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Teni Kiremit\u00e7iyan<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00d6Z<\/strong><\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131\u2019da 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n resm\u00ee politikas\u0131 olan modernle\u015fme ile ba\u015flayan asker\u00ee, hukuk\u00ee ve b\u00fcrokratik tanzimin k\u00f6kle\u015febilmesi, e\u011fitimde yap\u0131lan reform ve kurumsalla\u015fmaya dair at\u0131l\u0131mlar ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015fti. Her ne kadar Tanzimat Ferman\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (1839) esaslar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde net bir dille yer almasa da e\u011fitim, Mem\u00e2lik-i \u00c2l-i Osman i\u00e7erisinde bilhassa Islahat Ferman\u0131 (1856) ve de Osmanl\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ideolojisinin yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla cidd\u00ee d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmler ge\u00e7irmi\u015f, \u0131slah edilerek te\u015fkil\u00e2tland\u0131r\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yakla\u015f\u0131k ayn\u0131 tarihlerde Ermeniler aras\u0131nda da\u00a0kilisenin oligar\u015fik g\u00fcc\u00fc, sek\u00fcler ayd\u0131n bir toplulu\u011fun cemaat i\u00e7erisinde s\u00f6z sahibi\u00a0olmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131yla sars\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, b\u00f6ylelikle modern okulla\u015fma hareketleri ivme\u00a0kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6ncesinde, kimi m\u00fcnferit at\u0131l\u0131mlar haricinde, ruhban kesim taraf\u0131ndan\u00a0y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen Ermeni e\u011fitimi, 1853 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201cMa\u00e2rif Komisyonu\u201dnun [Usumnagan Khorhurt] kurulmas\u0131, ard\u0131ndan 1863 y\u0131l\u0131nda Niz\u00e2mn\u00e2me-i Milleti Ermeniy\u00e2n\u2019\u0131n\u00a0il\u00e2n edilmesiyle cemaat i\u00e7erisinde toplumsal bir sorumluluk haline gelmi\u015fti. Bu do\u011frultuda makale, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130stanbul\u2019un en \u00f6nemli Ermeni yerle\u015fimlerinden biri olan Hask\u00f6y\u2019\u00fcn, d\u00f6nemin okulla\u015fma hareketlerinde nas\u0131l \u00f6nc\u00fc bir konuma\u00a0sahip oldu\u011funu; ar\u015fiv belgeleri, in\u015fa ve tamir s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine dair yaz\u0131\u015fmalar ve\u00a0foto\u011fraflar\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla bug\u00fcn var olmayan \u00fc\u00e7 e\u011fitim yap\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerinden okumaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Biri harap olmas\u0131, ikisi 1969 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan istiml\u00e2k karar\u0131 sonucu\u00a0y\u0131kt\u0131r\u0131lan bu yap\u0131lar\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ki modern e\u011fitime ge\u00e7i\u015fte \u00f6nemli olan bu \u00fc\u00e7 okul, salt i\u015flevsel \u00f6zelliklerinin yan\u0131nda -halen oldu\u011fu gibi- k\u00fclt\u00fcrel haf\u0131zan\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ortaklar\u0131ndan biri olan Ermenilerin \u0130stanbul\u2019da kitleler halinde ya\u015famaya ba\u015flamalar\u0131 \u015fehrin fethinden sonraki isk\u00e2n politikalar\u0131 neticesinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015fti. \u015eehre g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirilen Ermeniler ba\u015fta Kumkap\u0131, Samatya, Yenikap\u0131, Narl\u0131kap\u0131, Edirnekap\u0131 ve Balat olmak \u00fczere alt\u0131 semte isk\u00e2n ettirilmi\u015f;1\u00a019. y\u00fczy\u0131la do\u011fru Hask\u00f6y de dahil olmak \u00fczere \u0130stanbul\u2019un \u00e7e\u015fitli semtlerine yay\u0131larak ik\u00e2met alanlar\u0131n\u0131 cidd\u00ee oranda geni\u015fletmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda sahip oldu\u011fu binden fazla Ermeni hane ve n\u00fcfusu; din\u00ee, e\u011fitsel, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel ve sanatsal verimlili\u011fi ile bir zamanlar \u0130stanbul\u2019un \u00f6nde gelen semtlerinden olan Hask\u00f6y\u2019e veya d\u00f6nemin yerel halk\u0131n\u0131n adland\u0131rmas\u0131yla\u00a0Hayk\u00fc\u011f<\/em>\u2019a [Ermeni K\u00f6y\u00fc] Ermenilerin yerle\u015fimi ilk kez 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda E\u011fin\u2019den [Ag\u0131n<\/em>] gelen g\u00f6\u00e7menlerle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015fti.2\u00a0Yakla\u015f\u0131k yirmi hane olan bu g\u00f6\u00e7menler \u00f6nce Bademlik\u2019e yerle\u015fmi\u015f, daha sonra Karaa\u011fa\u00e7\u2019ta3\u00a0sat\u0131n ald\u0131klar\u0131 arsaya kurduklar\u0131 tu\u011fla ve kiremit harman\u0131 sayesinde edindikleri y\u00fckl\u00fcce sermaye ile de semtin refah\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.4<\/p>\n 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131na kadar hem imparatorluk nezdinde e\u011fitimi merkez\u00eele\u015ftirmekten mesul bir kurum bulunmamas\u0131 hem de din ve tedrisat\u0131n birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmemesi sebebiyle, Ermenilerde e\u011fitimin idaresindeki tek yasal yetkili kurum, Tanzimat ve sonras\u0131 d\u00f6neme kadar, Patriklik\u2019ti. Bu nedenle cemaat \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n e\u011fitimi ya kiliselerin i\u00e7erisinde uygun g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir mek\u00e2nda ya da \u2013Hask\u00f6y\u2019de de \u00f6rne\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere5\u2013ruhban s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan kimselerin mektebe \u00e7evirdikleri \u015fahs\u00ee konutlar\u0131nda, din\u00ee e\u011fitim ya da okuma-yazma \u00f6\u011fretilmesi \u00fczerinden sa\u011flanmaktayd\u0131. Fakat 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren Ermenilerin e\u011fitim politikas\u0131ndaki din a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 geleneksel yap\u0131, yerini yava\u015f yava\u015f sek\u00fcler \u201cyeni bir tarza\u201d b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f, bu bak\u0131\u015fla da e\u011fitim veren okullar y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na do\u011fru s\u00fcratle \u00e7o\u011falm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n Ermeni okullar\u0131nda ba\u015flayan bu de\u011fi\u015fim sadece geleneksel yap\u0131n\u0131n yerine yeni kurumlar\u0131n olu\u015fumundan ibaret de\u011fildi. Sek\u00fcler e\u011fitim veren Ermeni okullar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131ndaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck etken \u00f6ncelikle Ermenilerin Avrupa ile kurduklar\u0131 ticar\u00ee a\u011f sayesinde var ettikleri \u201cburjuva\/orta s\u0131n\u0131f\u201d ailelerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve bu ailelerin ard\u0131l ku\u015faklar\u0131n\u0131 Paris ve Venedik\u2019teki Ermeni kolejleri ile Avrupa\u2019daki \u00fcniversitelere g\u00f6ndermeleriydi. Avrupa\u2019daki \u2013\u00f6zellikle 1848 Ayaklanmas\u0131 sonras\u0131 yay\u0131lan\u2013 liberal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler do\u011frultusunda demokrasi, anayasa ve ayd\u0131nlanma fikirleriyle donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bu kesim, memleketlerine d\u00f6nd\u00fcklerinde milletin, \u00f6zellikle kilisenin oligar\u015fisinden s\u0131yr\u0131lmas\u0131 ve ilerlemesi i\u00e7in gerekli olan Bat\u0131 modelli modern bilgiye v\u00e2k\u0131f i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flamak maksad\u0131yla bir e\u011fitim seferberli\u011fi ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Bu seferberlikteki ilk ve en \u00f6nemli ad\u0131m 22 Ekim 1853\u2019te Patriklik b\u00fcnyesindeki Cisman\u00ee Meclis taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulan \u201cMa\u00e2rif Komisyonu\u201dna [Usumnagan Khorhurt<\/em>] aralar\u0131nda Hassa Mimar\u0131 Nigo\u011fos Balyan\u2019\u0131n (1826-1858); m\u00fchendis Arakel Sisag (1820-1886), Artin Pa\u015fa (Harutyun Karekin) (1830-1901) ve m\u00fchendis Simon (1834-1890) Dadyanlar\u2019\u0131n; hukuk\u00e7u ve yazar Krikor Odyan\u2019\u0131n6\u00a0(1834-1887); hekim, \u015fair, yazar ve terc\u00fcman Nahabed Rusinyan\u2019\u0131n (1819-1876); hekim, yazar, pedagog Dr. Serovpe Vi\u00e7enyan\u2019\u0131n (Servi\u00e7en) (1815-1897) bulundu\u011fu toplam on d\u00f6rt sivil \u00fcyenin atanmas\u0131yla at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Komisyon; e\u011fitimi iyile\u015ftirme, denetleme, standartla\u015ft\u0131rma, finanse ve te\u015fvik etmenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Ermeniler aras\u0131nda yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131, dilsel reformu sa\u011flayarak klasik Ermeniceden [krapar<\/em>] ziyade \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f Ermenicenin [a\u015fkharhapar<\/em>\/jamanagagits<\/em>] kullan\u0131m\u0131na olan e\u011filimi artt\u0131rmay\u0131 ve yeni a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131 okullarda mill\u00ee gelenek ve ahl\u00e2ka uygun entelekt\u00fcel bir neslin yeti\u015ftirilmesini hedeflemekteydi.7<\/p>\n Komisyonun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok uzun s\u00fcrmemi\u015f olsa da ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kamuya duyurmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f, modern ve sivil e\u011fitimin Ermeniler nezdinde \u00f6neminin anla\u015f\u0131larak 1863 y\u0131l\u0131nda il\u00e2n edilen Niz\u00e2mn\u00e2me-i Milleti Ermeniy\u00e2n8\u00a0i\u00e7erisinde maddele\u015ftirilmesine9\u00a0ve hedefledi\u011fi ilkeler do\u011frultusunda \u0130stanbul\u2019da pek \u00e7ok yeni okulun kurulmas\u0131na vesile olmu\u015ftu.10<\/p>\n 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131na gelinceye de\u011fin Hask\u00f6y\u2019\u00fcn Ermeni cemaatinin giderek b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi, okulla\u015fma ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 da beraberinde getirmi\u015fti. Karma ve sek\u00fcler bir e\u011fitime sahip\u00a0Surp\u00a0<\/em>[Aziz] Nersesyan Mektebi; sadece himaye de\u011fil e\u011fitim g\u00f6revini de yerine getiren Kalfayan K\u0131z Yetimhanesi ve de y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00e7eyre\u011finde a\u00e7\u0131lan Nubar-\u015eahnazaryan Mektebi sayesinde semt, \u0130stanbul\u2019un Ermeniler i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir terakki oca\u011f\u0131 haline gelmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n Surp Nersesyan Mektebi<\/strong><\/p>\n Hask\u00f6y\u2019de \u2013yine g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015famayan\u2013\u00a0Surp\u00a0<\/em>Istepanos Kilisesi\u2019nin biti\u015fi\u011fine in\u015fa edilen\u00a0okulun11\u00a0kurulu\u015f tarihi hakk\u0131nda farkl\u0131 fikirler mevcut olup, kimi kaynaklarda 4 Temmuz 1823 tarihinde Canik Amira,12\u00a0kiminde ise M\u0131g\u0131rdi\u00e7 Amira Cezayirliyan13\u00a0(1805-1861)\u00a0(F.1)\u00a0<\/strong>taraf\u0131ndan 1836\u2019da yapt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade edilmektedir. Ancak 1905\u2019teki tadilat sonras\u0131nda yeniden in\u015fa edilen okulun giri\u015finde yer alan kitabesinde 1832 tarihi okunmakla birlikte herhangi bir baninin ismi yer almamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren Ermenilerin de\u011fi\u015fen e\u011fitim politikas\u0131 do\u011frultusunda kurulan modern okullar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu, \u00f6zellikle \u0130stanbul dahilindekileri, sivil mesen olarak niteleyebilece\u011fimiz amiralar finanse etmekteydi. Her ne kadar amiralar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu, Ermeni milleti \u00fczerinde kurduklar\u0131 otoritenin payla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle liberal ve modern d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerden ho\u015fnut olmasalar da az\u0131nl\u0131kta kalan bir k\u0131sm\u0131, kar\u015f\u0131t g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f sahibi ki\u015filerle ittifaka girerek, e\u011fitim alan\u0131ndaki geli\u015fmeleri desteklemi\u015flerdi.14\u00a0M\u0131g\u0131rdi\u00e7 Cezayirliyan da\u00a0Surp\u00a0<\/em>Nersesyan Mektebi\u2019nin geli\u015fiminde b\u00fcy\u00fck etkisi ve eme\u011fi olan amiralardand\u0131.<\/p>\n Modern anlay\u0131\u015fla kurulan di\u011fer Ermeni okullar\u0131ndaki gibi birincil amac\u0131 Ermeni milletinin entelekt\u00fcel geli\u015fimini sa\u011flamak olan15\u00a0okulun ilk kadrosunda felsefeci ve e\u011fitimci Fizika Bo\u011fos (Melik\u015fahyan, 1788-1858); yazar, gazeteci, terc\u00fcman Hovsep Vartanyan (daha sonra Vartan Pa\u015fa, 1815-1879);\u00a0Khosdovanahayr<\/em>16\u00a0Kevork Ardzruni (1789-1894) gibi \u00f6nemli hocalar; m\u00fcfredat\u0131nda ise Ermenice ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin17\u00a0yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Frans\u0131zca ve \u0130talyanca gibi Bat\u0131 dilleri ile ziraat, co\u011frafya gibi tabiat; fizik, cebir ve matematik gibi fenn\u00ee dersler yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.18\u00a0Pera\u2019daki Mekteb-i T\u0131bbiye-i \u015e\u00e2h\u00e2ne\u2019nin 1848\u2019de \u00e7\u0131kan yang\u0131n sonras\u0131 Hask\u00f6y\u2019deki Humbarahane\u2019ye ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde okulun hocalar\u0131ndan Dr. Serovpe Vi\u00e7enyan ve Dr. Istepan Pa\u015fa Aslanyan (1822-1902) da Cezayirliyan\u2019\u0131n ricas\u0131 \u00fczerine\u00a0Surp\u00a0<\/em>Nersesyan Mektebi\u2019nde gelerek dersler vermi\u015f, ayn\u0131 zamanda sa\u011fl\u0131k i\u015fleri ile de ilgilenmi\u015flerdi. Okulun kadrosuna zaman i\u00e7erisinde kat\u0131lan di\u011fer \u00f6nemli e\u011fitimciler aras\u0131nda ba\u015fta felsefe hocas\u0131\u00a0Badveli<\/em>19\u00a0Toros Zorayan gelmekteydi.<\/p>\n Badveli\u00a0<\/em>Zorayan, Armenolog ve filolog Madatya Karaka\u015fyan\u2019\u0131 (1820-1903); edebiyat \u00f6\u011fretmeni, \u015fair ve tiyatro yazar\u0131 Tovmas Terziyan\u2019\u0131 (1840-1909); T\u00fcrkolog Reteos Krikoryan\u2019\u0131 (Heretik Hoca) (1819-1904); matematik\u00e7i Simon Mikayelyan\u2019\u0131 tayin ettirerek\u00a0Surp\u00a0<\/em>Nersesyan Mektebi\u2019ni ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n bir arada topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fehrin ileri gelen Ermeni okullar\u0131ndan biri haline getirmi\u015fti.20<\/p>\n Ma\u00e2rif Komisyonu\u2019nun ama\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yer alan e\u011fitimde e\u015fitlik ilkesine uygun \u015fekilde\u00a0Surp\u00a0<\/em>Nersesyan Mektebi karma bir e\u011fitime sahipti. Her ne kadar k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n da e\u011fitime dahil edilmesi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lsa da bunun nas\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilece\u011fi komisyonun ve t\u00fczel kurumlar\u0131n d\u00fczenleme k\u0131lavuzlar\u0131nda belirlenmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00f6\u011frenciler ayn\u0131 okula devam etmi\u015f; fakat erkekler ve k\u0131zlar ayr\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flarda e\u011fitim g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n Hakk\u0131nda herhangi bir belge, \u00e7izim ya da foto\u011frafa rastlan\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olmakla birlikte okulun ilk binas\u0131n\u0131n yetmi\u015f y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n s\u00fcre faal olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131; fakat 1900\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir yenilenmeye ihtiyac\u0131 oldu\u011fu ar\u015fiv belgelerinden anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Beyo\u011flu Mutasarr\u0131f\u0131 imzal\u0131 ve Nisan 1904 tarihli bir belgeye g\u00f6re; Hask\u00f6y\u2019de yap\u0131m\u0131 planlanan\u00a0Surp\u00a0<\/em>Nersesyan Ermeni Mektebi\u2019nin in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131, okulun eski mezunlar\u0131ndan banker Toros Efendi Para\u011famyan finanse etmi\u015f, yakla\u015f\u0131k 1500 liral\u0131k da finansman sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n Tu\u011fla t\u00fcccar\u0131 \u015eahbaz Efendi taraf\u0131ndan nez\u00e2ret edilen s\u00f6z konusu in\u015faat i\u00e7in Beyo\u011flu Mutasarr\u0131f\u0131 resm\u00ee ruhsat\u0131n al\u0131n\u0131p al\u0131nmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bilinmedi\u011fini belirterek, durumu Zaptiye Nez\u00e2reti\u2019ne iletmi\u015fti.21\u00a0Bunun \u00fczerine Zaptiye Nez\u00e2reti, Ma\u00e2rif Nez\u00e2reti\u2019ne ruhsat durumunun bildirilmesi talebini i\u00e7eren bir yaz\u0131 g\u00f6ndermi\u015f,22\u00a0Ma\u00e2rif Nez\u00e2reti\u2019nin ilgili kaleminden belgenin arkas\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u00fclen notta ge\u00e7ti\u011fi \u015fekliyle:<\/p>\n \u201c(\u2026) kayda lede\u2019l-m\u00fcr\u00e2ca\u2018a mahal-i mezk\u00fbrda es\u00e2sen ruhs\u00e2t-\u0131 resmiyye gayr-i merbut ve zek\u00fbr ve in\u00e2sa mahsus bir ermeni mektebinin mevcud old\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve fakat bu kere mekteb-i mezk\u00fbrun m\u00fcceddeden in\u015f\u00e2 olunaca\u011f\u0131na d\u00e2ir Nez\u00e2ret-i Celilelerine bir g\u00fbna m\u00fcr\u00e2ca\u2018at vuku\u2018bulmam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011f\u0131na ve m\u00fcceddeden mekteb in\u015f\u00e2s\u0131 us\u00fbli d\u00e2iresinde vuku\u2018bulacak m\u00fcr\u00e2ca\u2018at \u00fczerine icr\u00e2-y\u0131 tahkik\u00e2tla\u201d23<\/p>\n ruhsat i\u00e7in izin verilmek \u00fczere padi\u015faha durumun arz edilece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015fti. Esasen s\u00f6z konusu yerde zaten erkek ve k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na mahsus ruhsats\u0131z bir okulun bulundu\u011fu Ma\u00e2rif Nez\u00e2reti kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesinden anla\u015f\u0131lmakla birlikte, s\u00f6z konusu yeni in\u015faat i\u00e7in de nez\u00e2rete hi\u00e7bir m\u00fcr\u00e2caat yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenmi\u015fti. Ayr\u0131ca yeni bir okul in\u015fas\u0131 i\u00e7in, us\u00fbllere uygun bir m\u00fcr\u00e2caat yap\u0131lsa dahi konunun ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra ruhsat verilmesi i\u00e7in gerekli i\u015flemlerin ba\u015flat\u0131labilece\u011fi vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Konuya ili\u015fkin bu bilgi, Ma\u00e2rif Nez\u00e2reti Mekt\u00fbb\u00ee Kalemi\u2019nden, Zaptiye Nez\u00e2reti\u2019ne de ayn\u0131 i\u00e7erikle iletilmi\u015fti.24<\/p>\n Yaz\u0131\u015fmalarda in\u015fa edilecek okulun plan\u0131na yer verilmi\u015f olup, \u201cM\u00fchendis Mehmed H\u00e2lid\u201d imzal\u0131 pusuladaki25\u00a0\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerine g\u00f6re yap\u0131, \u201ct\u00fblen [boy] 40, \u2018arzen [en] 17 ve kadden [y\u00fckseklik] 17 zir\u00e2\u2018-\u0131 [ar\u015f\u0131n] mi\u2018m\u00e2ri\u201d ve toplam alan olarak da \u201c680 zir\u00e2\u2018\u201d idi. Adliye ve Mez\u00e2hib Nez\u00e2reti\u2019ne Patrik Ma\u011fakya I. Ormanyan (1896-1908\/d. 1841-\u00f6. 1918) imzas\u0131yla g\u00f6nderilen belgeye g\u00f6re;26\u00a0Hask\u00f6y\u2019\u00fcn Abd\u00fcssel\u00e2m Mahallesi\u2019ndeki Ermeni Kilisesi\u2019nin [Surp\u00a0<\/em>Istepanos] Nersesyan adl\u0131 karma okulu, zamanla harap oldu\u011fundan, yaz\u0131 ekiyle g\u00f6nderilen planda27\u00a0da\u00a0g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi \u00fczere boyu 40, y\u00fcksekli\u011fi ve eni 17 zir\u00e2\u2018-\u0131 atik ve k\u00e2rgir yeni bir in\u015faat yap\u0131lacakt\u0131\u00a0(F.2)<\/strong>.28\u00a0\u0130n\u015fa masraf\u0131 da 1700 lira olarak tahmin edilip, bu para da finanse edilmi\u015f, son olarak ruhsat i\u00e7in gerekli i\u015flemlerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 istenmi\u015fti. Bu yaz\u0131dan hemen sonra \u015eehrem\u00e2neti, Adliye ve Mez\u00e2hib Nez\u00e2reti\u2019ne g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi yaz\u0131yla okulun in\u015fas\u0131 konusunda herhangi bir mahzur olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, in\u015fa masraflar\u0131n\u0131n ne \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funun ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 aktarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.29\u00a0Buna g\u00f6re \u015eehrem\u00e2neti, eski okulun ger\u00e7ekten harap oldu\u011fundan y\u0131k\u0131larak yerine yeni bir okulun k\u00e2rgir ve 680 m2 olacak bi\u00e7imde in\u015fa edilmesinde bir sak\u0131nca bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, in\u015faat\u0131n finansman\u0131n\u0131n da Galata\u2019daki Demir Han\u2019da ik\u00e2me eden Toros Efendi Para\u011famyan ve karde\u015fleri Dikran ve Mihran efendiler taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Adliye ve Mez\u00e2hib Nez\u00e2reti\u2019ne iletmi\u015fti. Ertesi g\u00fcn Adliye ve Mez\u00e2hib Nez\u00e2reti yetkilileri, evraklar\u0131 incelemi\u015f ve konu hakk\u0131nda kendi bakanlar\u0131na,30\u00a0bakan ise Sad\u00e2ret\u2019e durumu bildirmi\u015fti.31\u00a0Sad\u00e2ret\u2019in ilgili kalemi konuyu de\u011ferlendirerek:<\/p>\n \u201c(\u2026) mekteb-i mezb\u00fbrun in\u015f\u00e2s\u0131 i\u00e7\u00fcn ruhsat\u0131 h\u00e2vi emr-i \u2018\u00e2li \u0131sd\u00e2r ol\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131na d\u00e2ir kayd bulunamam\u0131\u015f ise de (\u2026) zikr olunan mektebin har\u00e2b ve m\u00e2\u2019il-i inhid\u00e2m olmas\u0131na mebni hedm olunarak\u2026 m\u00fcceddeden k\u00e2rgir olmak \u00fczere in\u015f\u00e2 ve \u2018inde\u2019t-tahm\u00een sarf\u0131 l\u00e2z\u0131m gelen bin yedi y\u00fcz liran\u0131n Galata da Temur handa mukim Paregamyan Toros Efendi ile biraderleri taraf\u0131ndan i\u2018\u00e2neten tesviye if\u00e2 idilece\u011fi ve mezk\u00fbr mektebin in\u015f\u00e2s\u0131nda bir g\u00fbna mahzur olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve tahkik\u00e2t ve i\u015f\u2018\u00e2r\u00e2t-\u0131 v\u00e2k\u0131\u2018a muv\u00e2f\u0131k us\u00fbl ve ims\u00e2li bulunmu\u015f olmas\u0131yla hit\u00e2m-\u0131 in\u015fas\u0131yla k\u00fc\u015f\u00e2d\u0131nda ma\u2018\u00e2rif-i \u2018um\u00fbmiye niz\u00e2mn\u00e2mesinin y\u00fcz yigirmi tokuz\u0131nc\u0131 maddesi ahk\u00e2m\u0131na muv\u00e2f\u0131k mu\u2018\u00e2mele olunmak \u00fczere zikrolunan mektebin in\u015f\u00e2s\u0131 i\u00e7\u00fcn ruhsat\u0131 h\u00e2vi emr-i \u2018\u00e2li\u201d32<\/p>\n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 hususu \u015eur\u00e2-y\u0131 Devlet\u2019e sunulmu\u015ftu. Bu hususta, okulun in\u015faat\u0131 i\u00e7in ruhsat izni verildi\u011fine dair bir kay\u0131t bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015f; ancak eski okulun ger\u00e7ekten k\u00f6t\u00fc bir durumda bulunmas\u0131, yeni in\u015faat\u0131n finansman\u0131n\u0131n da sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, okulun yap\u0131m\u0131nda bir sak\u0131nca olmamas\u0131, ayr\u0131ca benzer durumlar\u0131n emsal \u00f6rnekleri olmas\u0131 gibi birtak\u0131m nedenlerle, ruhsat \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmak \u00fczere onaya sunulmas\u0131na karar verilmi\u015fti. \u015eur\u00e2-y\u0131 Devlet konuyu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ferek, okulun plan\u0131nda33\u00a0g\u00f6sterilen \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcleri a\u015fmamak, in\u015fa masraflar\u0131n\u0131n yetmemesi durumunda \u201ckimseden cebren ak\u00e7e ahzi gibi mug\u00e2yir-i r\u0131z\u00e2\u201d yani halktan zorla para toplamaya yeltenmemek, in\u015faat bitiminde yap\u0131lacak olan resm\u00ee a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n, ilgili kanun maddesine uygun olarak yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi hususlara uyulmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131yla, karar\u0131 sadrazama sunmu\u015ftu.34\u00a0Konuyla ilgili irade, okul in\u015faat\u0131na ruhsat verilmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde A\u011fustos 1904 itibariyle \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f,35\u00a0gerekli talimat Ma\u00e2rif Nez\u00e2reti\u2019ne iletilmi\u015fti.36<\/p>\n Her ne kadar ar\u015fiv belgelerinde yap\u0131n\u0131n mimar\u0131na dair bir kayda rastlan\u0131lmasa da Ermenice kaynaklarda Mimar Krikor Melidosyan\u2019\u0131n ad\u0131 an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Sonunda b\u00fcy\u00fck\u00e7e k\u00e2rgir bina y\u00fckselmi\u015f, okulun i\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131 1 May\u0131s 1905\u2019te sonlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Yaz\u0131\u015fmalarda yer verilen okulun plan\u0131ndan anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere Neoklasik \u00fcslupta d\u00f6nemin anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na uygun olarak in\u015fa edilen\u00a0Surp\u00a0<\/em>Nersesyan Mektebi, tek bir bloktan ibaret iki kanat halinde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f simetrik bir \u015femaya sahip olup her bir kare, plan konturu ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131larak, kendi i\u00e7erisinde dikd\u00f6rtgen b\u00f6lmeleri bar\u0131nd\u0131rmakta, biri subasman kat\u0131 olmak \u00fczere toplamda \u00fc\u00e7 kattan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Giri\u015f, orta aks \u00fczerinden olmakla birlikte, yan u\u00e7lara yerle\u015ftirilen T planl\u0131 ortak alanlardaki merdiven kovalar\u0131ndan alt ve \u00fcst katlara \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T \u015feklindeki ortak alanlar\u0131n iki yan\u0131nda ise mek\u00e2n\u0131n hacminden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f olamayaca\u011f\u0131; fakat di\u011fer i\u015flevsel mek\u00e2nlar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen k\u00f6\u015fe odalar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. K\u00f6\u015fe odalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde ise ayn\u0131 boyutlarda yan yana \u00fc\u00e7 dikd\u00f6rtgen oda g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Ayn\u0131 simetrik s\u0131ralama di\u011fer tarafta da tekrar edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n \u00dcst kata \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda giri\u015f kat\u0131ndaki d\u00fczenin tekrar etmedi\u011fi dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir. Bu kattaki merdiven kovalar\u0131nda birer dikd\u00f6rtgen sofa alan\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lmakta, bunun sol taraf\u0131nda ise k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir oda bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ancak plan\u0131n \u015fematikli\u011finden kaynakl\u0131 odalara giri\u015f a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131 belirtilmemekle birlikte \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck, bir adet de orta b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte oda mevcut olup ayn\u0131 s\u0131ralama di\u011fer tarafta da takip edilmi\u015ftir. Her ne kadar bir koridorun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re mek\u00e2nlar\u0131n da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 beklense de plan\u0131n hi\u00e7bir kat\u0131nda b\u00f6yle bir alana yer verilmemektedir.<\/p>\n Subasman kat\u0131 plan\u0131ndan merdivenin t\u00fcm yap\u0131y\u0131 doland\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu kat\u0131n da \u2013binan\u0131n di\u011fer katlar\u0131 ile bir tekrar te\u015fkil etmese de\u2013 yine kendi i\u00e7erisinde simetrik oldu\u011fu dikkati \u00e7ekmektedir. Plandan ve okulun arka cephesine ait foto\u011fraf\u0131ndan da anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere mimar\u00ee d\u00fczenlemeyi ikiye b\u00f6len orta aks\u0131n\u0131n arka taraftan i\u00e7e \u00e7ekildi\u011fi ve bu \u00e7ekilmenin subasman kat\u0131nda da var oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir\u00a0(F.3)<\/strong>. Subasman kat\u0131ndaki i\u00e7e \u00e7ekilme sebebiyle muhtemelen bir kap\u0131 ile bah\u00e7e kotuna \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0Surp\u00a0<\/em>Istepanos Kilisesi\u2019nin yak\u0131n\u0131na in\u015fa edilen\u00a0Surp\u00a0<\/em>Nersesyan Mektebi\u2019nin m\u00fcstakil bir bah\u00e7esi oldu\u011fu plandan anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Yine plandan ve foto\u011fraftan anla\u015f\u0131labildi\u011fi \u00fczere okulun bah\u00e7esi binan\u0131n arka taraf\u0131na denk d\u00fc\u015fmekte, s\u0131n\u0131f olarak kullan\u0131lan mek\u00e2nlar\u0131n ise bu cephede yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131labilmektedir. Bah\u00e7e plan\u0131nda bir yap\u0131n\u0131n daha varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclse de tam olarak hangi ama\u00e7la kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tan\u0131mlanamam\u0131\u015f olup, okulun m\u00fc\u015ftemilat\u0131 ya da odunlu\u011fu olabilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n Okulun arka cephesine ait foto\u011fraf\u0131ndan binan\u0131n y\u0131\u011fma tekni\u011finde ta\u015f \u00fczeri s\u0131va kaplanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu, k\u00f6\u015felerin kesme blok ta\u015f ile str\u00fckt\u00fcrel olarak g\u00fc\u00e7lendirildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. K\u0131rma \u00e7at\u0131ya sahip yap\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n cephesinin g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi plan\u0131n orta b\u00f6l\u00fcmde var olan \u00e7izgilerin plastr olduklar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Giri\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n daha kal\u0131n olarak vurguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yap\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n cephesinde bah\u00e7e kat\u0131ndan \u00fcst kata kadar d\u00fc\u015fey aks \u00fczerinde s\u00fcreklili\u011fini koruyan plast\u0131rlar ile birlikte, geni\u015f a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131kl\u0131, y\u00fcksek ve s\u0131k d\u00fczende dikd\u00f6rtgen sade pencereler, foto\u011fraftan anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere arka cephede de tekrarlanmaktad\u0131r. Her ne kadar plandan yan cephelerde ka\u00e7ar pencere oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lamasa da eldeki verilerden i\u00e7 mek\u00e2n\u0131n hayli ayd\u0131nl\u0131k oldu\u011fu, tavan kotlar\u0131n\u0131n da y\u00fcksek tutuldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131labilmektedir.<\/p>\n Sonu\u00e7 olarak yap\u0131n\u0131n ar\u015fivden \u00e7\u0131kan plan bir r\u00f6l\u00f6ve olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in uygulama ile proje aras\u0131nda fark olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilememektedir. Yine ayn\u0131 sebepten \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc i\u00e7 mek\u00e2ndaki odalar\u0131n form ve fonksiyonunun nas\u0131l bir anlay\u0131\u015f ile yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131; konferans salonu, m\u00fczik odas\u0131, laboratuvar vs. gibi modern e\u011fitimin g\u00f6stergesi olan mek\u00e2n tiplerini bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131p bar\u0131nd\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lamamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda\u00a0Surp\u00a0<\/em>Nerseyan Mektebi\u2019nin asker\u00ee garnizon olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 sebebiyle a\u00e7\u0131kta kalan talebeleri, semtteki Protestan ibadethanesinin alt kat\u0131nda e\u011fitim g\u00f6ren k\u0131rk Protestan \u00f6\u011frenciye kat\u0131lmak durumunda kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. \u015eartlar gere\u011fi birle\u015fen bu iki okulun idaresi; Amerikan Misyoner Te\u015fkilat\u013137\u00a0[American Board of Commissioners For Foreign Missions (ABCFM)] ad\u0131na Osmanl\u0131\u2019da faaliyet g\u00f6steren misyonerlerden bir temsilci, Protestan Cemaati\u2019ni temsilen Past\u00f6r Hovhannes A\u011fasyan ve\u00a0Surp\u00a0<\/em>Istepanos Kilisesi Y\u00f6netim Kurulu\u2019nu \u00fcyelerinden Arda\u015fes Sarkisyan\u2019dan olu\u015fan \u00fc\u00e7 ki\u015filik komiteye teslim edilmi\u015fti. Birle\u015fen bu okulda e\u011fitim, Past\u00f6r Penyamin Bedrosyan\u2019\u0131n idaresi ve misyonerlerin deste\u011fi ile 1922 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Fakat M\u00fctareke D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde gelen g\u00f6\u00e7menlerle beraber say\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcze ula\u015fan talebelerin okula s\u0131\u011famamalar\u0131 sebebiyle e\u011fitim, yeniden\u00a0Surp\u00a0<\/em>Nersesyan\u00a0Mektebi\u2019ne nakledilmi\u015fti.38<\/p>\n Madd\u00ee s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n ba\u015f g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi bu d\u00f6nemde \u201cCemaat Yard\u0131m Komisyonu\u201d [Azkayin Kh\u0131namadarutyun<\/em>], ihtiyac\u0131 olan talebelere yard\u0131mda bulunarak \u00f6\u011fle yeme\u011fi vermeye ba\u015flasa da bir s\u00fcre sonra sadece bir \u00e7ocuk i\u00e7in ayda elli kuru\u015f \u00f6deyebilecek duruma gelmi\u015fti. Komisyonun gelirlerinin daralmas\u0131yla Patrikhane yard\u0131mlar\u0131 ve Ma\u00e2rif\u2019ten gelen destekle varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan okula,\u00a0Surp\u00a0<\/em>Istepanos Kilisesi \u201cFakirlere Yard\u0131m Kolu\u201d da 1929\u2019a de\u011fin iki bu\u00e7uk y\u0131l boyunca yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmu\u015ftu. 1930\u2019lara gelindi\u011finde y\u00fcz kadar \u00f6\u011frenciye sahip okul, y\u0131lda 2670 liral\u0131k bir b\u00fct\u00e7e ile idare edilmekte, bu mebla\u011f\u0131n 1000 liras\u0131n\u0131 \u201cKilise Y\u00f6netim Kurulu\u201d \u00f6demekteydi.39<\/p>\n Ermeni \u00e7ocuklara yat\u0131l\u0131 e\u011fitim imk\u00e2n\u0131 sa\u011flayan \u015ei\u015fli\u2019deki Karag\u00f6zyan ve Hask\u00f6y\u2019deki Kalfayan\u2019\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011funu azaltmak amac\u0131yla 1964 y\u0131l\u0131nda yat\u0131l\u0131 sisteme ge\u00e7en40\u00a0okul i\u00e7in 1969\u2019da Bo\u011faz ge\u00e7i\u015fi ve ba\u011flant\u0131 yollar\u0131n\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131 sebebiyle istimlak karar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Karar\u0131n 1971\u2019de uygulanmas\u0131yla \u00f6\u011frenciler, \u00dcsk\u00fcdar\u2019daki T\u0131brevank Okulu\u2019nun yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki bir binaya aktar\u0131lsa da\u00a0Surp\u00a0<\/em>Nersesyan Mektebi daha fazla varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devam ettiremeyerek 1980\u2019li y\u0131llarda e\u011fitim hayat\u0131na son vermek durumunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.41<\/p>\n Kalfayan K\u0131z Yetimhanesi<\/strong><\/p>\n Kalfayan K\u0131z Yetimhanesi, Ermenilerin Hask\u00f6y\u2019deki sosyal yard\u0131mla\u015fma kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda gelen, sadece himaye de\u011fil, kimsesiz ve muhta\u00e7 k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na meslek e\u011fitiminin yan\u0131nda modern bir e\u011fitimin de verildi\u011fi \u00f6nemli kurumlardan biriydi.<\/p>\n Kurucusu Kartall\u0131 S\u0131rpuhi N\u0131\u015fan Kalfayan42\u00a0(1822-1889)\u00a0(F.4)<\/strong>, semtin yetim k\u0131zlar\u0131na oya ve dival i\u015flemeyi \u00f6\u011freterek hem onlara bir meslek edindirmekte hem de evinin ge\u00e7imini sa\u011flamaktayd\u0131. Ba\u015flarda el i\u015flerinin sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndan elde edilen gelir ve \u015fahs\u00ee birikimi ile idame etse de bir s\u00fcre sonra s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 \u00e7ekmeye ba\u015flayan Rahibe S\u0131rpuhi, Hask\u00f6y\u2019un ruhanilerine ve mahalle konseyine ba\u015fvurarak yard\u0131m talebinde bulunmu\u015ftu. Onun bu \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerine d\u00f6nemin\u00a0Surp\u00a0<\/em>Istepannos Kilisesi Vaizi Episkopos Nerses Varjabedyan43\u00a0(1837-1884), yetim k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 koruyacak bir Rahibeler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin [Mayrabedagan Miapanutyun<\/em>] olu\u015fturulabilece\u011fine dair \u00f6nerisini, haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6rt ana maddeden olu\u015fan \u201cRahibeler Birli\u011fi T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u201d ile birlikte, 25 A\u011fustos 1866\u2019da Patrik Bo\u011fos II. Taktakyan\u2019a (1863-1869\/d. 1794-\u00f6. 1872) sunarak, ba\u011f\u0131\u015f toplama izni talep etmi\u015fti. Patrik\u2019in Varjabedyan\u2019\u0131n talebini 3 Eyl\u00fcl 1866\u2019da tasdiklemesinin ard\u0131ndan Rahibe S\u0131rpuhi, Hask\u00f6y-Sandalc\u0131 Sokak\u2019ta bulunan Posta Naz\u0131r\u0131 day\u0131s\u0131 Krikor A\u011faton\u2019a (1825-1868) ait evi 21 Kas\u0131m\u2019da Ermeni k\u0131z yetimhanesi olarak kullan\u0131ma a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f, on be\u015f g\u00fcn i\u00e7erisinde de d\u00f6rd\u00fc Hal\u0131c\u0131o\u011flu-\u00c7\u0131ksal\u0131n Mahallesi\u2019ndeki bir ah\u0131rdan, yedisi ayn\u0131 mahalledeki\u00a0Surp\u00a0<\/em>Istepanos Kilisesi civar\u0131ndan, geri kalan\u0131 ise \u015fehrin \u00e7e\u015fitli semtlerinden, iki ila on ya\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131nda kimsesiz on yedi \u00f6ks\u00fcz k\u0131z\u0131 himayesine alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.44<\/p>\n Giderek daha fazla kimsesizi himayesi alt\u0131na al\u0131nca giderleri \u00e7o\u011falan yetimhanenin masraflar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layabilmek i\u00e7in Rahibe S\u0131rpuhi, 1870 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz\u2019e (sal. 1861-1876) huzura \u00e7\u0131kmak istedi\u011fine dair bir mektup g\u00f6ndermi\u015fti. Arzusu kabul edilen rahibe, yetimleriyle birlikte 2 May\u0131s\u2019ta K\u00e2\u011f\u0131thane\u2019de a\u011f\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f ve padi\u015fah taraf\u0131ndan idaresi alt\u0131ndaki kuruma 50 alt\u0131n, elbiselik kuma\u015flar ile g\u00fcnl\u00fck 7,5 okka et ve 15 okka ekmek tahsis edilmi\u015fti.45<\/p>\n Her ne kadar yetimhane, k\u0131zlar\u0131n bar\u0131nma ve yiyecek gibi ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lasa da o d\u00f6neme de\u011fin e\u011fitimleri konusunda bir giri\u015fimde bulunamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kurum, 1871\u2019de mal\u00ee s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n hafiflemesiyle, Armenolog ve tarih\u00e7i Reteos Tateosyan\u2019\u0131n temel e\u011fitim derslerini vermek i\u00e7in geli\u015fiyle, sadece meslek \u00f6\u011freten de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda e\u011fitimlerini de sa\u011flayan bir yap\u0131 halini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.46<\/p>\n Kalfayan\u2019\u0131n binas\u0131, zamanla artan yetim say\u0131s\u0131 nedeniyle yetersiz gelmeye ba\u015flay\u0131nca, vaktiyle Taniel Dakes Amira\u2019n\u0131n47\u00a0m\u00fclk\u00fc olan Hask\u00f6y-Abd\u00fclssel\u00e2m Mahallesi T\u00fcrbe Sokak\u2019taki on iki oda, bir salon, bir de hamamdan te\u015fekk\u00fcl bah\u00e7eli ah\u015fap k\u00f6\u015fk sat\u0131n al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Gayrimenkul, a\u00e7\u0131k artt\u0131rma us\u00fbl\u00fc ile sat\u0131\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, Rahibe S\u0131rpuhi\u2019nin 950 alt\u0131nl\u0131k teklifinin \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kan olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kurum, tadilat ile birlikte toplam 1200 alt\u0131na m\u00e2l olan yeni binas\u0131na, 1 Mart 1877\u2019de yirmi \u00fc\u00e7 yetim ile birlikte ge\u00e7mi\u015fti.48<\/p>\n \u00d6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn son y\u0131llar\u0131na kadar yetimhaneye gelir sa\u011flayabilmek i\u00e7in ba\u011f\u0131\u015f toplamaya devam eden Rahibe S\u0131rpuhi, yetimlerin i\u015fledi\u011fi oya \u00f6rt\u00fcy\u00fc Sultan II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019e (sal. 1876-1909) 1883 y\u0131l\u0131nda hediye olarak g\u00f6ndermi\u015f, buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k padi\u015fah da yetimhaneye 300 alt\u0131n ihsan etmi\u015fti. Bu ba\u011f\u0131\u015fla yetimhaneye akar sa\u011flamas\u0131 maksad\u0131yla Silahtara\u011fa\u2019da bir d\u00fckk\u00e2n sat\u0131n al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.49<\/p>\n S\u0131rpuhi Kalfayan, yetimhaneyi yirmi d\u00f6rt y\u0131l y\u00f6nettikten sonra 4 Temmuz 1889 tarihinde altm\u0131\u015f yedi ya\u015f\u0131nda vefat etmi\u015f; cenazesi\u00a0Surp\u00a0<\/em>Istepanos Kilisesi\u2019nden kald\u0131r\u0131larak, naa\u015f\u0131 yetimhanenin bah\u00e7esinde bulunan\u00a0Surp\u00a0<\/em>Asdvadzadzin [Meryem Ana] \u015eapeli\u2019ne50\u00a0g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.51<\/p>\n Rahibe S\u0131rpuhi\u2019nin ard\u0131ndan Rahibe Yeranuhi Hovhannesyan (g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi 1899-1902), yetimlerin bak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenmi\u015fti. Kurumda yeti\u015fen Yeranuhi, ba\u015flarda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 faaliyetlerde bulunmu\u015fsa da sonras\u0131nda yetimhaneyi madden ve manen zarara u\u011fratmas\u0131 \u00fczerine g\u00f6revinden el \u00e7ektirilmi\u015fti.52\u00a0Patrik Ormanyan\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresinin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda durumu hayli k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fen kurumun ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131 durmu\u015f, e\u011fitim i\u015flerini \u00fcstlenen Reteos Tateosyan istifa etmi\u015f, yetimlerin say\u0131s\u0131 azalm\u0131\u015f, dahili disiplini bozulmu\u015ftu. E\u011fitim ve bak\u0131m d\u00fczeyi d\u00fc\u015fen yetimhaneye \u00f6zel ihtimam g\u00f6steren Patrik Ormanyan duruma el koyarak, Dr. Istepan Pa\u015fa Aslanyan\u2019dan kurumun sorumlulu\u011funu \u00fcstlenmesini istemi\u015f, ayr\u0131ca yetimlerle ilgilenilmesi i\u00e7in 10 May\u0131s 1902\u2019de d\u00f6nemin Ermeni entelekt\u00fcel \u00e7evresinin \u00f6nemli feminist ve aktivist yazarlar\u0131ndan S\u0131rpuhi D\u00fcsap\u2019\u0131n (1841-1901) da bulundu\u011fu \u201cKad\u0131nlar Kurulu\u201dnu [Dignants Khnamagalutyun<\/em>] olu\u015fturmu\u015ftu.53\u00a0Aslanyan\u2019\u0131n yetimhaneyi bir y\u0131l kadar y\u00f6nettikten sonra g\u00f6revi b\u0131rakmas\u0131yla Patrik, bu defa Patrikhane\u2019nin iki kalem m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc; Parto\u011f Telpan ile Garabed Ha\u00e7aduryan\u2019\u0131 yetimhanenin \u0131slah\u0131 ile g\u00f6revlendirmi\u015f, onlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sonucunda kurumun madd\u00ee ve manev\u00ee durumu eski g\u00fcnlerine kavu\u015fmu\u015ftu.54<\/p>\n Yeranuhi\u2019nin ard\u0131ndan, Patrik Ormanyan\u2019\u0131n teklifiyle\u00a0Surp\u00a0<\/em>P\u0131rgi\u00e7 Ermeni Hastanesi\u2019nin rahibesi Rahibe Kristine Papazyan55\u00a0(g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi 13 Ekim 1902-1919) vazife ba\u015f\u0131na getirilmi\u015f, kendisine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olarak da A\u011favni ve Maryam K\u00f6seyan k\u0131z karde\u015fler g\u00f6revlendirilmi\u015fti.56<\/p>\n 1904\u2019te uzun zamand\u0131r onar\u0131m ihtiyac\u0131 olan yetimhane binas\u0131 ve \u015fapel, halktan 1200 alt\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131\u015f toplanmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ba\u015fkan Ye\u011fya \u015eahbaz, yard\u0131mc\u0131lar Dikran Para\u011famyan,57\u00a0Mimar Krikor Melidosyan ve Yetvart Karag\u00f6zyan\u2019dan olu\u015fan \u201c\u0130n\u015fa Heyeti\u201dnin [\u015einutyan Hantznakhump<\/em>] denetiminde, Mimar Istepan Hamamc\u0131yan taraf\u0131ndan tadil edilmi\u015fti.58\u00a0Elimizde bu d\u00f6nemde kullan\u0131lan binan\u0131n plan ya da foto\u011fraf\u0131 hen\u00fcz bulunmamakla birlikte, binaya ikinci kat\u0131n \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, misafirhanenin yan\u0131ndaki iki odan\u0131n birle\u015ftirilmesiyle geni\u015f bir yemekhanenin olu\u015fturuldu\u011fu, hamam ve mutfa\u011f\u0131n onar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, merkez\u00ee \u0131s\u0131tma ve su ar\u0131tma sistemlerinin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaynaklardan yazan bilgiler aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Patrik Ma\u011fakya Ormanyan otobiyografisinde bu konuya de\u011finmektedir:<\/p>\n \u201c(\u2026) Hask\u00f6y\u2019de kurulmu\u015f olan Kalfayan Yetimhanesi\u2019nin de onar\u0131ma ihtiyac\u0131 vard\u0131. Kad\u0131nlar Kurulu\u2019nun gayreti ile boya ve dam onar\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in al\u0131nan basit izinle, fabrikat\u00f6r Ye\u011fya \u015eahbazyan\u2019\u0131n becerisiyle bina, sadece i\u00e7erden de\u011fil d\u0131\u015fardan da yenilenmi\u015f oldu. Ayr\u0131ca kutsanmas\u0131n\u0131 da 4 Aral\u0131k 1904 tarihinde bizzat kendim yapt\u0131m. Kalfayan Yetimhanesi\u2019ni daha da geni\u015fletmek ve\u00a0Surp\u00a0<\/em>P\u0131rgi\u00e7 Yetimhanesi\u2019nin tamamlanmas\u0131n\u0131 organize etme arzum vard\u0131. Bu ama\u00e7la da Cezayirliyanlar\u2019\u0131n terk etmi\u015f oldu\u011fu ve Kalfayan\u2019\u0131n duvar\u0131na biti\u015fik, devlet taraf\u0131ndan borcu kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda el konulmu\u015f olan k\u00f6\u015fk\u00fc almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Sonunda saraydan 19 May\u0131s 1908 tarihli iradeyi alabildim. \u0130ki binay\u0131 b\u00f6len duvardan ge\u00e7i\u015fi 10 Temmuz\u2019da bizzat a\u00e7t\u0131m. Ancak \u00fc\u00e7 hafta ge\u00e7meden patriklikten istifa ettim.\u201d59<\/p>\n Patrik Ma\u011fakya Ormanyan\u2019\u0131n bahsetti\u011fi belge ve bu belgenin devam\u0131nda verilen kararlara Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Ar\u015fivi\u2019nde rastlan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mart 1910 tarihli belgeye g\u00f6re, M\u0131g\u0131rd\u0131\u00e7 Cezyirliyan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc sonras\u0131, v\u00e2risi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bo\u015fta kalan arsan\u0131n yetimhaneye bedelsiz60\u00a0olarak devri konusunda May\u0131s 1908 tarihli bir padi\u015fah emri \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131.61\u00a0\u00c7\u0131kan iradeden sonra,62\u00a0s\u00f6z konusu arsa hakk\u0131nda bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve neticeleri de Evkaf Nez\u00e2reti\u2019nin bu yaz\u0131s\u0131ndan yakla\u015f\u0131k bir ay sonra \u015eur\u00e2-y\u0131 Devlet\u2019te g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcp karara ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Belge metnine g\u00f6re; 12 Nisan 1910 tarihli bu kararda vefat etmi\u015f olan M\u0131g\u0131rd\u0131\u00e7 Cezyirliyan\u2019\u0131n v\u00e2risi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bo\u015fta kalan arsas\u0131n\u0131n belli bir bedel kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yetimhaneye devri konusu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.63\u00a0\u015eur\u00e2-y\u0131 Devlet\u2019in buradaki incelemesinden, Hask\u00f6y Abd\u00fcssel\u00e2m Mahallesi\u2019nin II. Bayezid\u2019in vakf\u0131 oldu\u011fu, s\u00f6z konusu arsan\u0131n Cezayirlio\u011flu Soka\u011f\u0131\u2019nda 14 numarada bulundu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bu arsan\u0131n toplam yedi hissesi vard\u0131. Yedi hisseden \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc Nazl\u0131 binti [k\u0131z\u0131] Hovhannes\u2019e, biri Vartan o\u011flu Hovhannes\u2019e ve kalan \u00fc\u00e7 hisse de Kevork Bey\u2019in zevcesi Ebru binti Arakes\u2019in \u00fczerine kay\u0131tl\u0131yd\u0131. Bu hissedarlardan \u00fc\u00e7 hissenin sahibesi olan Nazl\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde geride M\u0131g\u0131rd\u0131\u00e7 ve Marice isimlerinde iki evlad\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. M\u0131g\u0131rd\u0131\u00e7\u2019\u0131n \u00e7ocu\u011fu olmay\u0131p, Marice\u2019in ise be\u015f evlad\u0131 vard\u0131. Bu be\u015f evlad\u0131ndan Garabed\u2019in de \u00e7ocuksuz olarak \u00f6lmesiyle, s\u00f6z konusu arsan\u0131n toplam 70 hissesinden, v\u00e2rissiz 18 hissesi II. Bayezid Vakf\u0131\u2019na devredilmi\u015fti. 70 hissenin 160,600 kuru\u015fluk k\u0131ymetinden, bo\u015f kalan 18 hisseye 41,300 kuru\u015f bedel isabet etmi\u015f, Patrikhane de bo\u015f kalan bu hisselerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00fczerine yetimhaneyi in\u015fa ederek, arsan\u0131n tapusunu (sened-i h\u00e2k\u00e2n\u00ee) talep etmi\u015fti. \u201c(\u2026) h\u00e2k\u00e2n-\u0131 mahlu\u201864\u00a0taraf\u0131ndan ir\u00e2de-i seniyye ile tefviz ol\u0131nan mahl\u00fbl\u00e2t\u0131n (\u2026)\u201d ifadelerine g\u00f6re Sultan II. Abd\u00fclhamid, tahttan hal\u2019 edilmeden \u00f6nce s\u00f6z konusu arsan\u0131n, Partik Ma\u011fakya Ormanyan\u2019\u0131n bahsetti\u011fi gibi, yetimhane \u00fczerine devri i\u00e7in izin vermi\u015fti; ancak daha sonra \u0130ttihat ve Terakki y\u00f6netimi taraf\u0131ndan bu h\u00fck\u00fcm geri al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Belgedeki verilere g\u00f6re; ayn\u0131 zamanda mesken arsas\u0131 olan bu yerin us\u00fblen hissedarlar\u0131na devri gerekmekteydi. Patrikhane\u2019nin beyanat\u0131na g\u00f6re buran\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131na yetimhane in\u015fa edildi\u011fi i\u00e7in de arsa \u201cmesken\u201d vasf\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015fti. V\u00e2rissiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve arsan\u0131n baz\u0131 hisselerinin vakfa devri yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in vak\u0131f arsas\u0131n\u0131n da bedelsiz olarak yetimhaneye devri m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fclmemekteydi. Patrikhane ise yetimhanenin in\u015fa edildi\u011fi arsaya d\u00fc\u015fen bedelin, taraf\u0131nca kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015fti. Ayr\u0131ca, yetimhane hissesine d\u00fc\u015fen miktar \u00fczerinden bir indirim ya da azaltma da s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildi. Bu nedenle yetimhane hissesi bedeli olan 41,300 kuru\u015fun devlet taraf\u0131ndan tahsil edilmesi gerekmekteydi. Vak\u0131f mallar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 kanunlar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, vefat eden Cezayirli M\u0131g\u0131rdi\u00e7\u2019ten bo\u015falan ve \u00fczerine yetimhane yap\u0131lan menzil arsas\u0131n\u0131n, bedelsiz olarak verilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in arazi bedeli olan 41,300 kuru\u015fun Partikhane taraf\u0131ndan vakfa \u00f6denmesine, arazinin bu \u015fekilde yetimhane ad\u0131na devrinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n Evk\u00e2f Nez\u00e2reti\u2019ne tebli\u011f edilmesine karar verilmi\u015f,65\u00a0karar birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonra makama iletilmi\u015fti.66<\/p>\n Arsa meselesinin baz\u0131 kurumlar aras\u0131ndaki yaz\u0131\u015fma ve incelemeler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde bir s\u00fcre daha \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclemedi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Nitekim bu incelemeler neticesinde M\u00e2liye Nez\u00e2reti \u015eubat 1913 tarihli bir yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, Meclis-i V\u00fckel\u00e2\u2019ya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmek \u00fczere g\u00f6ndermi\u015fti. Meclis-i V\u00fckel\u00e2\u2019n\u0131n yaz\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re Patrikhane, \u00f6nceden bedelsiz olarak yetimhaneye devredilen arazinin daha sonra geri al\u0131nmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik karar\u0131n bu gibi hay\u0131r kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 kapsamamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini, b\u00fcnyesindeki seksen yetimi bar\u0131nd\u0131rma noktas\u0131nda art\u0131k yetersiz kalan mek\u00e2n\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc s\u00f6z konusu arsaya \u015fiddetle ihtiyac\u0131 oldu\u011funu, Patrikli\u011fin arsa i\u00e7in bi\u00e7ilen bedeli kar\u015f\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131n zorlu\u011funu belirtmi\u015f, 41,300 kuru\u015fluk arsa bedelinin M\u00e2liye Hazinesi taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015fti.67<\/p>\n 1908 y\u0131l\u0131nda II. Me\u015frutiyet d\u00f6neminden ba\u015flay\u0131p \u0130ttihat ve Terakki\u2019nin idareyi ele almas\u0131yla birlikte, yetimhanenin g\u0131da ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7in II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in \u015fahs\u00ee hazinesinden her y\u0131l yap\u0131lan yard\u0131mlar\u0131n kesildi\u011fi, o tarihlerde bizzat Ermeni Patri\u011fi\u2019nin Sad\u00e2ret\u2019e g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi yaz\u0131s\u0131ndan anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. 31 Ekim 1908 tarihli yaz\u0131s\u0131nda Patrik Ye\u011fi\u015fe I. Turyan68\u00a0(1909-1910\/d. 1860-\u00f6. 1930), yetimhaneye padi\u015fah\u0131n \u015fahs\u00ee hazinesinden verilen g\u00fcnl\u00fck 15 okka ekmek ve 7,5 okka et yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kesildi\u011fi bilgisinin Hazine-i Hassa memuru taraf\u0131ndan kendilerine bildirildi\u011fini, b\u00fcnyesinde yetmi\u015ften fazla \u00f6ks\u00fcz k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011funun bak\u0131l\u0131p e\u011fitildi\u011fi bu hay\u0131r kurumunun yard\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n kesilmesinin buran\u0131n idaresini imk\u00e2ns\u0131z hale getirece\u011fini ve k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n sefil bir \u015fekilde meydanda kalacaklar\u0131ndan duydu\u011fu endi\u015feyi dile getirmekte, son olarak da g\u00fcnl\u00fck et ve ekmek yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n eskisi gibi verilmeye devam edilmesi hususunda Sad\u00e2ret\u2019ten yard\u0131m istemekteydi.69\u00a0Patrik Ye\u011fi\u015fe\u2019nin bu yaz\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerine s\u00f6z konusu talebi ilgili kurumlarda de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015f ve II. Me\u015frutiyet\u2019le birlikte, padi\u015fah\u0131n \u015fahs\u00ee t\u00fcm mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\/ gelirlerinin M\u00e2liye Hazinesi\u2019ne devredilmesi sebebiyle reddedildi\u011fi Hazine-i Hassa Naz\u0131r\u0131 imzal\u0131 belgeden anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.70<\/p>\n 1910\u2019lu y\u0131llara gelindi\u011finde yetimhaneye biti\u015fik bir derslik a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 planlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu ama\u00e7la M\u0131s\u0131r Kap\u0131 Keth\u00fcdas\u0131 Apraham Pa\u015fa Yeramyan, 2500 ar\u015f\u0131nl\u0131k arsas\u0131n\u0131 kuruma ba\u011f\u0131\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.71\u00a0\u0130n\u015fa i\u00e7in ba\u011f\u0131\u015f ve vasiyet yoluyla toplanan 2000 lira ile yetimhanenin 2500 liral\u0131k birikimi bu amaca tahsis edilse de patlak veren I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 projenin aksamas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015f ve biriken yek\u00fbnun daha elzem ihtiya\u00e7lar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na karar verilmi\u015fti.72\u00a0Sava\u015f d\u00f6neminde kurumun en b\u00fcy\u00fck gelir kayna\u011f\u0131 olan ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar kesilip, malzemelerin temin edilememesinden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc i\u015fleme at\u00f6lyelerinin de \u00fcretimi durunca madd\u00ee durum iyice k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fmi\u015fti. Bu sebeple yetimhanede bulunan altm\u0131\u015f yetimden onu durumu uygun olan ailelerin yan\u0131na g\u00f6nderilmi\u015f, ikisi evlatl\u0131k verilmi\u015f, sekizi ise \u00f6\u011fretmenlik gibi g\u00f6revlerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in kurumdan ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yine de 1915 Tehcir Kanunu sonras\u0131nda yetim kalarak \u0130stanbul\u2019a gelen Ermeni k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 kabul eden yetimhane, onlar\u0131n bak\u0131m ve e\u011fitimlerini \u00fcstlenmi\u015fti.73\u00a0Bu d\u00f6nemde fiziksel mek\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131n yetersizli\u011finden ziyade yetimhanenin en b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131, erzak teminiydi. Her ne kadar m\u00fclke ait araziye ekim yap\u0131l\u0131p, hayvanlardan elde edilen g\u0131dalar ile idare edilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lsa da mevcut \u00f6\u011frenci say\u0131s\u0131 kapasitenin \u00fczerinde oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in gereksinimler kar\u015f\u0131lanamamakta; baz\u0131 ihtiya\u00e7lar karneyle al\u0131nan g\u0131dalardan artt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p takas us\u00fbl\u00fcyle giderilmekteydi.<\/p>\n Ba\u015f Rahibe Kristine Papazyan imzas\u0131yla, Kalfayan K\u0131z Yetimhanesi\u2019nde bar\u0131nan k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na yap\u0131lan ia\u015felerin artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcmete yaz\u0131lan dilek\u00e7e74\u00a0\u00fczerine Naz\u0131r Talat Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n \u0130a\u015fe-i Umumiye M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc \u0130smail Hakk\u0131 Bey\u2019e verdi\u011fi 1917 tarihli bir talimat dikkat \u00e7ekicidir.75\u00a0Rahibe yaz\u0131s\u0131nda, y\u00fckselen fiyatlar nedeniyle h\u00fck\u00fcmetin ay\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00e7enin yetimhanenin ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, yetim say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcz\u00fc a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00fcnl\u00fck g\u0131da temininin dahi tedarik edilemedi\u011finden bahsetmekte; \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler aranmas\u0131n\u0131 talep etmekteydi.76\u00a0Nez\u00e2ret\u2019e verilen dilek\u00e7enin arkas\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u00fclen notta, her ay M\u00e2liye Hazinesi\u2019nden yetimhaneye aktar\u0131lan b\u00fct\u00e7eye y\u00f6nelik inceleme yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015f ve s\u00f6z konusu b\u00fct\u00e7enin artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 istenmi\u015fti.77\u00a0Son olarak D\u00e2hiliye Nez\u00e2reti \u0130dare-i Umumiye-i D\u00e2hiliye M\u00fcd\u00fcriyeti\u2019nden \u00e7\u0131kan evrakta, Naz\u0131r Talat Pa\u015fa konu hakk\u0131nda \u0130a\u015fe-i Umumiye M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc \u0130smail Hakk\u0131 Bey\u2019e m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan yard\u0131mlar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde talimat vermi\u015fti.78\u00a0Yetimhaneye ayr\u0131lan maliye b\u00fct\u00e7esinin artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik ayn\u0131 talep, Patrik Vekili Serpiskopos Kapriel Cevahirciyan imzas\u0131yla Ermeni Gato\u011figoslu\u011fu79\u00a0ve Patrikli\u011fi taraf\u0131ndan da 21 A\u011fustos 1917 tarihli resm\u00ee bir yaz\u0131 ile Adliye ve Mez\u00e2hib Nez\u00e2reti\u2019ne iletilmi\u015fti.80\u00a0Patrikli\u011fin evrak\u0131 iki g\u00fcn sonra ayn\u0131 i\u00e7erikle Adliye ve Mez\u00e2hib Nez\u00e2reti\u2019nden Sadrazam\u2019a81\u00a0ve M\u00e2liye Nez\u00e2reti\u2019ne82\u00a0sevk edilmi\u015fti.83<\/p>\n 1917 y\u0131l\u0131nda ia\u015felerin teminine dair s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 hafifletebilmek maksad\u0131yla yetimhane y\u00f6neticileri, Amerikan Misyoner Te\u015fkilat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Hask\u00f6y gibi baz\u0131 semtlerde uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yoksullara yemek yap\u0131m-da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na iki sene boyunca kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, bu sayede haftal\u0131k iki-\u00fc\u00e7 kez yemeklerden yetimler de faydalanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.84<\/p>\n Gato\u011figos ve Patrik Vekili Episkopos Kapriel Cevahirciyan, Ba\u015f Rahibe ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma arkada\u015flar\u0131na yetimlerin bak\u0131m\u0131 ve e\u011fitimlerini kar\u015f\u0131layabilmek i\u00e7in g\u00f6sterdikleri \u00e7aba neticesinde Diyakoz [Sargavak<\/em>] r\u00fctbesini \u0130stanbul\u2019da ilk kez rahibelere bah\u015federek, ayinlerde g\u00f6rev yapabilme yetkisi tan\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Cevahirciyan, ayr\u0131ca 14 \u015eubat 1918 g\u00fcn\u00fc yetimhanenin \u015fapelini\u00a0Surp\u00a0<\/em>Asdvadzadzin ad\u0131na kutsayarak \u015fapelde\u00a0Badarak\u00a0<\/em>Ayini85\u00a0yap\u0131lmas\u0131na izin vermi\u015fti.86<\/p>\n Ba\u015f Rahibe Kristine, g\u00f6revini on yedi y\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fckten sonra 12 Temmuz 1919 tarihinde vefat etmi\u015f, cenazesi\u00a0Surp\u00a0<\/em>Asdvadzadzin \u015eapeli\u2019nde yap\u0131lan merasim sonras\u0131 yetimhanenin bah\u00e7esine g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.87\u00a0Yerine g\u00f6revi devralan Rahibe K\u00f6seyan d\u00f6neminde yetimhane, yeniden b\u00fcy\u00fck onar\u0131mlar ge\u00e7irmi\u015f, yeni b\u00f6l\u00fcmler eklenmesi i\u00e7in h\u00fck\u00fcmetten izinler al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Ar\u015fivi\u2019nde rastlan\u0131lan bir belgeye g\u00f6re Hask\u00f6y\u2019de Pe\u015ftemalc\u0131 Soka\u011f\u0131\u2019ndaki Kalfayan K\u0131z Yetimhanesi\u2019ne ait arsaya bir bina in\u015fas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olmu\u015ftu. Bu yap\u0131 in\u015fas\u0131na ili\u015fkin inceleme yapmak \u00fczere fenn-\u00ee heyet olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 talebi, D\u00e2hiliye Nez\u00e2reti \u0130dare-i Umumiye ve D\u00e2hiliye M\u00fcd\u00fcriyeti\u2019nden, \u015eehrem\u00e2neti Heyet-i Fenniye M\u00fcd\u00fcriyeti\u2019ne yaz\u0131l\u0131 olarak iletilmi\u015fti.88\u00a0Daha sonra, olu\u015fturulan fenn-\u00ee heyet, ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en adrese giderek gerekli incelemeleri yapm\u0131\u015f,89\u00a0yap\u0131m\u0131 tasarlanan binan\u0131n \u00f6\u011fretmenlerin ik\u00e2metine y\u00f6nelik bir lojman olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bunun yetimhane bah\u00e7esine in\u015fa edilece\u011fini belirtmi\u015fti. Yetimhane idaresi, \u201cHask\u00f6yde Pe\u015ftamalc\u0131 zuka\u011f\u0131nda 1, 3, 5 ve 7\u201d numarada bulunan \u201cMeryem ana ermeni in\u00e2s mektebi eyt\u00e2mh\u00e2nesi arsas\u0131na\u201d yap\u0131lacak ev i\u00e7in ruhsat talebinde bulunmu\u015f; dilek\u00e7eye binan\u0131n proje, resim, harita ve di\u011fer evraklar\u0131n\u0131 da ekleyerek \u015eehrem\u00e2neti\u2019ne g\u00f6ndermi\u015fti.90\u00a0Bu talebin incelenerek, 12 Haziran 1911 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f genel bir tebligat\u0131n ekindeki talimatname h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine uygun olarak yap\u0131 in\u015fa talebinin sonu\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve sonucunun bildirilmesi istenmi\u015fti.91\u00a0Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Ermeni Patrikli\u011fi taraf\u0131ndan lojman in\u015faat\u0131na dair haz\u0131rlanan \u00fc\u00e7 proje ile birlikte yetimhane tapusunun bulundu\u011fu dosya ilgili makamlara g\u00f6nderilerek, \u00f6nceki evraklara eklenmi\u015fti.92\u00a0\u0130n\u015fas\u0131 i\u00e7in ruhsat verilmesi istenen bina hakk\u0131nda gere\u011finin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u015eur\u00e2-y\u0131 Devlet\u2019e havale edilen yaz\u0131, Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun Beylik\u00e7ili\u011fi\u2019ne sunulmu\u015ftu.93\u00a0Buradan \u00e7\u0131kan yaz\u0131 ve ekleri, di\u011fer ba\u015fka kalemlere g\u00f6nderilmi\u015f, beylik\u00e7ilikten \u00e7\u0131kan yaz\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fine g\u00f6re gere\u011finin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve sonucunun bildirilmesi istenmi\u015fti.94<\/p>\n Belge tasnifleri i\u00e7inde, yetimhane bah\u00e7esine bahsi ge\u00e7en lojman\u0131n in\u015fa edilip edilmedi\u011fine dair bir belge\/bilgi bulunmamakla birlikte, Ermenice kaynaklardan, olu\u015fturulan bir in\u015fa fonuyla 16,000 liral\u0131k ba\u011f\u0131\u015f topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu sayede 1924 y\u0131l\u0131nda yetimhanenin ana binas\u0131na \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir kat\u0131n \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u015fapelin onar\u0131larak geni\u015fletildi\u011fi, elektrik sisteminin d\u00f6\u015fendi\u011fi \u00f6\u011frenilmektedir. Binan\u0131n 1924\u2019ten sonraki y\u0131llara ait foto\u011fraflar\u0131ndan in\u015fa malzemesinin ah\u015fap oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lan k\u00f6\u015fk\u00fcn, muhtemelen ana giri\u015finin de yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fapele bakan cephesinin i\u00e7e \u00e7ekilmi\u015f eyvan\u0131ms\u0131 d\u00fczenlemesinin de de\u011fi\u015ftirilerek iki pencereli d\u00fcz bir \u00e7\u0131kma\/cumba \u015feklinde \u00f6ne \u00e7ekildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir\u00a0(F.5, 6, 7, 8)<\/strong>.95<\/p>\n 14 Haziran 1928 tarih ve 341 numaral\u0131 ruhsatname ile Ma\u00e2rif Vek\u00e2leti\u2019ne ba\u011fl\u0131 bir ilk\u00f6\u011fretim okulu stat\u00fcs\u00fc alan Kalfayan K\u0131z Yetimhanesi, 1969 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan karar sonras\u0131,\u00a0Surp\u00a0<\/em>Nersesyan\u00a0Mektebi gibi, istimlak kapsam\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131p y\u0131kt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131nca kurum, daha \u00f6nce yazl\u0131k olarak kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00dcsk\u00fcdar Altunizade\u2019deki Toprak Sokak No: 26\u2019ya96\u00a0ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00dcsk\u00fcdar\u2019daki Semerciyan-Cemaran \u0130lkokulu\u2019yla birle\u015ftirilen yetimhane bug\u00fcn Kalfayan \u0130lk\u00f6\u011fretim Okulu ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda e\u011fitime devam etmekte, bar\u0131nma ise yazl\u0131k binada yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Nubar-\u015eahnazaryan Mektebi<\/strong><\/p>\n Hask\u00f6y\u2019deki bir di\u011fer e\u011fitim kurumu olan Nubar-\u015eahnazaryan Mektebi; filolog, yay\u0131mc\u0131 ve e\u011fitimci Garabed\u00a0Vartabed<\/em>97\u00a0\u015eahnazaryan98\u00a0(1814-1865) taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftu\u00a0(F.9)<\/strong>.\u00a01865\u2019te \u0130stanbul\u2019a yerle\u015fen\u00a0Vartabed\u00a0<\/em>\u015eahnazaryan, Ermeni Kilisesi\u2019ne din adam\u0131 yeti\u015ftirmek \u00fczere Kilikya\u2019da bir teoloji okulu a\u00e7may\u0131 arzu etmi\u015f ve bu vasiyetini \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden bir g\u00fcn \u00f6nce, yak\u0131n zamanda M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a yola \u00e7\u0131kacak olan Episkopos Nerses Varjabeyan\u2019a teslim ederek M\u0131s\u0131r Ermenilerinden devlet adam\u0131 Nubar Pa\u015fa Nubaryan\u2019a (1825-1899) iletmesini rica etmi\u015fti.99<\/p>\n Varjabeyan ve Nubar Pa\u015fa,\u00a0Vartabed<\/em>\u2019in vasiyetinin Kilikya yerine Hask\u00f6y\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesinin daha do\u011fru olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek, ah\u015fap bir binada, orta dereceli ve yat\u0131l\u0131 olan Nubar-\u015eahnazaryan Mektebi\u2019ni faaliyete ge\u00e7irmi\u015flerdi.100\u00a0Nubar Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan 4000 alt\u0131n hibe ile tesis edilen okul, on y\u0131l s\u00fcre ile d\u00f6neminin \u00fcnl\u00fc hocalar\u0131 b\u00fcnyesinde bar\u0131nd\u0131rarak semtin \u00f6nemli e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131ndan biri olmu\u015ftu. Yeti\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz kadar \u00f6\u011frenci aras\u0131nda Ermeni entelekt\u00fcel ayd\u0131nlanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli isimlerinden e\u011fitimci, pedagog, prestijli Ermeni Berberyan Okulu\u2019nun kurucusu Reteos Berberyan (1850-1907); yazar Ye\u011fya Demirciba\u015fyan (1848-1908); yazar, gazeteci, e\u011fitimci ve terc\u00fcman Minas \u00c7eraz (1852-1929); yazar, hukuk\u00e7u, \u0130stanbul mebusu Krikor Zohrab (1861-1915) ve daha bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi bulunmaktayd\u0131.101<\/p>\n Vasiyet edenin arzusu do\u011frultusunda,\u00a0Vartabed<\/em>\u2019in Manchester\u2019da kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 matbaa makineleri 1870\u2019te Nubar-\u015eahnazaryan Mektebi\u2019ne ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, ayn\u0131 y\u0131l talebelerin haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0Yergrakunt\u00a0<\/em>[Yerk\u00fcre] adl\u0131 dergi bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Okulun kapan\u0131\u015f tarihine kadar yakla\u015f\u0131k iki y\u0131l faaliyet g\u00f6steren matbaa, daha sonra\u00a0Asiagan Ingerutyun<\/em>\u2019un [Asya Cemiyeti] b\u00fcnyesinde devam etmi\u015fti.102<\/p>\n A\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra b\u00fcnyesindeki en ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenciler\u00a0Surp\u00a0<\/em>Nersesyan Mektebi\u2019ne naklolunca okulun mal\u00ee durumu k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fmi\u015fti. Osmanl\u0131 devlet tahvili gelirlerinin ani d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ise son darbe olmu\u015f, parlak bir d\u00f6nemin ard\u0131ndan okul kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Patrik Nerses tekrar a\u00e7mak i\u00e7in hayli gayret sarf etse de ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Nubar-\u015eahnazaryan Mektebi\u2019nin kapan\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan sonra bina uzunca s\u00fcre fakirhane olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, Patrikhane\u2019nin \u201cEkonomi Komisyonu\u201dnun karar\u0131yla 1886 y\u0131l\u0131nda harap oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle y\u0131kt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, arsas\u0131 ise bo\u015f kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.103<\/p>\n Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren \u0130stanbul Ermenilerinin modernle\u015fme tecr\u00fcbesi i\u00e7erisinde merkez\u00ee konumdaki semtlerden biri olan Hask\u00f6y\u2019\u00fcn ba\u015fat \u00f6zelli\u011finin e\u011fitime verdi\u011fi \u00f6nem ve bu alanda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi yap\u0131la\u015fma faaliyetleri oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n Hask\u00f6y\u2019deki e\u011fitim yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n entelekt\u00fcel misyonuna atfedilen \u00f6nemin somut formlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi ad\u0131na en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7abay\u0131 sarf edenlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda sivil mesenler -\u00f6zellikle de madd\u00ee a\u00e7\u0131dan bulunduklar\u0131 katk\u0131larla kimi amiralar- ile ayd\u0131n din adamlar\u0131 gelmektedir. \u0130lerleyen d\u00f6nemlerde sek\u00fcler e\u011fitime verilen de\u011ferin artmas\u0131yla birlikte \u00e7e\u015fitlenen t\u00fcm bu destek\u00e7iler semtin e\u011fitim yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131, kilise dahilindeki bir odada verilenin \u00f6tesine ta\u015f\u0131yarak, kitlesel ve modern e\u011fitime hizmet verebilecek \u00f6l\u00e7ek ve yap\u0131daki mimar\u00ee \u00f6rneklere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n Geli\u015fmeler do\u011frultusunda gereksinimleri kar\u015f\u0131layacak \u015fekilde in\u015fa ve\/veya tadil edildi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lan Hask\u00f6y\u2019deki e\u011fitim yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n belirli bir tipolojiye sahip olmayarak hem y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n mimar\u00ee repertuar\u0131na uygun Neoklasik \u00fcsl\u00fbpta k\u00e2rgir malzeme ile hem de geleneksel ah\u015fap konut tipinde olmas\u0131, tercihten ziyade kendisini olu\u015fturan mal\u00ee g\u00fcc\u00fcn getirdi\u011fi \u015fartlardan ileri gelmektedir. Anla\u015f\u0131lan odur ki ama\u00e7 mimar\u00ee bir temsilden ziyade k\u00fclt\u00fcrel haf\u0131zan\u0131n nesillere aktar\u0131labilece\u011fi bir mek\u00e2na sahip olmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n Hakem De\u011ferlendirmesi:\u00a0<\/strong>D\u0131\u015f ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z. Peer-review:\u00a0<\/strong>Externally peer-reviewed. 33\u00a0BOA.\u0130.AZN.57.8.2.1.<\/em>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/hyetert.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Screen-Shot-2021-01-27-at-22.36.28.png?resize=608%2C600&ssl=1\")
\n(Anonim,\u00a0Intartsag Oraytsuyts Azkayin Hivantanotzi 191<\/strong>0, s. 312.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/hyetert.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Screen-Shot-2021-01-27-at-22.38.40.png?resize=950%2C446&ssl=1\")
\nK\u0131z-Erkek Okulu Projesi (BOA.\u0130.AZN.57.8.2)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/hyetert.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Screen-Shot-2021-01-27-at-22.39.38.png?resize=896%2C508&ssl=1\")
\n(Varjabedyan, 1931, s. 63.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/hyetert.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Screen-Shot-2021-01-27-at-22.40.34.png?resize=506%2C776&ssl=1\")
\n(Anonim, Ke\u011funi, 1901, s. 6.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/hyetert.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Screen-Shot-2021-01-27-at-22.42.22.png?resize=994%2C578&ssl=1\")
\n(Tu\u011flac\u0131, 2004, s.257.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/hyetert.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Screen-Shot-2021-01-27-at-22.43.01.png?resize=936%2C534&ssl=1\")
\n(\u00c7\u0131nar, Erziyan, 1966, s. no yok.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/hyetert.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Screen-Shot-2021-01-27-at-22.43.40.png?resize=934%2C592&ssl=1\")
\n(\u00c7\u0131nar, Erziyan, 1966, s. no yok.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/hyetert.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Screen-Shot-2021-01-27-at-22.44.15.png?resize=936%2C592&ssl=1\")
\n(\u00c7\u0131nar, Erziyan, 1966, s. no yok.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/hyetert.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Screen-Shot-2021-01-27-at-22.45.35.png?resize=756%2C1024&ssl=1\")
\n(Kulamiryants, 1889, s.58.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\n\u00c7\u0131kar \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131:\u00a0<\/strong>Yazar \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 bildirmemi\u015ftir.
\nFinansal Destek:\u00a0<\/strong>Yazar bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in finansal destek almad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 beyan etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\nConflict of Interest:\u00a0<\/strong>The author has no conflict of interest to declare.
\nGrant Support:\u00a0<\/strong>The author declared that this study has received no financial support.<\/p>\n\n
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\n34\u00a0BOA.\u0130.AZN.57.8.1.1 (Tarih: R. 8 Temmuz 1320\/M. 21 Temmuz 1904).<\/em>
\n35\u00a0BOA.\u0130.AZN.57.8.4.1 (Tarih: R. 4 A\u011fustos 1320\/M. 17 A\u011fustos 1904).<\/em>
\n36 BOA.MF.MKT.805.64.1.1 (Tarih: R. 15 A\u011fustos 1320\/M. 28 A\u011fustos 1904).<\/em><\/p>\n\n