{"id":61436,"date":"2021-02-10T04:10:22","date_gmt":"2021-02-10T09:10:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=61436"},"modified":"2021-02-10T04:10:22","modified_gmt":"2021-02-10T09:10:22","slug":"anayasa-hazirlama-ve-toplumsal-uzlasi-gelenegimiz-kanun-i-esasi-ve-mesrutiyet-deneyimi-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=61436","title":{"rendered":"Anayasa haz\u0131rlama ve toplumsal uzla\u015f\u0131 gelene\u011fimiz: Kanun-i Esasi ve Me\u015frutiyet deneyimi (1)"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Mehmed Mazlum \u00c7elik\u00a0<\/a>@mehmedmazlumcel<\/a><\/span>\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
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Kolaj:\u00a0Independent T\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n

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Son haftalarda\u00a0Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Erdo\u011fan<\/a>‘\u0131n s\u00f6ylemleriyle yeni bir\u00a0Anayasa<\/a>\u00a0i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk siyasal tarihinde toplumsal uzla\u015f\u0131 ile haz\u0131rlanan bir anayasam\u0131z ise hen\u00fcz yok. Mevcut anayasalar\u0131n tamam\u0131 ya sava\u015f d\u00f6neminde yahut da bir askeri darbe sonras\u0131 meydana getirildi.<\/p>\n

Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ger\u00e7ek anlamda bir uzla\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131p da T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasas\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilirse bu yaln\u0131zca Cumhuriyet tarihinden bu yana de\u011fil,\u00a0Osmanl\u0131<\/a>\u00a0tarihinden bu yana da ilk defa sivil bir irade ve toplumsal uzla\u015f\u0131 ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f olacak.<\/p>\n

Denilebilir ki kamuoyunda g\u00fcncel tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n g\u00f6lgesinde kalsa da demokrasi tarihimizde ilke imza atacak sessiz sedas\u0131z bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00f6z konusu.<\/p>\n

Bu yaz\u0131 dizisinde\u00a0Kanun-i Esasi<\/a>, 1921 Anayasas\u0131, 1924 Anayasas\u0131, 1961 Anayasas\u0131 ve 1982 Anayasas\u0131ndaki tecr\u00fcbelerimiz mercek alt\u0131na al\u0131narak s\u00fcrece katk\u0131 sa\u011flanmas\u0131 hedeflenmektedir.<\/p>\n

Kanun-i Esasiye giden yol<\/strong><\/p>\n

1839 tarihinde\u00a0Mustafa Re\u015fit Pa\u015fa<\/a>\u00a0taraf\u0131ndan\u00a0G\u00fclhane-i Hatt\u0131 H\u00fcmayun<\/em>\u00a0olarak ilan edilen Tanzimat Ferman\u0131, T\u00fcrk Anayasa tarihinde en \u00f6nemli kav\u015faklardan birisiydi.<\/p>\n

Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz<\/a>\u00a0d\u00f6nemine gelindi\u011finde devletin reform ve anayasa s\u00f6ylemi Fuat ve Ali Pa\u015falar\u0131n \u015fahs\u0131nda temsil edilir olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

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\"sultan<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz\u00a0\/ Foto\u011fraf: Wikipedia<\/em><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Ke\u00e7ecizade \u0130zzet Molla’n\u0131n o\u011flu\u00a0Fuat Pa\u015fa<\/a>\u00a0aristokrat bir aileden gelirken\u00a0Ali Pa\u015fa<\/a>\u00a0ise i\u015fini kusursuz yaparak devlet ricalinin en tepesine kadar y\u00fckselmi\u015f bir isimdi.<\/p>\n

\u0130ki Pa\u015fan\u0131n da bir insicam i\u00e7erisinde birbiriyle kusursuz anla\u015fmas\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin y\u00f6netim merkezinin Saray’dan Bab\u0131-\u0131 Ali’ye ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

1869’da \u00f6nce Fuat Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n 1871 senesinde de Ali Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc devlet y\u00f6netiminde yeniden Padi\u015fah\u0131n h\u00e2kim bir konuma y\u00fckselmesini sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz; Ali ve Fuat Pa\u015fa tecr\u00fcbelerinden sonra memur tak\u0131m\u0131ndan bir ki\u015finin Padi\u015fah makam\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ecek g\u00fcce gelmesini engelleyerek Mahmut Nedim Pa\u015fa’y\u0131 Sadrazam makam\u0131na getirdi.<\/p>\n

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\"Fuat<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Fuat Pa\u015fa \/ Foto\u011fraf: Wikipedia<\/em><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Nedim Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck profilli ve Rus yanl\u0131s\u0131 y\u00f6netimi; yenilik\u00e7i ayd\u0131nlara \u015fah\u0131slar \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclecek bir reformun ve anayasa te\u015febb\u00fcslerinin eninde sonunda akim kalaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ispat etmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda Fuat ve Ali Pa\u015falar\u0131n sadareti de anayasal \u00e7er\u00e7eve ve d\u00f6nemin demokratik temay\u00fclleri dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda pek de parlak g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n

Nitekim\u00a0Ziya Pa\u015fa<\/a>,\u00a0Nam\u0131k Kemal<\/a>\u00a0ve\u00a0Ali Suavi<\/a>\u00a0gibi d\u00f6nemin parlak zek\u00e2ya sahip dima\u011flar\u0131 daha Fuat ve Ali Pa\u015falar sadarette iken Avrupa’ya ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Pa\u015falar, Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz’in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir istibdata ge\u00e7i\u015finin \u00f6n\u00fcnde yaln\u0131zca bir emniyet sibobu i\u015flevi g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

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\"mustafa<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Mustafa Faz\u0131l Pa\u015fa\u00a0\/ Foto\u011fraf: Wikipedia<\/em><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Nitekim Anayasa ve me\u015frutiyet talebini g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc perdeden dillendirecek, Yeni Osmanl\u0131lar hareketinin maddi ve manevi hamisi Mustafa Faz\u0131l Pa\u015fa, Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz’e yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektubunda mevcut ahvali \u015fu sert ifadelerle dile getirecekti;<\/p>\n

Padi\u015fahlar\u0131n saray\u0131na en g\u00fc\u00e7 giren \u015fey, do\u011fruluktur. Onlar\u0131n etraf\u0131nda bulunanlar, do\u011frulu\u011fu kendilerinden bile saklarlar. G\u00f6zlerini dikmi\u015f olduklar\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetin lezzetinde ve merkezinde ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in halk\u0131n \u00e7ekti\u011fi zorluklar\u0131 tembellikten geliyor zannederler; devletlerin i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fckleri zaaf\u0131 da devletin yarad\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n gere\u011fi olan, \u00e7aresi bulunmayan bir hadise san\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

…\u0130leri s\u00fcr\u00fcp k\u00f6r\u00fcklenen bozgunculuk \u00f6rnekleri, asl\u0131nda tamamen d\u0131\u015f d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n fesatl\u0131klar\u0131ndan do\u011fmaktad\u0131r. Ama bunda \u015fimdiki h\u00fck\u00fcmetin de b\u00fcy\u00fck kusurlar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bir zamanlar yap\u0131lmas\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir mahzur g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen en masum hareketler bile art\u0131k bir zul\u00fcm gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

…L\u00e2kin \u015fevketli efendim, izin buyurursan\u0131z, halk\u0131n\u0131zda fed\u00e2k\u00e2rl\u0131k edecek halin ve tahamm\u00fcl\u00fcn kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyeyim. Yer yer y\u00fckselen ho\u015fnutsuzluk sad\u00e2lar\u0131 her ne kadar susturulmak isteniyorsa da her taraftan i\u015fitilmede.<\/p>\n

…Beni en fazla korkutan, esir milletlerde oldu\u011fu gibi Osmanl\u0131lar’da da g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flanan ahl\u00e2k d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcnl\u00fck her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn artmakta, derinle\u015fip yay\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

…Esas olan iyi ahl\u00e2kt\u0131r ve devletlerin o olmadan ayakta kalabilmeleri m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Millet, iyi ahl\u00e2k\u0131 par\u0131ldad\u0131k\u00e7a y\u00fckselir; k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckler artt\u0131k\u00e7a da bel\u00e2s\u0131n\u0131 bulur.<\/p>\n

…Halk\u0131n\u0131z iki k\u0131s\u0131md\u0131r: Hi\u00e7bir engelle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmadan ak\u0131llar\u0131na gelen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc zulm\u00fc yapanlar ve zul\u00fcm g\u00f6renler. Birinci k\u0131s\u0131mdakiler ta\u015f\u0131makta oldu\u011funuz b\u00fcy\u00fck ve sonsuz kuvvettten faydalanarak yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 gereken her \u015feyi yapmaya cesaret ederler; di\u011ferleri ise zul\u00fcm alt\u0131nda ezile ezile iyi ahl\u00e2ktan uzakla\u015f\u0131rlar. \u015eik\u00e2yet haklar\u0131n\u0131 kullanamamalar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden ahl\u00e2klar\u0131nda bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclme ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

…Avrupa’daki b\u00fct\u00fcn h\u00fck\u00fcmetler halklar\u0131n\u0131n e\u011fitimiyle u\u011fra\u015f\u0131rlar. Onlar b\u00f6yle fed\u00e2k\u00e2rl\u0131klar g\u00f6sterip ilerlerken biz neden oldu\u011fumuz yerde kalmaya, hatt\u00e2 gerilemeye raz\u0131 olal\u0131m?<\/p>\n

…Milletin haklar\u0131 devletin garantisi alt\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131rsa o millet her f\u0131rsatta iyiyi ve do\u011fruyu arar, bilgi edinmeye gayret eder. Cahilli\u011fi ve esirli\u011fi kabul edenler ise hem al\u00e7ak, hem de hain olurlar.<\/p>\n

…H\u00e2limizin en fena taraf\u0131, on iki sene \u00f6nce bize daha m\u00fcsait g\u00f6r\u00fcnen Avrupa kamuoyunun bug\u00fcn tamamen aleyhimize d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

…Fransa’n\u0131n, \u0130ngiltere’nin ve \u0130talya’n\u0131n idarecileri, ‘Bu devletin d\u00fczelmesi art\u0131k m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir, mutlaka mahvolacakt\u0131r. Art\u0131k kendi haline b\u0131rakal\u0131m, vars\u0131n aln\u0131na yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcy\u00fc ya\u015fas\u0131n. Onu \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015ften kurtarman\u0131n hi\u00e7bir \u00e7aresi yoktur’ diye konu\u015fup yaz\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n

…Din ve mezhep insan\u0131n ancak maneviyat\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netir ve bizlere sadece \u00e2h\u0131retin nimetlerini vaadeder.<\/p>\n

…Din bir sonsuz ger\u00e7ekler b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc ve bu ger\u00e7eklerin muhakemesi olarak kalmazsa, yani d\u00fcnya i\u015flerine de kar\u0131\u015f\u0131rsa fayda yerine zarar getirir, herkesi telef eder.<\/p>\n

…Evet \u015fevketli efendim! Devleti kurtar\u0131n\u0131z, \u00e7\u00fcnki zaman acele etmeyi gerektiriyor. Devleti kurtar\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n

…Ger\u00e7i bu devletin \u015f\u00e2n\u0131 ve \u015ferefi tarihlerde pek y\u00fcksektir ama \u015fimdiki h\u00e2li bir hayli esef vericidir…’<\/em><\/p>\n

(Murat Bardak\u00e7\u0131
\nAradan 131 y\u0131l ge\u00e7mi\u015f hi\u00e7bir \u015fey de\u011fi\u015fmemi\u015f
\n30 A\u011fustos 1998 H\u00fcrriyet)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Mektubun bir \u015fekilde elden ele dola\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve 60 bine yak\u0131n kopyas\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca \u0130stanbul i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131larak da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ebuzziya Tevfik taraf\u0131ndan dile getirilmektedir.<\/p>\n

1867 tarihi art\u0131k s\u00fcrg\u00fcndeki ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n etkisiyle yeni bir anayasa ve meclisin y\u00fcksek perdeden konu\u015fuldu\u011fu bir tarihti; ama birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra Nedim Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n vezarete tayini ile Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz, daha kat\u0131 bir rejime ge\u00e7meyi tercih etmi\u015f ve ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n taleplerinin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6rmezden gelmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Nitekim Nedim Pa\u015fa’dan \u00f6nce ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n e\u015fitlik ve temsiliyet aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik artan muhalefet 10 May\u0131s 1868’de k\u0131smi bir \u015fekilde Saray\u0131n da g\u00fcndemine girmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz, \u015euray\u0131 Devlet’in a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f t\u00f6reninde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmada, taleplerin en az\u0131ndan fark\u0131nda oldu\u011funu beyan eden ifadeler kullan\u0131r;<\/p>\n

Hangi mezhepten bulunursa bulunsunlar b\u00fct\u00fcn tebaam vatan\u0131n evlatlar\u0131d\u0131rlar. Mezhep anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 tebaas\u0131n\u0131 ay\u0131rmamal\u0131d\u0131rlar. Herkes dini inan\u00e7lar\u0131nda serbesttir. Kim olursa olsun hangi mezhepten bulunursa bulunsun b\u00fct\u00fcn iktidar sahiplerinin \u015euray\u0131 Devlete girmesini istiyorum.<\/em><\/p>\n

(Edouard-Philippe Engelhardt
\nTanzimat ve T\u00fcrkiye Syf. 255)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Abd\u00fclaziz’in \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 bir s\u00f6ylem kullanmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen totaliterle\u015fen y\u00f6netimi tercih etti. Bu durum ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n anayasa ve meclis talebini daha y\u00fcksek bir perdeden dillendirilmesine neden oldu.<\/p>\n

Nitekim Abd\u00fclaziz’e hal’ edildi\u011fini tebli\u011f etmeye gelen R\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n s\u00f6zleri de olduk\u00e7a manidard\u0131r;<\/p>\n

Millet Abd\u00fclaziz Han Hazretlerini hal etti.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Kanun-i Esasi ve Mithat Pa\u015fa<\/strong><\/p>\n

1876 tarihi, T\u00fcrk anayasalar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131d\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc o y\u0131l hem anayasa ilan edilmi\u015f hem de Me\u015fruti sisteme ge\u00e7ilerek ilk defa meclis a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu devrimin \u015f\u00fcphesiz en \u00f6nemli ismi Mithat Pa\u015fa’d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sonralar\u0131 Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz’in cinayetinde parma\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131yla Y\u0131ld\u0131z Saray\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yarg\u0131lanacak olan Mithat Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 sadrazamlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6zel bir yeri bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ni\u015f ve Tuna gibi \u00f6nemli b\u00f6lgelerde Valilik yapan Mithat Pa\u015fa, bulundu\u011fu vilayetlerde yerel halkla g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ili\u015fkiler kurarak farkl\u0131 bir profil ortaya koymu\u015f bir devlet adam\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

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\"Mithat<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Mithat Pa\u015fa \/ Foto\u011fraf: Wikipedia<\/em><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Bu tecr\u00fcbelerden sonra \u015euray\u0131 Devlet Reisli\u011fine atanmas\u0131 ile Mithat Pa\u015fa k\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde anayasa ve me\u015fruti sistemin en \u00f6nemli temsilcisi haline gelmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Mithat Pa\u015fa devletten \u00f6nce vatanda\u015f\u0131 kollayan kanunlar \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131 sebebiyle Bab-\u0131 Ali’nin as\u0131l g\u00fcc\u00fc olan Ali Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n h\u0131\u015fm\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu sebepledir ki Mithat Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n 1868’de geldi\u011fi \u015euray\u0131 Devlet Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revi 1869 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki ilk s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc ile sona erecekti.<\/p>\n

Ba\u011fdat’a s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderilen Mithat Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n g\u00f6zlerden d\u00fc\u015fece\u011fi ve unutulaca\u011f\u0131 umut ediliyordu; oysa Mithat Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n Ba\u011fdat’\u0131 k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcrede bay\u0131nd\u0131r hale getirmesi, sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 kollamas\u0131 ve \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 yasalar halk\u0131n kalbini fethetmesini sa\u011flad\u0131; bu sayede, \u0130stanbul’un en g\u00f6zde devlet adamlar\u0131ndan birisi haline geldi.<\/p>\n

Ahmet Mithat Efendi<\/a>\u00a0ve\u00a0Osman Hamdi Bey<\/a>\u00a0gibi k\u00fclt\u00fcr hayat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 etkileyecek isimlerden sadece birka\u00e7\u0131 bizzat Mithat Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n yeti\u015ftirdi\u011fi isimlerdendi.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131’n\u0131n me\u015fruti bir sistem ve liberal bir ekonomiye ge\u00e7i\u015ften ba\u015fka \u00e7aresi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dile getirmekten \u00e7ekinmeyen<\/p>\n

Mithat Pa\u015fa, d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in olduk\u00e7a radikal say\u0131labilecek ifadeler kullan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

S\u00f6zgelimi\u00a0“Devletin, devlet olarak dini yoktur”<\/em>\u00a0d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini \u00e7ekinmeden dile getiren Mithat Pa\u015fa, Mecelle’nin mimarlar\u0131ndan Cevdet Pa\u015fa gibi gelenek yanl\u0131s\u0131 hukuk\u00e7ularla m\u00fctemadiyen kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya geliyordu.<\/p>\n

Bir\u00e7ok kimse taraf\u0131ndan \u0130ngiliz taraftar\u0131 olmakla su\u00e7lanan Mithat Pa\u015fa, tarihe\u00a0‘Tersane Konferans\u0131 Kararlar\u0131’\u00a0<\/em>olarak ge\u00e7en ve Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisini adeta esir alan bildiriyi, Osmanl\u0131 Padi\u015fah\u0131 ile dahi isti\u015fare etmeden reddeden sadrazamd\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda.<\/p>\n

Belki de en ac\u0131s\u0131 bug\u00fcn Sultan Abd\u00fclhamid’in \u0130ngiliz sefirine tokat att\u0131\u011f\u0131 safsatas\u0131n\u0131 anlatan TV dizilerinin o vakit ger\u00e7ek anlamda dik duru\u015f sergileyen b\u00f6ylesi bir Pa\u015fa’y\u0131 hain olarak lanse etmesidir.<\/p>\n

Uzun\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131l\u0131’n\u0131n aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re Mithat Pa\u015fa k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra g\u00f6revinden el \u00e7ektirildi\u011finde kendisini yeni s\u00fcrg\u00fcn yurduna g\u00f6t\u00fcrecek vapura binerken \u015fu ifadeleri kullanacakt\u0131;<\/p>\n

Yaz\u0131k, devlete ve millete yaz\u0131k! \u0130nna lillah ve inna ileyhi raciun.<\/em><\/p>\n

(\u0130smail Hakk\u0131 Uzun\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131l\u0131, Mithat Pa\u015fa ve Y\u0131ld\u0131z Mahkemesi,
\nAnkara, T\u00fcrk Tarih kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1968, s.130.)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Bir deli fi\u015fek T\u00fcrk anayasas\u0131n\u0131n seyrini de\u011fi\u015ftirir<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz’e yap\u0131lan darbenin belki de en zay\u0131f halkas\u0131 \u00fclkeyi biran evvel me\u015fruti sisteme ge\u00e7irerek anayasa ile tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak isteyen\u00a0Mithat Pa\u015fa<\/a>\u00a0idi.<\/p>\n

Zaten darbenin kans\u0131z olmas\u0131 ve gerek\u00e7ede de millet iradesi vurgusunu \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karan Mithat Pa\u015fa olmu\u015ftu; ama darbe sonras\u0131 Avni Pa\u015fa iktidar h\u0131rs\u0131na kap\u0131ld\u0131 ve halk\u0131n cahil oldu\u011funu iddia ederek meclis ve anayasa fikrinden vazge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n

Bu vaziyet Mithat Pa\u015fa’y\u0131 s\u00fck\u00fbtu hayale u\u011fratacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz’in cinayeti sonras\u0131 kay\u0131nbiraderi\u00a0\u00c7erkes Hasan<\/a>‘\u0131n Bakanlar Kurulu’nu basarak Avni Pa\u015fa ve destek\u00e7isi bir\u00e7ok naz\u0131r\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmesi Mithat Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki t\u00fcm engelleri biranda ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu suikast\u0131n Mithat Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n kona\u011f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi ve neredeyse anayasa kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 t\u00fcm isimlerin yok edilmesi ak\u0131llara\u00a0‘olay\u0131n as\u0131l tertipleyicisi Mithat Pa\u015fa m\u0131?’\u00a0<\/em>sorular\u0131n\u0131 da getirmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu geli\u015fmelerden sonra V. Murad tahttan al\u0131narak yerine Anayasa ve me\u015fruti sistem s\u00f6z\u00fc veren\u00a0\u0130kinci Abd\u00fclhamid<\/a>\u00a0getirildi.<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\"Abd\u00fclhamid.jpg\"<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Sultan \u0130kinci Abd\u00fclhamid \/ Foto\u011fraf: Wikipedia<\/em><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Abd\u00fclhamid tahta oturdu\u011funda s\u00f6z\u00fcnde durdu ve Kanun-i Esasi i\u00e7in bir komisyonun kurulmas\u0131 emrini verdi ve Mithat Pa\u015fa’y\u0131 kurulun ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak atad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Mithat Pa\u015fa, bu komisyona y\u0131llarca anayasa ve me\u015frutiyet m\u00fccadelesi veren Nam\u0131k Kemal ve Ziya Pa\u015fa’y\u0131 da d\u00e2hil ederek samimi ve ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n da benimseyece\u011fi bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in i\u015fe koyuldu.<\/p>\n

Anayasa tasla\u011f\u0131 Sultan Abd\u00fclhamid’e sunuldu\u011funda ise \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi burnunda padi\u015fah\u0131n, Mithat Pa\u015fa’dan s\u0131ra d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir talebi bulunmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Tarihe 113’nc\u00fc madde olarak ge\u00e7en bu talebe g\u00f6re Sultan bir ki\u015fiyi yarg\u0131lamadan gerek duydu\u011fu zamanlarda s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderebilecekti.<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\"Ziya<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Ziya Pa\u015fa (solda) ve Nam\u0131k Kemal (sa\u011fda)<\/em><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Sultan\u0131n bu ak\u0131ll\u0131ca hamlesini ilk fark eden de Ziya Pa\u015fa ve Nam\u0131k Kemal oldu; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc y\u0131llarca verdikleri m\u00fccadelede s\u00fcrg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ne anlama geldi\u011fini en iyi onlar biliyordu.<\/p>\n

Tarih\u00e7i Necdet Kurdakul,\u00a0“Tanzimat D\u00f6nemi Bas\u0131n\u0131nda Siyasal ve Anayasal Fikir Hareketleri”<\/em>\u00a0isimli eserinde Mithat Pa\u015fa ve 113’nc\u00fc maddeye itiraz eden ayd\u0131nlar aras\u0131nda cereyan eden tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle nakleder;<\/p>\n

Nam\u0131k Kemal ve Ziya Pa\u015fa 113. Madde i\u00e7in ‘B\u00f6yle pejm\u00fcrde kanun istemeyiz. Ya kanun tanzim edildi\u011fi gibi kabul edilmeli veyahut ilan\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7ilmelidir’ dediklerinde Mithat Pa\u015fa onlara \u015fu cevab\u0131 vermi\u015ftir;<\/p>\n

‘Siz \u00e7ocukluk ediyorsunuz. Mecliste bana arkada\u015f olacak \u00fc\u00e7 ki\u015fiyi bulam\u0131yorum, h\u00fcrriyetlerine itimat ettiklerim hep bana kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. \u00a0\u0130\u015fte R\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc Pa\u015fa bile Cevdet Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n fikirlerine yana\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00c7ekti\u011fimi bir ben bilirim. Kanun her ne suretle tashihe u\u011frasa bunu kusurlar\u0131yla beraber kabul etmek laz\u0131md\u0131r. An\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclecek noksanlarla l\u00fczumsuz fazlal\u0131klar\u0131 Meclis-i Mebusan bertaraf etmeye muktedirdir. Benim maksat ve reyim her olursa olsun bu kanunu esasen kabul ettirmekten ibarettir ve b\u00f6yle olmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7ocukluk laz\u0131m de\u011fil. Dar\u0131l\u0131p da memleketi bilahare memleketi bundan mahrum etmek hi\u00e7 isabetli de\u011fildir.’<\/em><\/p>\n

(Syf. 154-155)<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Elbette Kanun-i Esasi’yi yaln\u0131zca padi\u015faha kabul ettirmek ile i\u015f bitmeyecekti.<\/p>\n

Padi\u015fah’\u0131n yetkisinin s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131yla g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn muhkem s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 gerileyecek olan bir\u00e7ok devlet adam\u0131, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla gayrim\u00fcslimleri e\u015fitleyecek olmas\u0131 sebebiyle baz\u0131 dini \u00e7evreler ve halk\u0131n anayasay\u0131 kavrayabilecek bilince sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen hukuk\u00e7ular; Mithat Pa\u015fa ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anayasa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yer alacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Geli\u015fmeleri yak\u0131ndan takip eden Sultan Abd\u00fclhamid g\u00fc\u00e7 dengelerinin yava\u015f yava\u015f de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini g\u00f6zlemliyordu.<\/p>\n

R\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc Pa\u015fa ve Nam\u0131k Pa\u015fa gibi kudretli pa\u015falar\u0131n anayasa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bir tutum izlemeleri sonras\u0131 Sultan Abd\u00fclhamid, Mithat Pa\u015fa’ya kar\u015f\u0131 tavr\u0131n\u0131 yava\u015f yava\u015f de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm bunlara ra\u011fmen; nihayet 23 Aral\u0131k 1876 tarihinde T\u00fcrk halk\u0131 ilk defa anayasa ile tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Mahmut Celaleddin Pa\u015fa binlerce ki\u015finin haz\u0131r bulundu\u011fu bir s\u0131rada ilk T\u00fcrk anayasas\u0131n\u0131 halka okudu.<\/p>\n

Sultan Abd\u00fclhamid ise hasta oldu\u011funu belirterek Bab-\u0131 Ali’deki anayasa bildirisine kat\u0131lmad\u0131. \u0130stanbul halk\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir co\u015fku ve bayram havas\u0131nda anayasas\u0131n\u0131 benimsedi.<\/p>\n

Tanzimat Ferman\u0131’n\u0131 ilan eden Sadrazam Mustafa Re\u015fit Pa\u015fa halk taraf\u0131ndan\u00a0‘G\u00e2vur Pa\u015fa!’\u00a0<\/em>ilan edilmi\u015fken Mithat Pa\u015fa halk\u0131n sevgi g\u00f6sterileri ile kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Anayasalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n haz\u0131rl\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde de g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi \u00fczere, ya darbe yahut da sava\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131nda meydana getirilmeleri mak\u00fbs talihleri olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

Toplum olarak; Kanun-i Esasi, 1921 Anayasas\u0131, 1924 Anayasas\u0131, 1961 Anayasas\u0131 ve 1982 Anayasas\u0131 gibi tecr\u00fcbe etti\u011fimiz anayasalar\u0131n hi\u00e7birisi toplumsal uzla\u015fman\u0131n sonucunda meydana getirilmi\u015f de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n

Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla toplumsal uzla\u015f\u0131 gelene\u011fimiz oturmam\u0131\u015f olsa da bir yerden ba\u015flanmal\u0131; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc en kanl\u0131 darbeden sonra dahi Anayasalar bir \u015fekilde uzla\u015f\u0131 getirmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu kez sivil bir irade ile bu ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilir ise belki de mak\u00fbs talihimizi yenmi\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Devam edecek\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.indyturk.com\/node\/312896\/siyaset\/anayasa-haz%C4%B1rlama-ve-toplumsal-uzla%C5%9F%C4%B1-gelene%C4%9Fimiz-kanun-i-esasi-ve-me%C5%9Frutiyet\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mehmed Mazlum \u00c7elik\u00a0@mehmedmazlumcel\u00a0 Kolaj:\u00a0Independent T\u00fcrk\u00e7e Son haftalarda\u00a0Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Erdo\u011fan‘\u0131n s\u00f6ylemleriyle yeni bir\u00a0Anayasa\u00a0i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ba\u015flad\u0131. T\u00fcrk siyasal tarihinde toplumsal uzla\u015f\u0131 ile haz\u0131rlanan bir anayasam\u0131z ise hen\u00fcz yok. Mevcut anayasalar\u0131n tamam\u0131 ya sava\u015f d\u00f6neminde yahut da bir askeri darbe sonras\u0131 meydana getirildi. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ger\u00e7ek anlamda bir uzla\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131p da T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasas\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilirse bu yaln\u0131zca Cumhuriyet tarihinden bu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":61437,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,70,20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-61436","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler","category-makaleler","category-tarih-sayfalari"],"yoast_head":"\nAnayasa haz\u0131rlama ve toplumsal uzla\u015f\u0131 gelene\u011fimiz: Kanun-i Esasi ve Me\u015frutiyet deneyimi (1) - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=61436\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Anayasa haz\u0131rlama ve toplumsal uzla\u015f\u0131 gelene\u011fimiz: Kanun-i Esasi ve Me\u015frutiyet deneyimi (1) - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Mehmed Mazlum \u00c7elik\u00a0@mehmedmazlumcel\u00a0 Kolaj:\u00a0Independent T\u00fcrk\u00e7e Son haftalarda\u00a0Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Erdo\u011fan‘\u0131n s\u00f6ylemleriyle yeni bir\u00a0Anayasa\u00a0i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ba\u015flad\u0131. T\u00fcrk siyasal tarihinde toplumsal uzla\u015f\u0131 ile haz\u0131rlanan bir anayasam\u0131z ise hen\u00fcz yok. Mevcut anayasalar\u0131n tamam\u0131 ya sava\u015f d\u00f6neminde yahut da bir askeri darbe sonras\u0131 meydana getirildi. 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