Adem Demir\u00a0<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\nT\u00fcrkiye topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde ya\u015fayan topluluklardan biri olan Levantenlerin varl\u0131klar\u0131 hep merak konusu oldu.<\/em><\/p>\nGalata ve Pera, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6zde konular olarak ele al\u0131nsa da burada ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f Levantenlerin ekonomik, siyasal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel katk\u0131lar\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma say\u0131s\u0131 yok denecek kadar az.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\nBu konudaki eksikli\u011fi gidecek bir esere imza at\u0131ld\u0131. Eski T\u00fcrkiye Katolik Ruhani Reisler Kurulu Bas\u0131n S\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fc Rinaldo Marmara, \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Ba\u015fkentinde Bir Levanten Semti Galata-Pera\u201d isimli bir kitap yazd\u0131.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\nMarmara, Fransa, Montpellier Paul Valery \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Bizans\u2019tan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze Latin veya Levanten cemaatinin kurulu\u015f, y\u00fckselme ve gerileme d\u00f6nemleri hakk\u0131nda doktora yapan biri.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n50\u2019den fazla kitaba ve y\u00fczden fazla makale kaleme alan Marmara, Levantenlerin tarihine \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutmak i\u00e7in Vatikan Gizli Ar\u015fivleri\u2019nden aylarca \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131, elde etti\u011fi bilgileri bir kitapta toplad\u0131.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\nTarihi belge ve foto\u011fraflar\u0131n yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 yay\u0131nlar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan kitapta Marmara bir d\u00f6neme \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutarken, ge\u00e7mi\u015fin renkli toplulu\u011fu ya\u015fant\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda dikkat \u00e7eken bilgiler veriyor.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\nYazar Rinaldo Marmara, Independent T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019nin sorular\u0131n\u0131 yan\u0131tlad\u0131\u2026\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\nYazar Rinaldo Marmara, Levantenleri anlatt\u0131 \/ Foto\u011fraf: Independent T\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/em><\/p>\n\u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn mesele fetihle ba\u015flad\u0131\u201d<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\nKimdir bu Levantenler, ya da kimlere Levanten deniliyor?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\nHerkes Levantenlerden bahsediyor fakat hi\u00e7 kimse tam olarak bunlar\u0131n kim oldu\u011funu bilmiyor. Onun i\u00e7in bu soru \u00f6nemli. Baz\u0131lar\u0131, Yahudileri, Rumlar\u0131, Ermenileri ve Hristiyanlar\u0131 Levanten olarak say\u0131yor. Herkes Levanten de\u011fildir. Bunlar i\u00e7in zaten bir tan\u0131mlama veya adland\u0131rma vard\u0131r. Bunlara gayrim\u00fcslim deniliyor. Rumlar\u0131, Ermenileri, Yahudileri \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda geriye Latinler kal\u0131yor. Bu Latinler de ayr\u0131 bir gruptu. Bunun da zorlu\u011fu vard\u0131. Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu zaman\u0131nda herkes yabanc\u0131yd\u0131. O zaman millet mefhumu de yoktu. Yabanc\u0131lardan kas\u0131t ise Venedikliler, Cenevizliler ve Pisal\u0131lard\u0131. Bunlar da Hali\u00e7\u2019in sa\u011f kolunda koloni \u015feklinde ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. B\u00fct\u00fcn mesele \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethiyle ba\u015fl\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
\u201cFatih\u2019in ferman\u0131yla geri d\u00f6nenler oldu\u201d\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\nFetihte ne oluyor?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\nBaz\u0131 Latinler \u0130stanbul\u2019da kal\u0131yor, baz\u0131lar\u0131 da korkudan ka\u00e7\u0131yor. Kalanlar i\u00e7in Fatih(Sultan Mehmet Han) 1 Haziran 1453\u2019te bir ferman \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131yor. Herkes de bunu \u2018ayr\u0131cal\u0131klarla dolu\u2019 bir ferman olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. Ancak bu da yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunu ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc okumak laz\u0131m. O ferman, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Latin cemaatinin kurulu\u015f gerek\u00e7esidir. Bu fermandan sonra daha \u00f6nce ka\u00e7anlar yava\u015f yava\u015f d\u00f6nmeye ba\u015fl\u0131yor. Yabanc\u0131 vasf\u0131yla geliyorlar. O d\u00f6nemde bu yabanc\u0131lar Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda bir seneden fazla kalam\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bir seneyi ge\u00e7tiklerinde onlar, yabanc\u0131 vasf\u0131n\u0131 kaybediyor ve Osmanl\u0131 tebaas\u0131na ge\u00e7iyorlard\u0131. Tabii b\u00f6yle olunca gayrim\u00fcslim olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor ve bir daha da Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131kam\u0131yorlard\u0131. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla iki grup olu\u015fmu\u015ftu. Biri Osmanl\u0131 Latin cemaati, di\u011feri de yabanc\u0131 Latinler. Levanten ismini i\u015fte bu yabanc\u0131 Latinler i\u00e7in kullan\u0131yoruz ki, onlar\u0131 di\u011ferlerinden ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in. B\u00fct\u00fcn mesele Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde gayrim\u00fcslimlerden farkl\u0131 bir Latin grubunun olu\u015fmu\u015f olmas\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131yor.<\/p>\nAnadolu topraklar\u0131ndaki Levantenler daha a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak \u0130stanbul ve \u0130zmir\u2019de ya\u015fad\u0131 \/ Foto\u011fraf: Independent T\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/em><\/p>\nBug\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye topraklar\u0131 olarak tarif etti\u011fimiz Anadolu\u2019nun en \u00e7ok hangi b\u00f6lgelerinde ya\u015fad\u0131lar Levantenler?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\u0130stanbul ve \u0130zmir\u2019de ya\u015fad\u0131lar. Daha \u00e7ok liman b\u00f6lgelerinde ikamet ettiler. Fetih s\u0131ras\u0131nda ka\u00e7anlar daha \u00e7ok Yunan adalar\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7m\u00fc\u015flerdi. Geri gelenler de \u00f6ncelikle i\u015fte bu Yunan adalar\u0131na gidenlerdi. Fakat 1839\u2019dan sonra yani Tanzimat ile beraber \u00e7ok daha fazla ki\u015fi geri d\u00f6nmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. O zaman, \u0130talya, Fransa, Macaristan ve Avusturya\u2019dan gelmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. En kalabal\u0131k grup \u0130talyanlar oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bunlara Levanten denildi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemek daha do\u011fru. Yani buradan \u0130talyanlar kast ediliyor.<\/p>\n
\u201cBir zamanlar say\u0131lar\u0131 35 bin olan Levantenlerden bin 500 ki\u015fi kald\u0131\u201d<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\nN\u00fcfuslar\u0131 ne kadard\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\nEn kalabal\u0131k olduklar\u0131 d\u00f6nemde say\u0131lar\u0131 35 bin civar\u0131ndayd\u0131. Tabii o zaman \u0130stanbul\u2019un n\u00fcfusu da azd\u0131. Bug\u00fcn ise say\u0131lar\u0131 bin 500 civar\u0131nda.<\/p>\n
Latin ifadesini kullan\u0131yorsunuz ama kitab\u0131n\u0131zda Levanten tabirini tercih etmi\u015fsiniz. Bu ayr\u0131m neden kaynaklan\u0131yor?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\nKalabal\u0131k grup \u0130talyanlar oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in Latinler diyorum. Daha sonra evlilikler yoluyla Ortodokslar da bunlara kat\u0131ld\u0131. Ortodokslar\u0131n aras\u0131nda Rumlar vard\u0131. Rumlar dualar\u0131n\u0131 Rumca yap\u0131yorlard\u0131 ama Latinler, Latince yap\u0131yordu. T\u00fcm dua ve ibadetleri Latince yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Latinler denilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. Frans\u0131z olanlara Franco denildi. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu gruplara Levanten diyoruz. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00f6zellikle de \u0130stanbul ve \u0130zmir\u2019de do\u011fmu\u015f, ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f ve yabanc\u0131 h\u00fcviyetini korumu\u015f olanlar ki\u015filere Levanten diyoruz. Bunlar Osmanl\u0131 tebaas\u0131na ge\u00e7memi\u015f olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in de gayrim\u00fcslim olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Bunlar kapit\u00fclasyonlara g\u00f6re idare ediliyorlard\u0131 ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131 vard\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u0130stanbul\u2019da a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak Galata ve Pera\u2019da m\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131lar?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\u0130stanbul\u2019da ilk ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131 daha yo\u011fun olarak Galata ve Pera oldu. Ancak daha sonra yava\u015f yava\u015f Pangalt\u0131\u2019ya do\u011fru gelmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. 1870\u2019te \u00e7\u0131kan yang\u0131ndan sonra herkes Pangalt\u0131\u2019ya do\u011fru geldi.<\/p>\nYazar Marmara\u2019ya g\u00f6re Levantenler Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131 \/ Foto\u011fraf: Independent T\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/em><\/p>\n\u201cSerbestlik ve din h\u00fcrriyeti sayesinde alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fayabildiler\u201d\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\nEn rahat hangi d\u00f6nemde ya\u015fad\u0131lar?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\nOsmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde \u00e7ok rahat ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebilirim. 1839\u2019dan sonra Levantenler Osmanl\u0131\u2019da alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131lar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu d\u00f6nemde bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na geldi. Sebebi de Avrupa\u2019dan \u00e7ok daha g\u00fczel ya\u015fayabiliyorlard\u0131. Dinsel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve serbestlik bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ok rahatt\u0131lar. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda her bir yabanc\u0131 cemaat hem \u00f6zerk olarak hem di\u011fer dini topluluklarla ayn\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde karde\u015f\u00e7e ya\u015fayabilmi\u015ftir. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck alanlar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n misafirperverli\u011fi sayesinde oldu. At\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmekte fayda var, o misafirperverlik bug\u00fcn de devam ediyor. Avrupa duvarlar \u00f6rerken T\u00fcrkiye, Suriyeliler ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere farkl\u0131 millet mensuplar\u0131na kucak a\u00e7\u0131yor. Tanzimat d\u00f6neminde de\u011fi\u015fik milletlerden gelip burada i\u015flerini kurup \u00e7ok rahat ya\u015fad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n
\u201cAvrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019nin Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan alaca\u011f\u0131 dersler var\u201d\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\nKitab\u0131n\u0131zda vermek istedi\u011finiz mesaj nedir?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\nO kitab\u0131 bir ama\u00e7 ve mesaj vermek i\u00e7in kaleme ald\u0131m. \u015eu mesaj\u0131 vermek istedim: O zamanki, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti bug\u00fcn kurulmak istenen Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019nin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr. Kendi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 dini gruplar, cemaatler vard\u0131. Bir de d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan gelen yabanc\u0131lar varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrce s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Her cemaatin, okullar\u0131, hastaneleri, ya\u015fl\u0131lar i\u00e7in huzurevleri, tiyatro salonlar\u0131, sinemalar\u0131 mevcuttu. Devlet i\u00e7inde sanki devletler vard\u0131. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019nin pek beceremedi\u011fini Osmanl\u0131 Devleti o zaman hayata ge\u00e7irmi\u015fti. Onun i\u00e7in her zaman \u015funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorum: Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019nin Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan alaca\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok dersler vard\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti farkl\u0131 milletlerin beraberce ya\u015fama k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n
\u201cOrtak dilleri Rumca idi\u201d\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\nLevantenleri \u201ckurulu\u015f\u201d, y\u00fckselme\u201d ve \u201cgerileme\u201d d\u00f6nemlerine ay\u0131rarak inceliyorsunuz. Neden b\u00f6yle bir de\u011ferlendirme yapma gere\u011fi duydunuz?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\nSadece Levantenler i\u00e7in de\u011fil pek \u00e7ok husus i\u00e7in b\u00f6yledir. Levantenleri bir kurulu\u015f d\u00f6nemleri, Bizans zaman\u0131nda tekrar s\u0131f\u0131ra inme d\u00f6nemleri vard\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde y\u00fckselme devrini ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flar. Bug\u00fcn onlar\u0131n tarihi hakk\u0131nda bilgi veren ne kadar bina, eser ve kilise g\u00f6r\u00fcyorsan\u0131z hepsi Osmanl\u0131lar d\u00f6neminde yap\u0131ld\u0131. Tanzimat d\u00f6neminden sonra Levantenler de yava\u015f yava\u015f gerilemeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, daha \u00f6nce elde ettikleri ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131 ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n
Levanten bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr idi. Levantenler ise do\u011fu ile bat\u0131 aras\u0131nda k\u00f6pr\u00fc g\u00f6revi yap\u0131yorlard\u0131. Levantenler ne do\u011fuluydu, ne de bat\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131. \u0130kisinin senteziydi. Onlar ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor ve \u00f6yle ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. \u00d6rf, adet, gelenek ve g\u00f6renekleri farkl\u0131yd\u0131. Ortak dilleri vard\u0131 ki, Rumca\u2019yd\u0131. \u0130stanbul\u2019da ya\u015fayan bir \u0130talyan, Frans\u0131z biriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda her ikisi Rumca konu\u015furlard\u0131. Art\u0131k karma evlilikler oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in eski Levantenlik yok oluyor.<\/p>\nVatikan Gizli Ar\u015fivleri\u2019nde Levantenlere ait, belge ve foto\u011fraflar var \/ Foto\u011fraf: Independent T\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/em><\/p>\n\u201cVatikan ar\u015fivlerinden \u00e7ok az ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 istifade ediyor\u201d\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\u201cOsmanl\u0131 Ba\u015fkentinde Bir Levanten Semti Galata-Pera\u201d kitab\u0131n\u0131 yazmak i\u00e7in Vatikan ar\u015fivlerinden faydalanm\u0131\u015fs\u0131n\u0131z. Vatikan ar\u015fivlerinde ne kadar \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131n\u0131z?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\nBen 25 y\u0131ld\u0131r Vatikan ar\u015fivlerine gider gerekli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131m\u0131 yapar\u0131m. \u00c7eyrek as\u0131rd\u0131r bundan faydalanmama ra\u011fmen \u00e7ok az \u015fey bildi\u011fimin fark\u0131nday\u0131m. Ar\u015fivlerin raf uzunlu\u011fu 87 kilometredir. Senelerin verdi\u011fi tecr\u00fcbeyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131yoruz. \u00c7ok \u00fcz\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm bir husus var ki, o da \u015fudur: \u00c7ok az ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 o ar\u015fivlerden istifade ediyor. Oradaki evrak\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Latince\u2019dir. \u00a0Ama belgelerin \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Frans\u0131zca ve \u0130talyanca\u2019d\u0131r. Ondan dolay\u0131 daha eskilerinden faydalanabilmek i\u00e7in \u00e7ok iyi derecede Frans\u0131zca ve \u0130talyanca bilmek gerekiyor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc belgelerin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc el yazmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7ok iyi derecede \u0130talyanca ve Frans\u0131zca bilen az oldu\u011fundan kimse gidip ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapm\u0131yor.<\/p>\nT\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 yay\u0131nlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda piyasa \u00e7\u0131kan 286 sayfal\u0131k kitapta Levantenlere dair bir\u00e7ok belge ve foto\u011fraf var \/ Foto\u011fraf: Independent T\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/em><\/p>\nKitaptaki foto\u011fraflar\u0131 Vatikan\u2019daki ar\u015fivlerden mi \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131n\u0131z?<\/strong><\/p>\nBir k\u0131s\u0131m belgeyi oradaki ar\u015fivlerden ald\u0131m. Di\u011fer bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ise buradaki kiliselerimizin ar\u015fivlerinden elde ettim.<\/p>\n
Levantenler bir renkse buna gerekti\u011fi gibi sahip \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131 m\u0131?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\nBunun sahip \u00e7\u0131k\u0131l\u0131p \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na girmek \u00e7ok anlaml\u0131 de\u011fil bana g\u00f6re. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, bu bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrd\u00fc ve bug\u00fcn itibar\u0131yla bitmi\u015ftir. \u2018Bunlar\u0131 tekrar yeniden, diriltip, ya\u015fatal\u0131m\u2019 laflar\u0131 bo\u015ftur. Bir tarihi s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde ya\u015fand\u0131 ve bitti. Art\u0131k onun \u00fczerinden ara\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131p gelecek ku\u015faklara bilgi aktarmak gerekir. Bunun i\u00e7in paneller, konferanslar d\u00fczenlemek laz\u0131m. \u0130stanbul B\u00fcy\u00fck\u015fehir Belediyesi\u2019nin \u0130stanbul\u2019un Renkleri isimli bir projesi vard\u0131. Ben hemen farkl\u0131 bir renk olarak Levantenleri yazd\u0131m.<\/p>\n
\u201c\u0130talyan olabilirim ama \u0130stanbulluyum\u201d\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\nAtalar\u0131 \u0130stanbul\u2019da do\u011fup b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, kendisi de g\u00f6\u00e7 nedeniyle Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n herhangi bir \u00fclkesinde do\u011fmu\u015f Levantenler Galata veya Pera\u2019ya geldi\u011finde neler hissediyorlar? Size duygular\u0131n\u0131 anlatan oldu mu?<\/strong><\/p>\nTabii ki gelip buralar\u0131 gezenler veya kabristan\u0131 ziyaret ettiklerinde atalar\u0131n\u0131n burada ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde yad edenler oluyor. Ancak \u00e7ok da farkl\u0131 duygulara kap\u0131lm\u0131yorlar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc burada do\u011fup, burada b\u00fcy\u00fcmemi\u015fler. Yani bural\u0131 de\u011filler. Onun i\u00e7in milliyet \u00f6nemli de\u011fildir, ya\u015fan\u0131lan yer \u00f6nemlidir. Ben her zaman \u015funu s\u00f6ylerim: Ben bir \u0130talyan\u0131m ama \u0130talyal\u0131y\u0131m demem. \u0130stanbul\u2019da do\u011fdum. Burada b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fcm. O nedenle \u0130stanbul\u2019u severim. Bir milliyete mensubiyet olarak \u0130talyan olabilirim ama T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin bir vatanda\u015f\u0131y\u0131m ve \u0130stanbulluyum. Ben \u015fimdi \u0130talya\u2019ya gitsem, nerede ya\u015far\u0131m? \u0130talya g\u00fczel olabilir ama ben orada ya\u015fayamam. Sebebi de oral\u0131 olmamamd\u0131r. G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k budur. \u0130nsan do\u011fdu\u011fu yeri \u00f6zler ve arar.<\/p>\nYazar Rinaldo Marmara, Levantenlerin eski k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinin art\u0131k kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi \/ Foto\u011fraf: Independent T\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/em><\/p>\n\u201cLevantenlerin eski k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri ve cemiyet ya\u015fam\u0131 kalmad\u0131\u201d\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\nPeki bir araya geldiklerinde eski gelenek, g\u00f6renek, \u00f6rf ve adetlerine g\u00f6re organizasyonlar yap\u0131yorlar m\u0131?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\nHay\u0131r\u2026 Onlar art\u0131k bitti. \u015eehrin her taraf\u0131na da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f durumdalar. En \u00f6nemli \u015fey de o eski k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc kalmad\u0131 Levantenlerin. T\u00fcrkiye Levantenleri i\u00e7in Pangalt\u0131 Latin Kabristan\u0131\u2019ndaki bu an\u0131t \u00f6nemlidir. Bu Taksim ve ba\u015fka mezarlardaki mezar ta\u015flar\u0131 getirilerek burada an\u0131t olu\u015fturuldu. 1864\u2019te yap\u0131ld\u0131. Mezar ta\u015flar\u0131yla yap\u0131ld\u0131. Vefat eden t\u00fcm herkesin kemikleri de buraya konuldu.<\/p>\n
\u00a9 The Independentturkish<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\nhttps:\/\/www.indyturk.com\/node\/300066\/r\u00f6portaj\/vatikan-gizli-ar\u015fivinde-bir-d\u00f6nemin-renkli-toplulu\u011funu-ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u2026-marmara<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Yazar Rinaldo Marmara, bir zamanlar, \u00f6rf, adet ve gelenekleriyle dikkati \u00e7eken eski \u0130stanbul\u2019un sakinleri Levantenlerin tarihine \u0131\u015f\u0131k tuttu. Marmara, \u201cO renkli k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri ve cemiyet ya\u015famlar\u0131 kalmad\u0131\u201d dedi. Adem Demir\u00a0 T\u00fcrkiye topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde ya\u015fayan topluluklardan biri olan Levantenlerin varl\u0131klar\u0131 hep merak konusu oldu. Galata ve Pera, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6zde konular olarak ele al\u0131nsa da burada ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":60948,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,54,71,53],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-60947","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler","category-kitaplar-elestiriler","category-mulakatlar","category-turkiyede-azinliklar"],"yoast_head":"\n
Vatikan Gizli Ar\u015fivi\u2019nde bir d\u00f6nemin \u201crenkli\u201d toplulu\u011funu ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u2026 Marmara: Levantenler, Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131 - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=60947\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Vatikan Gizli Ar\u015fivi\u2019nde bir d\u00f6nemin \u201crenkli\u201d toplulu\u011funu ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u2026 Marmara: Levantenler, Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131 - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Yazar Rinaldo Marmara, bir zamanlar, \u00f6rf, adet ve gelenekleriyle dikkati \u00e7eken eski \u0130stanbul\u2019un sakinleri Levantenlerin tarihine \u0131\u015f\u0131k tuttu. 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Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=60947","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Vatikan Gizli Ar\u015fivi\u2019nde bir d\u00f6nemin \u201crenkli\u201d toplulu\u011funu ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u2026 Marmara: Levantenler, Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131 - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","og_description":"Yazar Rinaldo Marmara, bir zamanlar, \u00f6rf, adet ve gelenekleriyle dikkati \u00e7eken eski \u0130stanbul\u2019un sakinleri Levantenlerin tarihine \u0131\u015f\u0131k tuttu. Marmara, \u201cO renkli k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri ve cemiyet ya\u015famlar\u0131 kalmad\u0131\u201d dedi. Adem Demir\u00a0 T\u00fcrkiye topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde ya\u015fayan topluluklardan biri olan Levantenlerin varl\u0131klar\u0131 hep merak konusu oldu. Galata ve Pera, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6zde konular olarak ele al\u0131nsa da burada ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f […]","og_url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=60947","og_site_name":"Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","article_published_time":"2021-01-15T06:50:16+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1000,"height":653,"url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2021\/01\/Rinaldo-Marmara.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"admin","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"admin","Est. reading time":"11 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=60947#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=60947"},"author":{"name":"admin","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/#\/schema\/person\/096f1d38a12cce57fb855b485ed24c9e"},"headline":"Vatikan Gizli Ar\u015fivi\u2019nde bir d\u00f6nemin \u201crenkli\u201d toplulu\u011funu ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u2026 Marmara: Levantenler, Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131","datePublished":"2021-01-15T06:50:16+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=60947"},"wordCount":2170,"commentCount":0,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=60947#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2021\/01\/Rinaldo-Marmara.jpg","articleSection":["Haberler","Kitaplar-Ele\u015ftiriler","M\u00fclakatlar","T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Az\u0131nl\u0131klar"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=60947#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=60947","url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=60947","name":"Vatikan Gizli Ar\u015fivi\u2019nde bir d\u00f6nemin \u201crenkli\u201d toplulu\u011funu ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u2026 Marmara: Levantenler, Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131 - 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