olmas\u0131 nedeniyle b\u00fcy\u00fck sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r. Ona olan derin sayg\u0131 Alevi-Bekta\u015fi kitleler nezdinde bug\u00fcn de s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Ancak bug\u00fcn ona duyulan sayg\u0131, ba\u015f\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu \u00f6rg\u00fctten, verdi\u011fi m\u00fccadeleden ve Ahi Evran\u2019\u0131n e\u015fi olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 de\u011fil, Mo\u011follar\u0131n elinde 14 y\u0131ll\u0131k esaretten ve e\u015fi Ahi Evran\u2019\u0131n katletilmesinden sonra s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Hac\u0131 Bekta\u015f Veli\u2019nin evlatl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve onun felsefesini ve ilmini \u00f6\u011fretti\u011fi v\u00e2risi olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131d\u0131r. Hac\u0131bekta\u015f\u2019\u0131n evlatl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ilmi varisi olan Fatma Bac\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ad\u0131 da o tarihten sonra \u201cKad\u0131nc\u0131k Ana\u201d olarak an\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kurdu\u011fu bu sosyal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, ticari ve siyasi \u00f6rg\u00fct Ahilik te\u015fkilat\u0131ndan ayr\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez. Sonu\u00e7ta Bac\u0131yan-\u0131 Rum \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc Ahilik te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n bir nevi kad\u0131nlar koludur. Ahilik te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn ilke ve kararlar\u0131 Bac\u0131yan-\u0131 Rum \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erliydi.<\/p>\n

KADINLI ERKEKL\u0130 YEMEKLER<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ahilik Te\u015fkilat\u0131\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 belli mallar\u0131 satan t\u00fcccar ve \u00fcretim at\u00f6lyeleri bug\u00fcnk\u00fc sanayi siteleri gibi belli \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131larda toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ahi Evran debba\u011flar\u0131n piri olarak tarihe ge\u00e7mi\u015f olsa da 32 \u00e7e\u015fit sanatk\u00e2r kolunun da lideridir. \u015eehirlerde kurulan sanayi sitelerinde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00fcretimlerini pazarlad\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00fckkan ve at\u00f6lyeleri bulunmaktayd\u0131. Kayseri\u2019de dericiler ve bak\u0131rc\u0131lar \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda bulunan K\u00fclahduzlar (\u00d6rg\u00fcc\u00fcler) \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda da kad\u0131nlar debba\u011flar\u0131n tabaklad\u0131\u011f\u0131 derilerdeki y\u00fcnleri ip haline getirip \u00f6rg\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fckte kullan\u0131yor ve bunlar\u0131 kendilerine ait \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131da sat\u0131\u015fa sunuyordu. K\u00fclah, hal\u0131, kilim, kuma\u015f ve di\u011fer dokumac\u0131l\u0131k kollar\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6steren Bac\u0131yan-\u0131 Rum \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcne mensup kad\u0131nlar, Ahilik Te\u015fkilat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011fu Kayseri, K\u0131r\u015fehir ve Konya gibi \u015fehirlerden sonra Mo\u011fol istilas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kald\u0131klar\u0131 u\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelerde de bu faaliyetlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrler. Yeni\u00e7erilerin giydi\u011fi akb\u00f6rk\u00fcn ve di\u011fer giysilerin de Bac\u0131yan-\u0131 Rum mensuplar\u0131nda \u00fcretildi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenir.<\/p>\n

Ahi Evran, g\u00f6\u00e7ebe T\u00fcrkmenlerin \u015fehirle\u015fmesinde onlar\u0131 piri oldu\u011fu te\u015fkilat arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla sanatk\u00e2r yaparak katk\u0131 sunarken e\u015fi Fatma Bac\u0131 da benzer i\u015flevi T\u00fcrkmen kad\u0131nlar\u0131 i\u015f sahibi yaparak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer \u0130slam co\u011frafyalar\u0131nda ve Avrupa\u2019da kad\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve hele kendine ait bir i\u015fyerinin olmas\u0131 hayal bile edilemezken Anadolu\u2019da Bac\u0131yan-\u0131 Rum \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc sayesinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bac\u0131yan-\u0131 Rum \u00fcyesi kad\u0131nlar Ahilerle birlikte mesleki e\u011fitim kurslar\u0131 d\u00fczenliyor ve baz\u0131 ak\u015famlar kad\u0131nl\u0131 erkekli yemekler d\u00fczenliyordu.<\/p>\n

KANLA BASTIRILAN D\u0130REN\u0130\u015e VE DA\u011eILMA<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ahilik Te\u015fkilat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 ve yag\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131nda sultan Alaaddin Keykubad\u2019\u0131n verdi\u011fi deste\u011fin pay\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc. Alaaddin Keykubad\u2019\u0131n, o\u011flu II. G\u0131yaseddin Keykubat taraf\u0131ndan zehirlenmesi, Ahiler ve T\u00fcrkmenler \u00fczerinde sars\u0131c\u0131 etki yaratt\u0131 ve o nedenle yeni sultana kar\u015f\u0131 direni\u015fe ge\u00e7tiler. II. G\u0131yaseddin Keykubat, Ahilerin bir\u00e7o\u011funu \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc. Sultan\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fc y\u00f6netiminden faydalanan Mo\u011follar Anadolu\u2019ya ak\u0131nlar ba\u015flatt\u0131. K\u00f6seda\u011f\u2019da Sel\u00e7uklu ordusunu yenilgiye u\u011fratan Mo\u011follar, Tokat ve Sivas\u2019\u0131 hi\u00e7bir direni\u015fle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmadan ald\u0131lar. D\u00f6nemin en \u00f6nemli ticaret merkezi olan Kayseri\u2019ye girmek istediklerinde Ahiler ve Bac\u0131lar \u015fehri teslim etmeyip direni\u015fe ge\u00e7tiler. Ancak Kayseri Suba\u015f\u0131s\u0131, Mo\u011follara yol g\u00f6stererek su yolundan onlar\u0131 \u015fehre soktu. Ahiler ve Bac\u0131lar k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irildi Liderleri esir al\u0131nd\u0131, \u00f6rg\u00fctleri da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131 (1241).<\/p>\n

Celaleddin Karatay\u2019\u0131n Mo\u011follarla anla\u015fmas\u0131 sonras\u0131 Ahilik ve Bac\u0131yan-\u0131 Rum \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc yeniden faaliyete ge\u00e7tiyse de Sel\u00e7uklu \u015fehzadelerinin taht m\u00fccadelesi sonras\u0131nda Mo\u011follar yeniden Anadolu\u2019ya girdi. I. K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7arslan\u2019\u0131 tahta oturtan Mo\u011follar \u00fc\u00e7 ki\u015filik bir vezir kadrosuyla \u00fclkeyi y\u00f6netmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Bu \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc y\u00f6netim d\u00f6neminde Ahilerin ve Anadolu Bac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu her \u015fey Mevlevi ve Kalenderi dervi\u015flerine verildi. Ahilerin m\u00fclkleri ellerinden al\u0131nmaya ba\u015flan\u0131nca Ahi Evran, \u201cAgaz u encam\u201d adl\u0131 risalesinde sitemini \u015f\u00f6yle dile getirir: \u201cBu zaman\u0131n kurt tiynetli y\u00f6neticileri, ki\u015filerin mallar\u0131na el koymaktad\u0131r. \u015eeriat\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmleri b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ortadan kalkt\u0131. \u0130slam\u2019dan sadece bir ad kald\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ahiler ve Bac\u0131lar K\u0131r\u015fehir\u2019de direni\u015fe ge\u00e7tiler. Direni\u015fe ge\u00e7en Ahiler aras\u0131nda babas\u0131 ile aras\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k olan Mevlana\u2019n\u0131n o\u011flu Alaaddin \u00c7elebi de vard\u0131. Mevlanan\u0131n m\u00fcridi K\u0131r\u015fehir Emiri Nurettin Caca, bu direni\u015fi kanla bast\u0131rd\u0131. Ahi Evran, Mevlana\u2019n\u0131n o\u011flu ve Ahilerin \u00e7o\u011fu k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irildi. Ahi Evran \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde 90 ya\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131. Ankara, Denizli, \u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131, Aksaray ve Tokat\u2019ta da direni\u015f kanla bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Mevlevi tekkesine ba\u011flanmay\u0131 reddeden Ahiler ve Bac\u0131yan-\u0131 Rum mensuplar\u0131 u\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelere g\u00f6\u00e7t\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Bac\u0131yan-\u0131 Rum \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc b\u00f6ylece da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131. Fatma Bac\u0131 da Hac\u0131bekta\u015f\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131na, Suluca Karah\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019e s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131. Hac\u0131 Bekta\u015f\u2019\u0131n evlatl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan Fatma Bac\u0131 burada \u0130dris Hoca adl\u0131 biri ile evlendi. Hac\u0131bekta\u015f\u2019\u0131n nefes evlad\u0131 olup, onun ilminin ve felsefesinin Abdal Musa ile birlikte g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

\n

Cumhuriyet Gazetesi<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ahi Te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n kad\u0131n kolu olan Bac\u0131yan-\u0131 Rum mensuplar\u0131, y\u00f6netimin yanl\u0131\u015f kararlar\u0131na ve Mo\u011fol istilas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 da Ahilerle birlikte sava\u015ft\u0131. Mo\u011fol askerleri ve sonra da mallar\u0131na el koyan Sel\u00e7uklu sultanlar\u0131na direnen Anadolu Bac\u0131lar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irildi. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 da esir hayat\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131. Miyase \u0130lknur Avrupa\u2019da Sanayi Devrimi \u00f6ncesinde nitelik gerektirmeyen ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla da aile i\u00e7i i\u015fletmelerde […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":61828,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,70,20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-61827","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler","category-makaleler","category-tarih-sayfalari"],"yoast_head":"\nD\u00fcnyadaki ilk kad\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi: Bac\u0131yan-\u0131 Rum \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=61827\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"D\u00fcnyadaki ilk kad\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi: Bac\u0131yan-\u0131 Rum \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ahi Te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n kad\u0131n kolu olan Bac\u0131yan-\u0131 Rum mensuplar\u0131, y\u00f6netimin yanl\u0131\u015f kararlar\u0131na ve Mo\u011fol istilas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 da Ahilerle birlikte sava\u015ft\u0131. Mo\u011fol askerleri ve sonra da mallar\u0131na el koyan Sel\u00e7uklu sultanlar\u0131na direnen Anadolu Bac\u0131lar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irildi. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 da esir hayat\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131. 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