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Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun ezici ve muktedir g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc daha ilk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fte anlatan an\u0131tlar, heykeller, tap\u0131naklar ve devasa eserler, iki bin y\u0131ld\u0131r varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korurken, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze \u00f6nemli mesajlar veriyor.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n Yazan: K.Koca<\/strong><\/p>\n Uzun y\u0131llar Do\u011fu\u2019da\u00a0Ermenistan, Mezopotamya\u00a0<\/strong>ve\u00a0M\u0131s\u0131r<\/strong>, Kuzeybat\u0131\u2019da\u00a0Galya\u00a0<\/strong>ve\u00a0Biritanya<\/strong>, merkezde\u00a0\u0130talya<\/strong>\u2019da ve \u00a0G\u00fcney\u2019de\u00a0Kuzey Afrika<\/strong>\u2019y\u0131 i\u00e7ine alan b\u00fct\u00fcn Akdeniz \u00e7evresinde h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren\u00a0Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu<\/strong>\u00a03.y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki kriz ve sosyal de\u011fi\u015fimler nedeniyle do\u011fu ve bat\u0131 olarak ikiye ayr\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n Bu ikiye ayr\u0131lma ku\u015fkusuz bir tak\u0131m de\u011fi\u015fiklikler sonucu belli bir s\u00fcre\u00e7te ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. 475\u2019te Bat\u0131 Roma y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131rken Do\u011fu Roma Hiristiyanl\u0131kla ve bu dinin getirdi\u011fi sosyo k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve sanatsal yap\u0131 yoluna devam etti.<\/p>\n Bizans\u2019\u0131n\u00a0Do\u011fu Roma\u00a0<\/strong>olarak hayat\u0131na devam etmeden \u00f6nce, Bat\u0131\u2019da uzun y\u0131llar egemen olan bir y\u00f6netim kurdu\u011funu ve pek \u00e7ok milletlerle sava\u015farak onlar\u0131 idaresi alt\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmek isteriz.\u00a0Klasik imparatorluklar d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda 900 y\u0131l egemenlik s\u00fcrd\u00fcrerek do\u011fudan bat\u0131ya yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir y\u00f6netim olan Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, bug\u00fcne b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 eserlerle bize tarihini anlat\u0131yor.<\/p>\n Askeri ba\u015far\u0131larla ve fetihlerle b\u00fcy\u00fcyen Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu topraklar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netmekte zorlanan imparatorlardan Diocletianus,\u00a0Tetrar\u015fi\u00a0<\/strong>(D\u00f6rtl\u00fc Y\u00f6netim<\/strong>) modelini uygulamaya koyarak tarihi bir ad\u0131m att\u0131.<\/p>\n Diocletianus, MS.3. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda devleti daha kolay idare edebilmek askeri darbelerin ve entrikalar\u0131n sonunu getirebilmek i\u00e7in \u00fclkeyi do\u011fu bat\u0131 olarak ikiye ay\u0131r\u0131p her birine iki ausustus ve onlar\u0131n devam\u0131 olacak birer sezar atama sistemini getirdi. Bu y\u00f6netim Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu tarihinde \u00f6nemli bir de\u011fi\u015fim ve k\u0131r\u0131lma noktas\u0131 oldu. 292 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130mparator Diocletianus, kendisini devletin do\u011fu kanad\u0131n\u0131n ve kendi gibi Balkan Yar\u0131madas\u0131nda askerlerden biri olan arkada\u015f\u0131 Maximianus\u2019a vererek sistemle\u015ftir. Bu y\u00f6netim \u015feklini temsilen Venedik\u2019te bulunan Tetrarkhesler(d\u00f6rt h\u00fck\u00fcmdar) heykeli dikildi.<\/p>\n Bu \u015fekilde askeri meselelerden uzakla\u015farak \u00fclke i\u00e7i reformlara y\u00f6nelen Diocletianus\u2019un Tetrar\u015fi modelinde iki amac\u0131 vard\u0131; etkili bir y\u00f6netim sa\u011flamak ve tahta y\u00f6nelik giri\u015fimleri bertaraf etmek, Bunun sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in belirlenen modelde; bir imparatorun \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 yasa b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkede ge\u00e7erliydi ve her bir y\u00f6netici di\u011ferine dan\u0131\u015fmak ve i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmak zorundayd\u0131.<\/p>\n Yeni y\u00f6netim \u015feklini anlatan heykel, San Marco Meydan\u0131n\u2019da Venedik\u2019te sergilenmektedir. Bu heykel ile y\u00f6neticiler g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, kararl\u0131, kat\u0131 ve birbirine kenetlenmi\u015f halde bulunuyor. \u0130mparator heykelleri sakall\u0131 k\u0131sa boylu, kal\u0131n boyunlu ve birbirinin omuzlar\u0131ndan tutmu\u015f ve ellerinde k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131yla g\u00fcc\u00fc ve birlikteli\u011fi tasvir ediyorlar.<\/p>\n Heykel, 1204 yal\u0131ndaki \u0130stanbul\u2019un Latinler taraf\u0131ndan talan edilmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda Venedik\u2019e g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, \u015fehir katedralinin d\u0131\u015f cephesine yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Bu heykel b\u00fcy\u00fck Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu i\u00e7in bir y\u00f6netim tarz\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ve Do\u011fu Roma\u2019n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m oldu.<\/p>\n Diocletianus ve e\u015f imparator\u00a0Galerius Maximianus<\/strong>\u2019un d\u00f6nemi imparatorlukta birlik i\u00e7in askeri bir kat\u0131l\u0131k ve yetkiyi alanlar\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermesi d\u00f6nemiydi. Bilhassa Roma\u2019n\u0131n Persler ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 uzun sava\u015flardan zafer ile \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerine Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n Selanik \u015fehrindeki Galerius Zafer Tak\u0131 in\u015faa ettirildi. Bu askeri ba\u015far\u0131 ve Zafer an\u0131t\u0131na ra\u011fmen\u00a0Diocletianus<\/strong>\u00a0ve\u00a0Sezar\u00a0<\/strong>ilan etti\u011fi\u00a0Galerius<\/strong>\u2019un ortak noktalar\u0131 Tanr\u0131lar ve Krallar\u0131n uyumu fikrindeki benzerlikleridir. \u00c7a\u011flar\u0131nda bu birlikteli\u011fi bozan Hristiyan ba\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131na B\u00fcy\u00fck Zulm\u00fc reva g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015fler, kutsal kitaplar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131p ruhban s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 tutuklatm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Hatta H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in b\u00fct\u00fcn Roma vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n tanr\u0131lara kurban vermelerini zorunlu tuttu. H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n i\u015fkence alt\u0131nda hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmeleri Bizans\u2019\u0131n H\u0131ristiyan bir teoloji \u00fczerine kurulmas\u0131n\u0131n yolunu a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n Bizans\u2019\u0131n H\u0131ristiyan teoloji \u00fczerine kurulma a\u015famas\u0131nda ya\u015fanan en dramatik ve sembolik olaylardan biri \u0130skenderiye\u2019deki Serapeum Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131yd\u0131. Roma\u2019n\u0131n pagan toplumunda\u00a0M\u0131s\u0131r Tanr\u0131s\u0131 Serapis<\/strong>\u2019e adanm\u0131\u015f bu tap\u0131nak o \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131n en \u00f6nemli yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan biriydi. \u0130skenderiye Piskoposu Theophilos<\/strong>\u00a0391 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u015fehirdeki tap\u0131naklar\u0131 kiliseye \u00e7evirmek i\u00e7in imparatordan izin ald\u0131.\u00a0Piskopos Serapeum Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131<\/strong>\u2019ndaki baz\u0131 kutsal say\u0131lan objelerin aras\u0131nda m\u00fcstehcen heykeller bulunca paganlar\u0131n ahlaks\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131p heykelleri sokaklarda dola\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6fkelenen paganlar Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi, H\u0131ristiyanlara sald\u0131rd\u0131 ve baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u0130mparatorluk ordusunun olaya m\u00fcdahale etmesiyle ayaklanma bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Bu tarihten sonra Serapeum kiliseye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc, 392\u2019de pagan ibadetleri yasakland\u0131.<\/p>\n Tap\u0131nak y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00fczerinde ha\u00e7 formunda hiyeroglif karakterlerin yaz\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu baz\u0131 ta\u015flar bulunmu\u015f bunlar H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmadan galip gelece\u011fini g\u00f6steren ilahi i\u015faret olarak yorumlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bir \u00e7ok pagan bu rivayetten sonra H\u0131ristiyan oldu.<\/p>\n Her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn Roma\u2019y\u0131 teslim alan H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n ve onlarla m\u00fccadele eden paganlar\u0131n y\u00f6netimde kalma \u00e7abalar\u0131 an\u0131tlar \u00fczerinde de ya\u015fand\u0131. Roma\u2019daki eski senatoryal aristokrasinin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir sembol ve dini kutlamalar\u0131n oda\u011f\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri\u00a0Roma Senatosu<\/strong>\u2018ndaki\u00a0Zafer Suna\u011f\u0131,<\/strong>\u00a0Constantinus\u00a0<\/strong>taraf\u0131ndan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 fakat tekrar Iulianus taraf\u0131ndan yerine konuldu.<\/p>\n 384 y\u0131l\u0131nda\u00a0Gratianus\u00a0<\/strong>taraf\u0131ndan bir kez daha kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131nca \u015fehrin valisi Symmachus ve eski aristokrat k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnden gelen bir temsilci gen\u00e7\u00a0imparator II.Valentinianus<\/strong>\u2019tan suna\u011f\u0131n yeniden Senato\u2019ya koyulmas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015flerdi.\u00a0Symmachus\u00a0<\/strong>suna\u011f\u0131n Roma k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn geleneksel bir sembol\u00fc oldu\u011funu hat\u0131rlatm\u0131\u015f ve \u2018Tanr\u0131ya ula\u015fman\u0131n pek\u00e7ok yolu oldu\u011fu<\/strong><\/em>\u2019 gerek\u00e7esiyle anlay\u0131\u015f g\u00f6rmeyi beklemi\u015fti. Ancak\u00a0Milano Piskoposu<\/strong>\u00a0ise Tanr\u0131ya ula\u015fman\u0131n bir yolu oldu\u011funu sahte Tanr\u0131lara tapmamak gerekti\u011fini belirtip Zafer Suna\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda son karar\u0131 vermi\u015fti.<\/p>\n Roma\u2019n\u0131n barbar kavimlerle m\u00fccadelesinde i\u015fgalleri \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in Yunanistan\u2019da\u00a0Korinthos K\u0131sta\u011f\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>boyunca sur yapma fikri olu\u015ftu. MS 450\u2019lerde\u00a0II.Theodosios<\/strong>\u015fehirlerin g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi ve ta\u015fran\u0131n kalk\u0131nmas\u0131yla ilgilenip uzunlu\u011fundan dolay\u0131 alt\u0131 mil suru Heksamilion ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi suru yapt\u0131rtt\u0131. \u0130\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6rt k\u00f6\u015fe kesme ta\u015ftan yap\u0131larak i\u00e7i moloz ve kire\u00e7 dolgu ile doldurulmu\u015ftur. Sur Bizans imparatorlu\u011fu d\u00f6neminde muhafaza edilmi\u015f.\u00a0Justinianus\u00a0<\/strong>d\u00f6neminde surda bulunan kule say\u0131s\u0131 153\u2019e \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1415\u2019te\u00a0II. Manuel Mora<\/strong>\u00a0yar\u0131madas\u0131n\u0131 Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n bir h\u00fccumundan korumak \u00fczere Korint K\u0131sta\u011f\u0131\u2019nda Heksimillon surlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131, \u015fahsi kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131nda yeniden yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1460 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Osmanl\u0131lar Korint K\u0131sta\u011f\u0131 ve Heksamilion Surunu ge\u00e7ip Mora Yar\u0131madas\u0131n\u0131 fethedemeyeceklerdi.<\/p>\n Konstantinopolis\u2019te yeti\u015fmi\u015f\u00a0Got\u00a0<\/strong>as\u0131ll\u0131 bir\u00a0Arius\u00e7u\u00a0<\/strong>olan\u00a0Theoderich<\/strong>\u2019in askeri ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131ndan sonra Bizans medeniyetinin ideallerini\u00a0Ravenna<\/strong>\u2019ya getirmi\u015ftir. Bir imparator gibi hareket ederek, b\u00f6lgeye bir saray,\u00a0Sant Apollinare Kilisesi\u00a0<\/strong>ve kendi mozalesi gibi eserler yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sant Apollinare Nuovo mozaikleri\u00a0<\/strong>Kaynak;\u00a0Youtube.com<\/strong>H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n antik \u00e7a\u011f bazalikalar\u0131ndan birisi olup mermerlerinin \u0130stanbul\u2019dan getirildi\u011fi tahmin edilmektedir. Bizans ordular\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0Ravenna\u00a0<\/strong>\u015eehrini fethetmesinden sonra aryanist Tours\u2019lu Aziz Martin\u2019e adanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 850\u2019den sonra da\u00a0Aziz Apollinare<\/strong>\u2019nin r\u00f6liklerinden\u00a0Sant Apollinare<\/strong>\u00a0in\u00a0Classe<\/strong>\u2019den buraya ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00fczerine kilise bu kez\u00a0Ravennal\u0131 Aziz Apollinare<\/strong>\u00a0ad\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kilise mozaikleriyle alakal\u0131 dikkat \u00e7eken detay \u0130sa\u2019n\u0131n tasvir edildi\u011fi sahnelerde k\u0131yafetinin renginin mor olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Mor renk \u00e7o\u011funlukla H\u0131ristiyan d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda s\u0131k\u00e7a imparatorluk ile ili\u015fkilendirilen bir renktir. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tasvir edilen t\u00fcm sahnelerde kafas\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131nda bulunan hale bir ha\u00e7 i\u015fareti ile doldurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Aziz Simon Manast\u0131r\u0131 kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>Kaynak<\/strong>: Defne.bel.tr<\/strong><\/p>\n Roma pagan toplumuyla birlikte aristokrasinin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve yeni bir dinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla kutsal erkek\/kad\u0131n fig\u00fcr\u00fc toplumda kabul g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Mucizeler ve ac\u0131ya katlanmak ile u\u00e7 noktas\u0131na vard\u0131r\u0131lan kutsal insanlar Tanr\u0131ya ula\u015fan ki\u015filerdi. Aziz Simeon<\/strong>, 16 ya\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 manast\u0131r hayat\u0131nda abart\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7ilecili\u011fi ile dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015fti. Onu pek\u00e7ok \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f\u0131 takip etti.<\/p>\n 459 y\u0131l\u0131nda vefat\u0131ndan sonra vaaz verdi\u011fi s\u00fctunun etraf\u0131nda bug\u00fcn\u00a0Kal\u2019at Sim\u2019an\u00a0<\/strong>ad\u0131 verilen yerde \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir mabet in\u015faa edildi. M\u00fcnzevi ya\u015fama dahil olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan H\u0131ristiyanlar \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden manast\u0131r gelene\u011finin do\u011fu\u015fu ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesine kap\u0131 aralayacaklard\u0131.<\/p>\n Aziz Simeon\u00a0<\/strong>s\u00fctununa s\u0131k s\u0131k dua etmek i\u00e7in ak\u0131n eden H\u0131ristiyanlar nedeniyle burada b\u00fcy\u00fck bir dini kompleks yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekli hale gelmi\u015fti. Mabedin merkezinde yer alan s\u00fctunun etraf\u0131ndaki d\u00f6rt bazalika ha\u00e7 \u015feklindeydi ve imparatorlu\u011fun mali yard\u0131m\u0131yla in\u015faa edilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n Yunanistan Paros adas\u0131ndaki\u00a0Panagia Ekatontapiliani Kilisesi\u00a0<\/strong>iki g\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00e7 heykele sahiptir. Bu heykeller\u00a0Anthemios\u00a0<\/strong>ve\u00a0\u0130sidoros<\/strong>\u2019la ili\u015fkilendirilir. Heykellerde iki fazla kilolu insan kilisenin modern giri\u015findeki s\u00fctunlar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. 6.y\u00fczy\u0131lda yeniden in\u015faa edilen kilisede\u00a0Anthemios\u00a0<\/strong>ve\u00a0\u0130sidoros\u00a0<\/strong>oldu\u011fu tahmin edilen heykeller biri y\u0131k\u0131lan kubbeden korunmak i\u00e7in ellerini ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerine koyarken di\u011feri kubbenin y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n Kaynak: Greeka.com<\/strong> H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k\u0131n ilk zamanlar\u0131ndan itibaren ke\u015fi\u015fler uzak ve \u0131ss\u0131z yerlerde, da\u011flarda toplan\u0131rlard\u0131. Manast\u0131r hayat\u0131na \u00f6zg\u00fc bu inzivalar bir s\u00fcre sonra inananlar\u0131n mucizeler aramak ya da kutsal insanlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 yerleri payla\u015fmak i\u00e7in topland\u0131klar\u0131 kutsal merkezler oldu.<\/p>\n Bizans d\u00f6nemindeki inziva noktalar\u0131\u00a0Sina Da\u011f\u0131, Auksentios Da\u011f\u0131 ve Aziz Gen\u00e7 Simeon Stylites Da\u011f\u0131<\/strong>\u2019yd\u0131. 8. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda\u00a0Bitinya<\/strong>\u2019daki\u00a0Olympos Da\u011f\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>manast\u0131r hayat\u0131n\u0131n en pop\u00fcler merkezlerinden biri olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck kompleks g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Bursas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Uluda\u011f\u2019da bulunuyordu. 5. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda kurulmu\u015ftu ve gittik\u00e7e b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, i\u00e7inde biri hari\u00e7 hepsi erkeklere ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f elli kadar manast\u0131r bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131yordu. Olympos manast\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n hepsi de \u00f6zerk olu\u015fumlard\u0131 ve ortak bir te\u015fkilatlanmalar\u0131 yoktu. Yunanca kutsal da\u011f ad\u0131n\u0131 alan\u00a0Aynaroz Da\u011f\u0131<\/strong>,\u00a0Makedonya<\/strong>\u2019daki\u00a0Khalkidiki<\/strong>Yar\u0131madas\u0131n\u0131n en do\u011fu ucundayd\u0131. Da\u011f say\u0131s\u0131z \u0131rma\u011f\u0131n tepelerden akta\u011f\u0131 yar\u0131madan\u0131n g\u00fcney ucuna yak\u0131n bir ormanl\u0131k b\u00f6lgededir. Ke\u015fi\u015flerin erken Bizans d\u00f6neminde yar\u0131madaya yerle\u015ftikleri y da Arap istilalar\u0131 ve \u0130konak\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k\u2019\u0131n katliamlar\u0131ndan ka\u00e7arak buraya s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00f6ylenir. Buraya ili\u015fkin ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynak 9.y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130mparator\u00a0I. Basileios<\/strong>\u2019un ke\u015fi\u015fleri korumak i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir fermand\u0131r.<\/p>\n Aynaroz Da\u011f\u0131 Athanasios<\/strong>\u2019un 963 y\u0131l\u0131nda\u00a0Aynaroz Da\u011f\u0131<\/strong>\u2019ndaki en eski manast\u0131r olan\u00a0B\u00fcy\u00fck Lavra<\/strong>\u2019y\u0131 kurmas\u0131 ile canl\u0131 bir ya\u015fam alan\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Aristokrat g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ailelerin deste\u011fi ile kurulan B\u00fcy\u00fck Lavra zaman zaman Bizans\u2019taki kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klara ra\u011fmen heretiklerin, farkl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnenlerin ve m\u00fcnzevi hayat ya\u015famak isteyenlerin mekan\u0131 haline geldi.<\/p>\n \u0130mparator\u00a0Tsimiske<\/strong>, 972 y\u0131l\u0131nda manast\u0131rlara y\u00f6nelik bir vakfiye yay\u0131nlayarak Aynaroz\u2019un bir bak\u0131ma Anayas\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe koymu\u015ftur. Burada 1000\u2019li y\u0131llarda\u00a0B\u00fcy\u00fck Lavra<\/strong>\u2019da 300 ke\u015fi\u015fin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaynaklarda belirtilmektedir.<\/p>\n \u00c7e\u015fitli Bizans \u0130mparatorlar\u0131 gibi 1346\u2019da Slav-Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu kurmak isteyen S\u0131rbistan Kral\u0131 Stefan Du\u015fan buray\u0131 ziyaret ederek manast\u0131ra alt\u0131n ve k\u0131ymetli hediyeler sunmu\u015ftu. Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n merkezindeki Thessalia ovas\u0131n\u0131n Kuzeybat\u0131 ucundaki Pindos Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda yer alan ve kayal\u0131klardan olu\u015fan b\u00f6lge Ortadoks kilisesi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli manast\u0131rlar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu yerdir. \u0130lk kuruldu\u011funda 24 olan manast\u0131r say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bug\u00fcn 6 tanesinin ayakta kayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. B\u00f6lgeye devasa kaya s\u00fctunlar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6lge ad\u0131n\u0131 Meteora \u2018havada as\u0131l\u0131 kalan\u2019 anlam\u0131nda bu \u015feklinden almaktad\u0131r. Yunanistan\u2019da Mora\u2019da y\u0131k\u0131k bir Frenk manast\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0Cistercium\u00a0<\/strong>tarikat\u0131na ait Zaraka manast\u0131r\u0131 13. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Akhaia\u2019n\u0131n Latin Prensi, Bizans\u2019\u0131n Latin H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ge\u00e7mesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in\u00a0Cistercium Tarikat\u0131<\/strong>\u2018ndan Yunanistan\u2019a manast\u0131rlar yapmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve bak\u0131ms\u0131z topraklar\u0131 tar\u0131ma a\u00e7malar\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015fti. Bunun \u00fczerine antik Stymfalos \u015fehrinin yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki\u00a0Zaraka manast\u0131r\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>in\u015faa edilmi\u015fti. Bat\u0131n\u0131n Bizans \u00fczerindeki bu \u2018latin H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ge\u00e7me\u2019 arzusu ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011frad\u0131. Bat\u0131n\u0131n Latin H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Bizans\u2019\u0131n Ortadoks teolojisi aras\u0131ndaki farka kurban giden Gotik bir kilisenin kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 bu b\u00f6lgede bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u0130stanbul\u2019da 550 y\u0131l\u0131nda in\u015faa edilmi\u015f H\u0131ristiyan bazalikas\u0131 idi. Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n \u0130stanbul\u2019u fethinden sonra bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in Rum Ortodoks Patrikhanesi olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0Eski Patrik III.Gregorios<\/strong>\u00a0uzun zamand\u0131r s\u00fcrg\u00fcndeydi ve Sultan da H\u0131ristiyan Rumlar\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 devletine kar\u015f\u0131 Bat\u0131\u2019yla birlik olmalar\u0131 ihtimalinden dolay\u0131 piskoposa ihtiyatla yakla\u015fmaktayd\u0131. O s\u0131rada ke\u015fi\u015f\u00a0Georgios Skholarios<\/strong>\u2019u kendi taraf\u0131na \u00e7ekmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ke\u015fi\u015f patriklik \u00fcnvan\u0131n\u0131 kabul ederek 1454\u2019te \u2013Ayasofya camiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in- Kutsal Havariler Kilisesinde tac\u0131n\u0131 giydi. Sultan Bizans imparatorlar\u0131 gibi t\u00f6rende bulunarak patri\u011fi resmi olarak g\u00f6revlendirdi. \u0130stanbul\u2019daki bu kiliseden geriye bir\u015fey kalmad\u0131 1461\u2019de y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilir. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Fatih Camiin yerine in\u015faa edildi\u011fi yolunda baz\u0131 bilgiler varsa da bu kan\u0131tlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u0130stanbul\u2019a damgas\u0131n\u0131 vurmak isteyen imparatorlu\u011fun I.Justinianus ve e\u015fi Theodora taraf\u0131ndan 530 y\u0131llar\u0131nda yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kilisedir. \u0130stanbul\u2019un en eski Bizans d\u00f6nemi yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri olarak bilinir.<\/p>\n Bu kilisenin rivayetlere dayanan bir in\u015faa hikayesi vard\u0131r: Aktar\u0131lana g\u00f6re kilise ismini\u00a0I.Anastasius\u00a0<\/strong>devrinde imparatora kar\u015f\u0131 bir ayaklanma ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir ve bu isyana\u00a0I.Justinianus<\/strong>\u2019un ad\u0131 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bunun \u00fczerine idam cezas\u0131na \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131lan\u00a0Justinianus\u2019u \u0130mparator Anastasius<\/strong>\u2019un g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc r\u00fcya kurtar\u0131r. I.Justinianus\u00a0<\/strong>tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra\u00a0I.Anastasius\u00a0<\/strong>taraf\u0131ndan hayat\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131na sebep olan Azizlere \u015f\u00fckran borcunu \u00f6demek i\u00e7in onlar ad\u0131na ithafen bu kiliseyi yapt\u0131r\u0131r. \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethinden sonra camiye \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Nika ayaklanmas\u0131ndan sonra imar program\u0131na giri\u015fen \u0130ustinianos\u2019la \u00e7eki\u015fmeleri olan zaman\u0131n aristokrat bir ailesinden gelen Anicia \u0130uliana, H\u0131ristiyan oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen Romal\u0131 asker Polieuktos an\u0131s\u0131na 530 y\u0131llar\u0131nda in\u015faa ettirmi\u015ftir. Ayasofya\u2019dan \u00f6nce \u015fehrin en b\u00fcy\u00fck bazalikalar\u0131ndan biri olan kilise Fatih\/Sara\u00e7hane b\u00f6lgesinde yer almakta iken 11.y\u00fczy\u0131lda Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan ya\u011fmalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ocak 532\u2019de \u00e7\u0131kan\u00a0Nike\u00a0<\/strong>Ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckle bast\u0131ran \u0130mparator \u0130ustinianos ve e\u015fi Theodora, tahrip olmu\u015f \u015fehirde yo\u011fun bir imar faaliyetine giri\u015fti. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede 30 kilisenin in\u015faa ettirildi\u011fi ve onar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir. \u0130mar program\u0131 monofizitlerin s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u015fapel olan\u00a0Sergios\u00a0<\/strong>ve\u00a0Bacchus\u00a0<\/strong>kilisesinin yap\u0131m\u0131yla ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, \u015fehrin en b\u00fcy\u00fck kilisesi Ayasofya\u2019n\u0131n onar\u0131m\u0131 ile devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.iyigunler.net\/images\/upload\/roma1.jpg?ssl=1\")
<\/figure>\n1-Tetrar\u015fi Heykeli<\/strong><\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.iyigunler.net\/images\/upload\/tetrasi.jpg?ssl=1\")
<\/figure>\n2-Selanik Galerius Zafer Tak\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.iyigunler.net\/images\/upload\/Selanik_Galerius_Zafer_TakY.jpg?ssl=1\")
<\/figure>\n
\n\u0130yi bir asker olan\u00a0Galerius Valerius Maximianus<\/strong>, M.S.250\u2019de bu b\u00f6lgede do\u011farak kendisini Sezar ilan eden Dioclatianus\u2019un k\u0131z\u0131 ile evlendi. Galerius 305-311 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Selanikte h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.iyigunler.net\/images\/upload\/SelanikZaferTaki.jpg?ssl=1\")
Roman\u0131n askeri zaferini an\u0131tla\u015ft\u0131ran yap\u0131 d\u00f6rt ayakta olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Kabartmalar\u0131nda d\u00f6nemin\u00a0Augustusu Diocletianus<\/strong>\u2019un y\u00fcceltilmesi anlat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n3-Serapeum Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n
\n![](\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.iyigunler.net\/images\/upload\/serapum_tapYnagi.jpg?ssl=1\")
<\/p>\n4-Roma Senatosu\u2019ndaki Zafer Suna\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.iyigunler.net\/images\/upload\/romag.jpg?ssl=1\")
<\/figure>\n5-Heksamilion Surlar\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.iyigunler.net\/images\/upload\/heksza.jpg?ssl=1\")
<\/figure>\n6- Yeni Aziz Apollinare (Sant Apollinare Nuovo) Kilisesi<\/strong><\/h2>\n
\n![](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.iyigunler.net\/images\/upload\/Sant_Apollinare_Nuovo.jpg?ssl=1\")
<\/p>\n
\nErken H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k d\u00f6nemi eserlerinden olan kilise mozaiklerinde \u0130san\u0131n muziceleri ve \u00e7ilesi tasvir edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n7-Aziz Simeon Kilisesi<\/strong><\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.iyigunler.net\/images\/upload\/azizsimonmanastiri.jpg?ssl=1\")
<\/figure>\n
\nBuradan yola \u00e7\u0131karak manast\u0131r hayat\u0131, m\u00fcnzevi ya\u015fam ve kutsal insan fig\u00fcr\u00fc geli\u015fti. V. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kuzey Suriye \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fcnde 3 metrelik bir kolonun \u00fcst\u00fcnde vaazlar\u0131n\u0131 veren\u00a0\u00c7oban Simon<\/strong>\u00a0bo\u015f bir sarn\u0131\u00e7ta baca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 zincirleyerek s\u00fctun \u00fczerinde oturuyordu.<\/p>\n8-Panagia Ekatontapyliani (Y\u00fcz Kap\u0131l\u0131 Kilise)<\/strong><\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.iyigunler.net\/images\/upload\/ekatontapiliani.jpg?ssl=1\")
<\/figure>\n
\nBinay\u0131 yapanlarla ili\u015fkilendirilmeyen di\u011fer bir rivayete g\u00f6re bu yap\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcz giri\u015fi vard\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden ad\u0131 Ekatontapyliani yani y\u00fcz kap\u0131l\u0131 kilisedir. Ancak bug\u00fcn yaln\u0131zca doksan dokuz giri\u015fi g\u00f6r\u00fclebilmektedir; y\u00fcz\u00fcnc\u00fc kap\u0131s\u0131 bulundu\u011funda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n sonunun gelece\u011fine inan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n9-Olympos Da\u011f\u0131 Manast\u0131r\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.iyigunler.net\/images\/upload\/bursa_5.jpg?ssl=1\")
<\/figure>\n
\n\u2018K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya<\/strong>\u2019denilen Bursa Uluda\u011f y\u00f6resindeki bu manast\u0131rlar Yunanistan\u2019daki Aynaroz (Athos<\/strong>) da\u011f\u0131 manast\u0131rlar\u0131na benzetiliyor. Bizans \u0130mparatorlar\u0131 zaman\u0131nda\u00a0Olympos\u00a0<\/strong>vadileri, ba\u015fkentin bask\u0131c\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131p inzivaya \u00e7ekilenlerin mekan\u0131 oldu. Olympos da\u011f\u0131 \u2018ke\u015fi\u015f da\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/em>\u2019 ad\u0131yla bilinir. Bu isim o kadar b\u00f6lge ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fmi\u015ftir ki, b\u00f6lgeden esen r\u00fczgarlara bile\u00a0ke\u015fi\u015fleme\u00a0<\/strong>denilmektedir.<\/p>\n10- Aynaroz Da\u011f\u0131 Manast\u0131r\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n
\nO y\u0131llarda Bizans Manast\u0131rlar\u0131 son derece varl\u0131kl\u0131yd\u0131, geni\u015f arazilere sahiptiler ve Bizans ve H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131yan ve geli\u015ftiren faaliyetlere imza at\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bu manast\u0131rlardaki k\u00fct\u00fcplaneler ve sand\u0131k odalar\u0131 Bizans\u2019a dair malzemelir g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze dek korumu\u015f \u00f6nemli depolard\u0131r.
\nBizans sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde sanat\u0131n geli\u015fmesine en b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131y\u0131 sa\u011flayan kurumlar aras\u0131nda Aynaroz Da\u011f\u0131 manast\u0131rlar\u0131 da vard\u0131. Geli\u015fen ve b\u00fcy\u00fcyen manast\u0131rlar imparatorlu\u011fun y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan sonra bile k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve geleneklerini korudular.<\/p>\n11-Meteora Manast\u0131r\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n
\nBizans kenti Stagoi\u2019nin \u00fczerinde kurulu Meteora, Bizans\u2019\u0131n en son manast\u0131r merkezlerinden biriydi. Y\u00fczy\u0131llarca ayakta kald\u0131.
\nBaz\u0131 rivayetler, ke\u015fi\u015flerin Bizans\u2019\u0131n ilk \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131ndan beri yak\u0131nlardaki ma\u011faralarda ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 iddia etmektedir.\u00a0Dupiani Kilisesi<\/strong>\u00a0mevcut manast\u0131rlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda bulunur.\u00a0Teselya Ovas\u0131<\/strong>\u2018n\u0131n kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131ndaki bu ma\u011faralarda b\u00f6lgedeki m\u00fcnzeviler ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. B\u00f6lgede kayalar oyularak ba\u015fka kiliseler de yap\u0131ld\u0131. Kayalar\u0131n tepesi oyularak yap\u0131lan kiliselerden biri de Rousanou Kilisesidir.
\nBu b\u00f6lge manast\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok az\u0131 ayakta kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak ortadoks gelene\u011fi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ya\u015fat\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ke\u015fi\u015f hayat\u0131na \u00f6zg\u00fc geleneklerin canland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n12-Zaraka Manast\u0131r\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n
13-Kutsal Havariler Kilisesi<\/strong><\/h2>\n
\nBizansl\u0131lar zaman\u0131nda imparatorlu\u011fun ba\u015fka b\u00f6lgelerinde de\u00a0Havariyyun\u00a0<\/strong>(Kutsal Havariler<\/strong><\/em>) denilen kiliseler in\u015faa edilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n14- Aya Sergios ve Bacchus Kilisesi(K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Ayasofya)<\/strong><\/h2>\n
\n\u0130nfaz ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeden \u00f6nceki gece imparator\u00a0Aziz Sergius\u00a0<\/strong>ve\u00a0Aziz Bacchus Justinianus<\/strong>\u00a0lehine tan\u0131kl\u0131k ederler. R\u00fcyas\u0131ndan etkilenen\u00a0Anastasius\u00a0<\/strong>verilen h\u00fck\u00fcmden vazge\u00e7erek onu ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar.<\/p>\n15- Aziz Polyeuktos Kilisesi<\/strong><\/h2>\n
\nBanisi \u0130uliana, roman\u0131n en eski aristokrat ailelerinin birinin k\u0131z\u0131 olup bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olarak H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul etmi\u015f, servetini bu dine hizmet etmeye adam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Azize Euphemia Kilisesi de onun serveti sayesinde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir \u015fiirde bu aristokrat kad\u0131n\u0131n yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kilisenin g\u00fczelli\u011fi nedeniyle \u00f6v\u00fclerek S\u00fcleyman\u2019la kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 dizeler g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n\u0130stanbul\u2019da imar faaliyetine giri\u015fen imparator, ondan ba\u011f\u0131\u015fta bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015f o da imparatoru yeni yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kiliseye g\u00f6t\u00fcrerek alt\u0131n kapl\u0131 tavan\u0131 i\u015faret ederek ne isterse alabilece\u011fini s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece \u0130mparatora ailesinin zenginli\u011fini nas\u0131l g\u00f6z\u00fc d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f bir idareciden koruyabilece\u011finin yolunu g\u00f6stermi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n16- Ayasofya Kilisesi<\/strong><\/h2>\n