{"id":61593,"date":"2021-02-22T03:24:24","date_gmt":"2021-02-22T08:24:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=61593"},"modified":"2021-02-22T03:24:24","modified_gmt":"2021-02-22T08:24:24","slug":"lavrion-maden-ocaklari-%ce%b2iz-burada-bir-alasimiz","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=61593","title":{"rendered":"Lavrion maden ocaklar\u0131 \u201c\u0392iz burada bir ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0130ra Tzourou<\/strong><\/p>\n

Konstantin Kavafis, Helenistik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n Urfa \u015fehri hakk\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131:\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cBiz burada bir ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131z, Asuriler, Rumlar, Ermeniler, Medler\u201d.<\/p>\n

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Lavrion, yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortas\u0131nda Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n end\u00fcstriyel modern kimli\u011finin simgesi haline geldi. Tarihi \u00f6zellikleriyle end\u00fcstriyel madencilik ve metalurji faaliyeti, y\u00fczy\u0131llar s\u00fcren b\u00fcy\u00fck sessizlikten sonra b\u00f6lgenin maden zenginliklerinin fark\u0131na varan Frans\u0131z ve \u0130talyan \u015firketler taraf\u0131ndan, Avrupa ve Amerika\u2019n\u0131n en geli\u015fmi\u015f madencilik-metalurji merkezleri ile temasa ge\u00e7erek Lavrion\u2019da Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n sanayi devrimini yaratt\u0131. Zaman\u0131n teknoloji g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00a0\u00a0en \u00f6nemli \u015firketleri olan \u0130talyan-Frans\u0131z Ilarion Roux et Cie. (1865-1873), Lavrio Metalurji \u015eirketi (Lavriotiki Yunan \u015firketi, 1873-1917) ve Compagnie Fran\u00e7aise des Mines du Laurion (Frans\u0131z \u015firketi, 1875-1981) seneler i\u00e7eresinde metal ocaklar\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli milletlerden i\u015f\u00e7i kulland\u0131. Binlerce \u0130talyan, S\u0131rp, Osmanl\u0131, Yunanl\u0131 ve Ermeni i\u015f\u00e7inin ister zorunluluk, ister k\u00f6lelik \u015fartlar\u0131 ile insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ko\u015fullarda kan ve ter ile sulanm\u0131\u015f topraklarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 maden ocaklar\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kapal\u0131. 116 sene ard\u0131ndan tarihi Lavrio Kamariza meydan\u0131nda bulunan Madenci An\u0131t\u0131 bizleri o zor d\u00f6nemlere ta\u015f\u0131yor :<\/p>\n

\u201cBurada, Kamariza\u2019da erkek, kad\u0131n, \u00e7oluk \u00e7ocuk sert ko\u015fullarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. \u00c7o\u011fumuz galerilerde \u00f6ld\u00fc. Gen\u00e7ler haklar\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7in sava\u015ft\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n

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Farkl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve \u0131rklar\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ilik yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnyam\u0131z\u0131n maden ocaklar\u0131nda, metrelerce\u00a0\u00a0yerin dibinde \u0131rk ve din ayr\u0131m\u0131 kalm\u0131yor. Sermaye sahibine eme\u011fini satarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan insanlar\u0131n ortak m\u00fccadelesi daha iyi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u015fartlar\u0131 ve daha y\u00fcksek \u00fccret alabilmek. Bu u\u011furda verdikleri sava\u015fta ilk grevler 1896 senesinde Lavrion\u2019da ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i m\u00fccadelelerinin askeri g\u00fc\u00e7 ile bast\u0131r\u0131l\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk grevde iki maden i\u015f\u00e7isinin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden sonra i\u015f\u00e7ilerin yeni ayaklanmalardan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak i\u00e7in Lavrio madenlerine kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak bir askeri birlik yerle\u015ftirilmesi ile hak m\u00fccadelesi bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin askeri ter\u00f6rizm rejimi alt\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde Ege\u2019nin kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda Bal\u0131kesir madanlerinde geli\u015fen olaylar ise i\u015f\u00e7i tarihinin ve Yunan-T\u00fcrk sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fka bir yan\u0131. Balya madenlerinde i\u015f\u00e7iler mensup olduklar\u0131 dine g\u00f6re mahalleler olu\u015fturdular. Kazan\u0131n mahalli yap\u0131s\u0131na bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u0130slam, H\u0131ristiyan ve Rum adl\u0131 mahalleler g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr (1). Mensup olduklar\u0131 dine ya da etnik kimli\u011fe g\u00f6re yerle\u015fme, ki\u015filerin kimliklerini koruma kayg\u0131s\u0131ndan ileri gelmi\u015f olabilir. Fakat bu kayg\u0131 hi\u00e7bir zaman \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmemi\u015ftir. En az\u0131ndan Balya maden i\u015f\u00e7ileri aras\u0131nda b\u00f6yle bir vakaya rastlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bilakis i\u015f\u00e7iler ortak kayg\u0131 ve beklentilerden dolay\u0131 birlikte hareket ettiler. Mesela 3 Temmuz 1909 tarihinde verilen dilek\u00e7e M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve Rum i\u015f\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan birlikte imzaland\u0131. Dilek\u00e7eden anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re i\u015f\u00e7iler, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n iyile\u015ftirilmesini ve \u00fccretlerinin artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015flerdi (2). M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve H\u0131ristiyan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin kaleme ald\u0131klar\u0131 dilek\u00e7e\u00a0\u00a0Sadrazama varm\u0131\u015f, h\u00fck\u00fcmet kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak dilek\u00e7ecileri tutuklay\u0131p hapse atmakla yetinmi\u015f, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin di\u011fer taleplerini de yerine getirmemi\u015fti. H\u00fck\u00fcmetten beklentilerine y\u00f6nelik bir cevap alamayan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin hak aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar, hatta ciddi cezalar getirildi.\u00a0\u00a0Balyal\u0131 maden i\u015f\u00e7isi 42 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki H. Sergaliyan, Erzincanl\u0131 matkap i\u015f\u00e7isi Ali o\u011flu Halil, maden i\u015f\u00e7isi Kosti Anio,\u00a0\u00a025 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Agonyal\u0131 Yorgi o\u011flu Kasti ve Gelibolulu 45 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Yorgi Balya madenlerinin kaza raporlar\u0131nda ge\u00e7en ve tazminat alamayan birka\u00e7 i\u015f\u00e7inin isimleridir.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6t\u00fc \u015fartlarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan gayr\u0131m\u00fcslim i\u015f\u00e7ilerin kaderi\u00a0\u00a0Yunan-T\u00fcrk Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (A\u011fustos-Eyl\u00fcl 1922) sona ermesinden sonra devam etti. B\u00f6lgedeki 700 Ermeni ve Rum madenci ve fabrika i\u015f\u00e7isi, Eyl\u00fcl 1922\u2019de d\u00fczenli Kemalist ordular taraf\u0131ndan aileleri ile birlikte katledilip \u015fehir d\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc. Balya madencilerinin Kemalistler taraf\u0131ndan katledilmesi, bu \u015fiddetli \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131fsal ve \u0131rksal niteli\u011fini de ortaya koyuyor. Rumlar\u0131n ve Ermenilerin kaderi Rene Pio taraf\u0131ndan \u201cSmyrna\u2019n\u0131n Son G\u00fcnleri\u201d kitab\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131l\u0131yor: \u201cAy\u0131n 20\u2019sinde, Balya madenlerinin \u00fcst d\u00fczey kadrolar\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere Pontos Rumlar\u0131 ve Ermeniler toplat\u0131ld\u0131 ve s\u00f6zde \u00fclkenin do\u011fusuna sevk edildi. Balya\u2019dan 5 km uzakl\u0131ktaki \u00c7akallar denilen y\u00f6reye geldiklerinde, say\u0131lar\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 700 olan t\u00fcm H\u0131ristiyanlar, bir g\u00fcn \u00f6nceden haz\u0131rlanan mezarlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda s\u00fcng\u00fc darbeleriyle \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Cesetler ate\u015fe verildi ve askerler her \u015feyi yakana ve g\u00f6mene kadar \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn b\u00f6lgede kald\u0131lar. Balya T\u00fcrkleri, H\u0131ristiyan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n katledilmemesi i\u00e7in evlat edinmeyi teklif etmelerine ra\u011fmen reddedildi.\u201d<\/p>\n

K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya\u2019daki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n sosyal i\u00e7eri\u011fi neydi? Hangi s\u0131n\u0131flar hangi menfaatler i\u00e7in \u00e7at\u0131\u015ft\u0131? Yoksa her \u015fey, tiyatro sahnesinde, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 olmayan bir seyirci olarak toplumun kendisi ile milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fin ve emperyalizmin soyut bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 m\u0131yd\u0131? Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu tarihten nihai olarak \u00e7ekildi\u011fi s\u0131rada b\u00f6lgesindeki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmayla ilgili parametrelerin \u00e7o\u011fu bug\u00fcne kadar bilinmemektedir. Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu tarihinin bu \u00f6nemli sayfas\u0131 i\u00e7in ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n bulunmamas\u0131, tarih yaz\u0131m gelene\u011fimizin i\u00e7e d\u00f6n\u00fck olmas\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Ku\u015fkusuz, Yunanistan\u2019da t\u00fcm bunlar i\u00e7in se\u00e7ilen sessizlik, 1922 m\u00fcltecilerinin y\u00f6netici se\u00e7kinler taraf\u0131ndan sosyal ve ideolojik olarak reddedilmesine, basit bir yorumlama \u015femas\u0131n\u0131n siyasi yelpazesinin yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve politikay\u0131 hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere de katk\u0131da bulundu. T\u00fcrk ordusu, T\u00fcrk olmayan b\u00fcy\u00fck topluluklar\u0131n insani ve siyasi haklar\u0131na meydan okudu ve milliyet\u00e7i ordu Mustafa Kemal\u2019in ki\u015fili\u011fini ve eylemlerini s\u00fcsledi.<\/p>\n

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?<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Pontuslu Rumlar ve Zonguldakl\u0131 Ermeni madenciler 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Balya\u2019ya yerle\u015ftiler. G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, kur\u015fun, alt\u0131n ve bak\u0131r yataklar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fleyen bu deneyimli madenciler, 1880\u2019de Balya ve\u00a0\u00a0Karaayd\u0131n madenlerini devralan Yunan Lavriotiki Maden \u015eirketi\u2019nin i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7ekirde\u011fidir. 1922 katliamlar\u0131ndan sonra hayatta kalan Balya maden i\u015fcileri solu\u011fu Lavrion\u2019da ald\u0131lar. Aralar\u0131ndaki Ermeni maden i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin say\u0131s\u0131 Yunanistan Ermeni piskoposlu\u011funun say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re 1.225\u2019tir. Bir\u00e7o\u011fu daha ilk y\u0131llarda Kamariza yerle\u015fimini terk ederek, \u00e7ok say\u0131da yurtta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Atina, Neos Kosmos, Pire ve Nikea\u2019ya giderek ya\u015fam, daha elveri\u015fli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve cemaate kavu\u015ftu. 20\u2019lerin sonunda maden ocaklar\u0131nda 500\u2019den fazla Ermeni kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta bar\u0131nma sorunlar\u0131 ya\u015fayan Ermeniler zamanla zanaat ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck t\u00fcccarl\u0131k gibi kendilerine daha a\u015fina olan di\u011fer mesleklere y\u00f6neldi. Hayatlar\u0131 d\u00fczene girdi\u011finde, cemaat sorunlar\u0131yla ilgilenen ilk kurulu\u015flar\u0131 olu\u015fturmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. B\u00f6ylece, bir cemaat komitesi (Ta\u011fayin Marmin) ve bir Mavi Ha\u00e7 (Gabuyd Ha\u00e7) \u015fubesi olu\u015fturuldu. Ayr\u0131ca ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta haftada bir veya iki kez Atina\u2019dan gelen bir \u00f6\u011fretmenle, yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fcz \u00e7ocu\u011fun Ermenice \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fi geni\u015f bir salonda yer alan \u201cderme \u00e7atma\u201d bir okul kurmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131lar. Ne yaz\u0131k ki, bu proje k\u0131sa s\u00fcrd\u00fc ve a\u015f\u0131lamaz zorluklar sonucu \u00fc\u00e7 sene sonra sona erdi. Kamariza Lavrion Ermeni cemaatinin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck toplumunda\u00a0\u00a0d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnler ve vaftizler ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. T\u00f6renler genellikle Atina\u2019dan davet edilen Ermeni bir din adam\u0131n\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla evlerde yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. \u015eartlar uygunsa \u00e7iftin Atina\u2019ya gitti\u011fi ve d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn Ermeni Kilisesi\u2019nde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi durumlar da vard\u0131. Rum kiliselerinde baz\u0131 vaftizlerin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini ve bu durumlarda bebe\u011fin bir Rum Ortodoks ad\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 burada belirtmek gerekir.<\/p>\n

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Bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck toplulu\u011fun tarihinden son izler 1930\u2019lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda kayboldu. 1929 D\u00fcnya Ekonomik Bunal\u0131m\u0131 \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Buhran\u201d Avrupa ekonomilerini \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkiledi. Bu da b\u00fcy\u00fck end\u00fcstriyel birimlerin kapanmas\u0131na veya en iyi ihtimalle k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclmesine neden oldu. Ayr\u0131lmaktan ba\u015fka se\u00e7ene\u011fi olmayan Ermeni i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin \u00e7o\u011fu da dahil olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n\u0131 i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karmak zorunda kalan Frans\u0131z \u015firketi de krizden pay\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131. B\u00f6ylece Balya\u2019dan gelen bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Ermeni toplulu\u011fun Lavrion madenlerindeki \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc sona erdi. \u015eimdi b\u00f6lgede varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0tek g\u00f6stergesi, Kamariza mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u00f6\u015fesindeki Ermenice yaz\u0131tl\u0131 az say\u0131daki mezar ve maden oca\u011f\u0131na yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Ermenice mesajlar.<\/p>\n

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T\u00fcrkiye de\u00a0\u00a0sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda maden i\u015f\u00e7ilerine dair \u00e7ok az kay\u0131t bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bunlardan ilki Balya\u2019dan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmak istenen Hristiyan i\u015f\u00e7ileri ile alakal\u0131d\u0131r. 1922 sonra hayatta kalmay\u0131 ba\u015faran bu i\u015fcilerin izleri ise Lavrion\u2019da noktalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Vlasis A\u011fcidis, Balya madencilerinin bilinmeyen katliam\u0131.<\/em><\/p>\n

Library of Congress.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ohannes Gazarian, Armenika-Azad Or, Athens 2010.<\/em><\/p>\n

Papatheodoru Fedonas, Lavrion Metal i\u015f\u00e7ileri.<\/em><\/p>\n

Dip not kaynaklar:<\/em><\/p>\n

(1) T.OM\u0130, Nr. 1684-17; Karesi Gazetesi, 11 Haziran 1914; T.OM\u0130, Nr. 1684\/17<\/em><\/p>\n

(2) T.OM\u0130, Nr. 1596\/53<\/em><\/p>\n

-The Workers of the Balya-Karaayd\u0131n Mining Company (1901-1922), \u0130smail B\u00dcLB\u00dcL<\/em><\/p>\n

Veri Kaynaklar\u0131: Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Osmanl\u0131 Ar\u015fivi belgeleri.<\/em><\/p>\n

Bu makale daha \u00f6nce \u00a0Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu Yaz\u0131lar\u0131 \u2013 Tarih ve Siyaset \u00fczerine Yaz\u0131lar ve Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar<\/a>\u00a0\u2018de yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

https:\/\/hyetert.org\/2021\/02\/21\/lavrion-maden-ocaklari-%ce%b2iz-burada-bir-alasimiz\/\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130ra Tzourou Konstantin Kavafis, Helenistik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n Urfa \u015fehri hakk\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131:\u00a0 \u201cBiz burada bir ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131z, Asuriler, Rumlar, Ermeniler, Medler\u201d. Lavrion, yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortas\u0131nda Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n end\u00fcstriyel modern kimli\u011finin simgesi haline geldi. Tarihi \u00f6zellikleriyle end\u00fcstriyel madencilik ve metalurji faaliyeti, y\u00fczy\u0131llar s\u00fcren b\u00fcy\u00fck sessizlikten sonra b\u00f6lgenin maden zenginliklerinin fark\u0131na varan Frans\u0131z ve \u0130talyan \u015firketler taraf\u0131ndan, Avrupa […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":61594,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,70],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-61593","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler","category-makaleler"],"yoast_head":"\nLavrion maden ocaklar\u0131 \u201c\u0392iz burada bir ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u201d - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=61593\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Lavrion maden ocaklar\u0131 \u201c\u0392iz burada bir ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u201d - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0130ra Tzourou Konstantin Kavafis, Helenistik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n Urfa \u015fehri hakk\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131:\u00a0 \u201cBiz burada bir ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131z, Asuriler, Rumlar, Ermeniler, Medler\u201d. 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