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Ay\u015fe H\u00fcr<\/strong><\/p>\n Mart 1923\u2019te Dr. R\u0131za Nur, T\u00fcrk taraf\u0131n\u0131n Lozan bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerinde izledi\u011fi politikay\u0131 Meclis\u2019teki gizli celsede uzun uzun anlat\u0131rken, konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015fti: \u201cEkalliyetler [az\u0131nl\u0131klar] kalmayacakt\u0131r. Yaln\u0131z \u0130stanbul m\u00fcstesna olmak \u00fczere\u2026 (\u201cErmeniler?\u201d nidalar\u0131) Fakat arkada\u015flar, ka\u00e7 Ermeni vard\u0131r? (\u201cYahudiler?\u201d sesleri) \u0130stanbul\u2019da otuz bin Yahudi vard\u0131r. \u015eimdiye kadar mazarrat iras etmeyen [sorun \u00e7\u0131karmayan]insanlard\u0131r. (G\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcler) Museviler malum, nereye \u00e7ekilirse oraya giderler. Tabii, olmasalard\u0131 daha iyi olurdu derdim.\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n Al\u0131nt\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131m b\u00f6l\u00fcmde Rumlardan s\u00f6z edilmemesinin nedeni, Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri s\u00fcrerken, 30 Ocak 1923\u2019te Yunanistan ile ayr\u0131ca imzalanan (k\u0131sa ad\u0131yla) M\u00fcbadele Anla\u015fmas\u0131 uyar\u0131nca T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ya\u015fayan Ortodoks Rumlarla Yunanistan\u2019da ya\u015fayan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrklerin takas edilmesine karar verilmi\u015f olmas\u0131yd\u0131. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015fkarken yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,6 milyon olan Rum n\u00fcfusu, sava\u015f bitti\u011finde 500 bin civar\u0131na inmi\u015fti. M\u00fcbadele Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019yla da 1923-1926 aras\u0131nda 190 bin civar\u0131nda Ortodoks Rum T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi, \u00a0355 bin kadar M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk de Yunanistan\u2019\u0131\u00a0 zorunlu olarak terk etti. Ancak m\u00fcbadele T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ilerinin istedi\u011fi kadar radikal olmad\u0131,\u00a0etablis<\/em>\u00a0[yerle\u015fikler] olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan 130 bin M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Bat\u0131 Trakya\u2019da, 110 bin civar\u0131nda Rum da \u0130stanbul\u2019da kald\u0131. \u0130leriki y\u0131llarda bunlar peyderpey \u00fclkeden ka\u00e7\u0131rt\u0131larak, Lozan\u2019da verilen tavizler telafi edildi.Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7tesadece \u0130zmir\u2019deki terk edilen mallar\u0131n \u201cresm\u00ee\u201d d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc Maliye Vekili Hasan Fehmi Bey 18 Haziran 1924 tarihli\u00a0Anadolu<\/em>\u00a0gazetesine verdi\u011fi m\u00fclakatta \u015f\u00f6yle yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: \u201cRumlardan 10.678 ev, 2.173 d\u00fckk\u00e2n ve ma\u011faza, 79 fabrika, 2 hamam, 1 hastane; Ermeni ve Musevilerden 1.600 ev, 2.821 d\u00fckk\u00e2n ve ma\u011faza, 89 fabrika, 2 hamam, 1 hastane kald\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n Gaspedilen mallar\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\/T\u00fcrk burjuvazisi yaratmak i\u00e7in ilk ad\u0131m\u0131 olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, ancak burjuvazi yaratmak sadece nakit ya da ta\u015f\u0131nmaz sermaye transferi ile olmuyordu. Ayn\u0131 zamanda bilgi, deneyim, ili\u015fki a\u011f\u0131, sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011ferler gibi sembolik sermayenin de transferi gerekiyordu. Bu t\u00fcr sermaye ise gasp yoluyla edinilemiyordu. Buna dair bir anekdotu 1913-1914\u2019teki Rum Ka\u00e7\u0131rtmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00c7e\u015fme Kaymakam\u0131 olan Hilmi Uran\u2019\u0131n an\u0131lar\u0131nda buluruz: \u201c[\u00c7e\u015fme gibi] bir yere o vakit g\u00f6nderilmi\u015f olan muhacirler, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlukla daha hububat [tah\u0131l] ziraatini dahi bilmeyen pek zavall\u0131, pek bilgisiz ve pek iptidai k\u00f6yl\u00fcler ve \u00e7o\u011fu T\u00fcrk\u00e7e dahi bilmeyen Akova, Kola\u015f\u0131n k\u00f6yleri[nin]Bo\u015fnaklar\u0131 idi. Bunlar \u00c7e\u015fme\u2019de bulduklar\u0131 ileri hayat standard\u0131na katiyen uyabilecek kimseler de\u011fildi. Nihayet ellerinden geleni yapt\u0131lar ve \u00c7e\u015fme\u2019yi k\u0131sa bir zamanda kendi seviyelerine indirdiler.\u201d<\/p>\n Benzer durumlar, 1923-1924 M\u00fcbadelesi\u2019nden sonra da ya\u015fand\u0131, ancak yine 1925\u2019te bu konuda ilk \u201cmeyvalar\u201d ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u0130zmir Ticaret Odas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 1925 tarihli bir raporuna g\u00f6re, \u201cYunan i\u015fgalinden kurtulduktan sonra\u201d i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelerden gelen yerli m\u00fcte\u015febbisler \u0130zmir\u2019de 54 manifaturac\u0131 d\u00fckkan\u0131 a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f, ayr\u0131ca t\u00fct\u00fcn, kuru \u00fcz\u00fcm, pamuk, kuru incir ve f\u0131nd\u0131k gibi tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin ihracat\u0131nda uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir dizi firma kurulmu\u015ftu. O y\u0131llarda bu t\u00fcr \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin toplam ihracat i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 y\u00fczde 60\u2019a ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bu \u00f6nemli bir \u201cba\u015far\u0131\u201d idi.<\/p>\n Gayrim\u00fcslimlere olan Tekalif-i Milliyet bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne yatma<\/strong><\/p>\n Kemalistler, Kas\u0131m 1922-Temmuz 1923 aras\u0131ndaki Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n di\u011fer bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlendikleri halde, Ermeni mallar\u0131n\u0131n iadesine yana\u015fmad\u0131lar. Dahas\u0131, Sakarya Meydan Sava\u015f\u0131 arifesinde 7-8 A\u011fustos 1921 tarihinde uygulanmaya ba\u015flayan Tekalif-i Milliye Emirleri uyar\u0131nca halk\u0131n ordu emrine vermeye mecbur oldu\u011fu mal ve hizmetlerin bedellerinin geri \u00f6demelerinden gayrim\u00fcslimleri nas\u0131l mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131r\u0131z diye kafa yordular. Bu kapsamda 3 Nisan 1924 tarihli ve 459 Say\u0131l\u0131 (k\u0131saca) Mahsub-u Umumi Kanunu\u2019nun 2. maddesi (sadele\u015ftirilmi\u015f dille) \u015f\u00f6yleydi:<\/p>\n \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019den ayr\u0131lan mahaller ahalisinden T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131 olmayanlar\u0131n, vatan par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ay\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan siyas\u00ee z\u00fcmre ve te\u015fkilatlara mensup \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131n Hazine\u2019deki alacaklar\u0131 i\u015fbu kanundan faydalanamaz.\u201d<\/p>\n TBMM Gizli Celse Zab\u0131tlar\u0131 (GCZ) okundu\u011funda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor ki bu madde ile ba\u015f\u0131na \u201cvatan par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ay\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f\u201d ibaresi eklenerek geride kalm\u0131\u015f bir avu\u00e7 Ermeni ve Rum\u2019un elindeki mazbatalar\u0131n mahsup edilmemesi i\u00e7in \u00f6zel gayret sarf edilmi\u015ftir. G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane Mebusu Hasan Fehmi Bey\u2019in 26 Mart 1924 tarihli oturumdaki (sadele\u015ftirilmi\u015f dille) \u015fu s\u00f6zleri bunun kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n \u201cMaddeden maksat tehcir eden ve kaybolan Rumlar\u0131n ve Ermenilerin tekalif-i milliye ve [Cihan Harbi\u2019nden kalan tekalif-i] harbiye mazbatalar\u0131n\u0131 mahsup etmemektir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc gerek Cihan Harbi gerek \u0130stiklal Harbi\u2019nde yine Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019nun harap olmas\u0131na nas\u0131l Ermeniler sebebiyet verdi ise, Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019nun harap olmas\u0131na ve \u0130stiklal harbinin bu kadar \u00e7etin ve bu kadar memleketi y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 bir hal almas\u0131na da Rumlar sebebiyet verdi. Binaenaleyh bu kanunla biz o muharebelerin b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tesir-i mal\u00eeyi kastediyoruz. Bu y\u00fczden Rumlar\u0131, Ermenileri bu tekalif-i milliye mazbatalar\u0131n\u0131n bedellerinden faydaland\u0131rmamak i\u00e7in bir \u00e7are d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc. Fakat bunu a\u00e7\u0131k olarak Rum ve Ermeni diyemezdik. Muhtelif \u015fekiller ve form\u00fcller yaz\u0131ld\u0131. Muhtelif \u015fekiller \u00fczerinde tetkikat yap\u0131ld\u0131. Nihayet en az mahzurlu veyahut mahzursuz bu \u015fekli bulduk\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n Kanunun Rumlar\u0131 ve Ermenileri d\u0131\u015far\u0131da b\u0131rakmas\u0131na itiraz Konya Mebusu Musa Kaz\u0131m Bey\u2019den gelmi\u015fti. Musa Kaz\u0131m Bey sonunda ikna oldu ve itiraz\u0131n\u0131 geri \u00e7ekti. Ard\u0131ndan G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane Mebusu Zeki (Kadirbeyo\u011flu) Bey \u201cYahudiler ne olacak? Memleketi s\u00fcl\u00fck gibi emen Yahudiler?\u201d diye sorarken, Konya Mebusu Ey\u00fcp Sabri Bey, \u201cMusevilere ve Araplara da uygulanacak m\u0131?\u201d diye sordu. Sonunda Yahudilerin kanuna eklenmesi Heyet-i Celile\u2019nin yetkisine b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. Heyet-i Celile neyse ki bu konuda bir karar almad\u0131.<\/p>\n A\u011fustos 1926\u2019da devletin, Lozan\u2019\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi 19 A\u011fustos 1924\u2019ten \u00f6nce gayr\u0131m\u00fcslimlerce edinilmi\u015f t\u00fcm mallar\u0131 m\u00fcsadere etme hakk\u0131na sahip oldu\u011fu ilan edildi. Bunun \u00fczerine Ermenilerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc daha \u00fclkeyi terketti.<\/p>\n Kemalist liderlik taraf\u0131ndan 1922\u2019de \u0130stanbul\u2019daki \u201cMill\u00ee T\u00fcccar\u201dlar\u0131n oran\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmekle g\u00f6revlendirilen Ahmed Hamdi (Ba\u015far), ithalat ve ihracat i\u015fleriyle u\u011fra\u015fanlar i\u00e7inde M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\/T\u00fcrk unsurun y\u00fczde 4\u2019\u00fc, komisyonculukla u\u011fra\u015fanlarda y\u00fczde 3\u2019\u00fc ge\u00e7medi\u011fini yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 raporuna. Ahmed Hamdi Bey\u2019e g\u00f6re \u0130tibar-\u0131 Mill\u00ee Bankas\u0131 ve Adapazar\u0131 \u0130slam Ticaret Bankas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\/T\u00fcrk unsunun elinde olan banka yoktu. Sigorta \u015firketlerinde M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrkler ancak hizmetli olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabiliyordu. Toptanc\u0131lar i\u00e7inde ancak y\u00fczde 15, yar\u0131 toptan ve perakendeciler i\u00e7inde ancak y\u00fczde 25 oran\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk vard\u0131. Su, havagaz\u0131, elektrik, telefon, tramvay ve t\u00fcnel hizmetleri tamamen yabanc\u0131 \u015firketlerin elindeydi.<\/p>\n 17 \u015eubat-4 Mart 1923 aras\u0131nda \u0130zmir \u0130ktisat Kongresi\u2019nin iki temel amac\u0131 vard\u0131. Birincisi, Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele y\u0131llar\u0131nda Ankara\u2019ya uzak kalan (ya da Ankara\u2019n\u0131n uzak durmay\u0131 tercih etti\u011fi) \u0130stanbullu M\u00fcsl\u00fcman-T\u00fcrk burjuvazi ile ili\u015fkileri d\u00fczeltmekti. Nitekim bir iktisat kongresi toplama fikri, \u0130stanbul\u2019daki gayr\u0131m\u00fcslim t\u00fcccarlar\u0131 geriletmek i\u00e7in 1922 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mill\u00ee T\u00fcrk Ticaret Birli\u011fi\u2019nde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenen M\u00fcsl\u00fcman-T\u00fcrk t\u00fcccarlardan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, \u0130ktisat Vekili Mahmut Esat Bey\u2019in onlara verdi\u011fi \u2018daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kongre toplama s\u00f6z\u00fc\u2019 uyar\u0131nca da \u0130zmir \u0130ktisat Kongresi toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kongrede ba\u015flar\u0131ndaki fesi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p Ankara\u2019n\u0131n kalpa\u011f\u0131n\u0131 giyen \u0130stanbullu burjuvalar daha sonra da kalpa\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p Panama \u015fapkas\u0131 giyeceklerdi.<\/p>\n \u0130kinci ama\u00e7 ise, Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri\u2019nin Musul, kapit\u00fclasyonlar ve sava\u015f tazminatlar\u0131 konular\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kmaza girdi\u011fi o g\u00fcnlerde Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelere, kapit\u00fclasyonlara kesinlikle kar\u015f\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131, ancak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden ve \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lardan devral\u0131nan liberal iktisat politikalar\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7medi\u011fi, yabanc\u0131 sermayeye d\u00fc\u015fman olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 mesaj\u0131n\u0131 vermekti. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131na \u201cben Sovyet sisteminde de\u011fil kapitalist Bat\u0131 sisteminde kalmak istiyorum, ama kendi ko\u015fullar\u0131mla kalmak istiyorum\u201d denmek isteniyordu.<\/p>\n Bu tarihten sonra M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\/T\u00fcrk burjuvazisi yaratma konusundaki b\u00f6l\u00fcm p\u00f6r\u00e7\u00fck ad\u0131mlar\u0131 anlatmaya yerimiz yetmez, ama 1929\u2019da \u0130stanbul\u2019daki \u0130ngiliz El\u00e7isi Sir Clark taraf\u0131ndan merkeze yollanan bir raporda T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan kurulan yeni firmalarda g\u00f6r\u00fclen baz\u0131 \u201ckifayetsizlikler\u201dden \u015f\u00f6yle bahsediliyordu: \u201c\u0130stisnas\u0131z olarak bu \u015firketlerin hepsi [yabanc\u0131 firmalar\u0131n] temsilcisi olarak i\u015fe ba\u015flarlar. Fakat bunlarda ne yerlerini doldurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 H\u0131ristiyan seleflerinin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi yava\u015f yava\u015f zenginle\u015fmeye uygun bir yarad\u0131l\u0131\u015f, ne de [onlar\u0131n sahip olduklar\u0131] sab\u0131r ve tecr\u00fcbe vard\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok \u00f6rnekte g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi [bu \u015firketler]temsilcilik g\u00f6revlerini ihmal ederek Ankara\u2019ya ko\u015farlar ve b\u00fcy\u00fck [devlet]ihaleleri kaparak zengin olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. Zaten son y\u0131llarda [T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de] ticar\u00ee ahlak da \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcye u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n Trakya\u2019da 22 Mart 1934 tarihinde bir Umumi M\u00fcfetti\u015flik kurulmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, 14 Haziran 1934 tarihinde TBMM\u2019de\u00a0 2510 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130sk\u00e2n Kanunu kabul edilmi\u015fti. Amac\u0131n, en son 1930 y\u0131l\u0131nda A\u011fr\u0131\u2019da isyan etmi\u015f olan K\u00fcrtleri \u00fclkenin de\u011fi\u015fik yerlerine da\u011f\u0131tarak eritmek, onlar\u0131n yerlerine de Balkanlardan ve Kafkaslardan gelen M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrkleri isk\u00e2n etmek oldu\u011fu s\u00f6yleniyordu, ama \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Kaya meclisteki konu\u015fmas\u0131nda \u201cBu kanun tek dille konu\u015fan, bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen, ayn\u0131 hissi ta\u015f\u0131yan bir memleket yapacakt\u0131r\u201d diyerek esas hedefi if\u015fa etmi\u015fti. 21 Haziran 1934\u2019te Soyad\u0131 Kanunu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak \u201cT\u00fcrkle\u015ftirme\u201d harek\u00e2t\u0131na h\u0131z verilirken, Trakya b\u00f6lgesiyle \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011faz\u0131 da tahkim edilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. Tahkimat s\u00fcrerken, tarih boyunca \u00fclkedeki t\u00fcm az\u0131nl\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 ku\u015fku duymay\u0131 adet edinmi\u015f fa\u015fizan y\u00f6neticiler, Nazilerden esinlenerek Yahudilere kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanca davranmakta bir beis g\u00f6rmeyecek, \u201cbe\u015finci kol\u201d olmalar\u0131ndan \u015f\u00fcphelendikleri Trakya Yahudilerini b\u00f6lgeden nas\u0131l atar\u0131z diye kafa yormaya ba\u015flayacaklard\u0131.<\/p>\n 1934 Trakya Olaylar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n mal\u00ee bilan\u00e7osu<\/strong><\/p>\n Yerel esnaf\u0131n, mand\u0131rac\u0131l\u0131k ve ticaretteki ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden y\u0131llard\u0131r b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131k duyduklar\u0131, tefecilik yapt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6fke duyduklar\u0131, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fmad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in sadakatlerini s\u00fcrekli sorgulad\u0131klar\u0131 Yahudilere kar\u015f\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7irilmesi hi\u00e7 de zor olmad\u0131. \u00d6nce Edirne, K\u0131rklareli, Ke\u015fan, \u00c7anakkale gibi merkezler olmak \u00fczere Trakya\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerinde Yahudi cemaatinin \u00f6nde gelen \u00fcyelerine \u00f6l\u00fcm tehditleri i\u00e7eren mektuplar gelmeye, halk\u0131 Yahudi t\u00fcccarlar\u0131 boykot etmeye davet eden bildiriler boy g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Yahudi cemaati, yerel y\u00f6neticilere duyduklar\u0131 endi\u015feleri aktard\u0131 ve koruma talep etti, ama umursayan olmad\u0131.<\/p>\n \u0130lk sald\u0131r\u0131lar 21 Haziran 1934\u2019te, yakla\u015f\u0131k 1.500 Yahudi\u2019nin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00c7anakkale\u2019de ba\u015flad\u0131. Militanlar, al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f edilmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in Yahudilerin d\u00fckk\u00e2nlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde n\u00f6bet tutuyor, baz\u0131 evlere, \u015fehri terk etmedikleri takdirde \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcleceklerine dair tehdit mektuplar\u0131 yolluyorlard\u0131. Durumun her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn k\u00f6t\u00fcye gitti\u011fini g\u00f6ren Yahudiler 25 Haziran 1934 tarihinden itibaren \u00c7anakkale ve Gelibolu\u2019yu terk etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Alelacele gitmek zorunda kald\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in mal ve m\u00fclklerini de\u011ferinin \u00e7ok alt\u0131nda fiyatlarda elden \u00e7\u0131karmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Benzer olaylar, 28 Haziran\u2019dan itibaren Edirne, Ke\u015fan, Uzunk\u00f6pr\u00fc, Babaeski, L\u00fcleburgaz ve K\u0131rklareli\u2019nde ya\u015fanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Ya\u011fma Yahudi cemaatinin \u00f6nde gelenlerinden Gad Franko ve Mi\u015fon Ventura\u2019n\u0131n 4 Temmuz 1934 g\u00fcn\u00fc Atat\u00fcrk\u2019le yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gizli g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme sayesinde sona erdi, ancak CHF\u2019nin haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir rapora g\u00f6re Trakya\u2019da ya\u015fayan 13 bin Yahudi\u2019den \u00fc\u00e7 bini \u0130stanbul\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7m\u00fc\u015f, pek \u00e7ok ki\u015fi mal ve m\u00fclklerini kaybetmi\u015fti. Yahudiler fakirle\u015firken, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ahalide \u2018Yahudi Ya\u011fmas\u0131 Zenginleri\u2019 t\u00fcremi\u015fti. Ger\u00e7i, h\u00fck\u00fcmet daha sonra gasp edilen mallar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn iade edilmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ancak olaylarla ilgili soru\u015fturma a\u00e7\u0131lmad\u0131. B\u00f6ylece Trakya\u2019n\u0131n da \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcman\/T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirmesi\u201d tamamland\u0131.<\/p>\n 1939 Hatay\u2019\u0131n \u201cel de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n 30 Ekim 1918 tarihli Mondros M\u00fctarekesi uyar\u0131nca, 9 Kas\u0131m\u2019da \u0130ngilizler, 12 Kas\u0131m\u2019da Frans\u0131zlar \u0130skenderun\u2019a asker \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Ard\u0131ndan Antakya, \u0130skenderun ve Harim\u2019den olu\u015fan \u0130skenderun Sanca\u011f\u0131 (k\u0131saca Sancak) adl\u0131 bir idar\u00ee birim olu\u015fturularak Milletler Cemiyeti Kanunu\u2019nun 22. maddesinde tarif edilen \u2018Manda\u2019 sistemi ile \u0130tilaf Devletleri\u2019nin himayesine verildi.\u00a0Kemalist Ankara H\u00fck\u00fcmeti ile Frans\u0131zlar aras\u0131nda 20 Ekim 1921\u2019de imzalanan Ankara \u0130tilafnamesi ile Fransa Anadolu\u2019dan \u00e7ekilirken, Sancak \u00f6zel bir stat\u00fcyle Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n Suriye\u2019de olu\u015fturdu\u011fu d\u00f6rt idar\u00ee b\u00f6lgeden biri olan Halep\u2019e ba\u011fland\u0131. Bu stat\u00fc, 1938\u2019e kadar ufak tefek de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Sonunda, 27 Ocak 1938\u2019de i\u00e7i\u015flerinde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z, d\u0131\u015fi\u015flerinde Suriye\u2019ye ba\u011fl\u0131 \u2018ayr\u0131 yap\u0131\u201d olarak tan\u0131nan Sancak, Atat\u00fcrk \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki bir dizi politik ve asker\u00ee manevra ile \u00f6nce Hatay Cumhuriyeti haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc, 1939\u2019da da T\u00fcrkiye taraf\u0131ndan ilhak edildi.<\/p>\n Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde Sancak\u2019\u0131n n\u00fcfus bile\u015fimi hakk\u0131nda g\u00fcvenilir istatistikler yok. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 1921 tarihli bir T\u00fcrk belgesine g\u00f6re Sancak\u2019\u0131n sekenesinin y\u00fczde 54\u2019\u00fc T\u00fcrk k\u00f6kenli iken, bir Frans\u0131z belgesine g\u00f6re y\u00fczde 28,5\u2019i T\u00fcrk k\u00f6kenliydi. S\u00f6z konusu belgelerde belirtilmiyor, ama tahminen T\u00fcrklerin ezici \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu S\u00fcnni idi. N\u00fcfusun geri kalan\u0131 ise Arap, Ermeni ve Rum\u2019du. Araplar\u0131n ezici \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu Nusayri (kaynaklarda Alevi olarak ge\u00e7mekle birlikte, Alevilikten farkl\u0131 bir \u015eii mezhebi), kalan\u0131 S\u00fcnni idi. Ermenilerin ezici \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu Gregoryen, Rumlar\u0131n ezici \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu Ortodoks\u2019tu. Az say\u0131da K\u00fcrt, \u00c7erkez, Yahudi ve Arnavut vard\u0131. \u0130lhaktan sonra vatanda\u015fl\u0131k konusunda tercih yapma hakk\u0131n\u0131n sona erdi\u011fi 1940\u2019a kadar 48 bin ki\u015fi L\u00fcbnan veya Suriye\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 etti. Bunlar\u0131n 26.500\u2019\u00fc Ermeni, 11.500\u2019\u00fc Rum, 6 bini Arap ve 3 bini Nusayri idi. (Terk edenlerin geride b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 mallar\u0131n miktar\u0131na dair bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131lmad\u0131 veya ben bilmiyorum.) 1950\u2019lerden itibaren kurutulan Amik G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn arazisini T\u00fcrkmen a\u015firetlerine da\u011f\u0131tarak b\u00f6lgenin T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesi h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n 1942 Varl\u0131k Vergisi gasplar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n 1942 yaz\u0131nda \u0130stanbul gazetelerinde, genel olarak gayrim\u00fcslimleri, \u00f6zel olarak Yahudileri h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k, karaborsac\u0131l\u0131k, soygunculuk, vurgunculuk ve ihtik\u00e2r (a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 k\u00e2r) fiilleri ile ili\u015fkilendiren haberler ve karikat\u00fcrler birbirini izlemi\u015fti. Gazetelerde su\u00e7lananlar ba\u015fta Yahudiler olmak \u00fczere gayrim\u00fcslim zenginlerdi, ama \u2018sava\u015f zenginleri\u2019 yaratan politikalar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden halk Ba\u015fbakan Refik Saydam\u2019dan da adeta nefret ediyordu. Hava b\u00f6yleyken Refik Saydam 7 Temmuz 1942 gecesi aniden \u00f6ld\u00fc. 9 Temmuz 1942 g\u00fcn\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmeti kurmakla g\u00f6revlendirilen \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Sara\u00e7o\u011flu 5 A\u011fustos\u2019taki g\u00fcven oylamas\u0131ndan sonra \u015f\u00f6yle dedi: \u201cBiz T\u00fcrk\u00fcz, T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcy\u00fcz ve daima T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc kalaca\u011f\u0131z. Bizim i\u00e7in T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck bir kan meselesi oldu\u011fu kadar ve laakal (en az onun kadar) bir vicdan ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr meselesidir. Biz azalan ve azaltan T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc de\u011fil, \u00e7o\u011falan ve \u00e7o\u011faltan T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcy\u00fcz ve her vakit bu istikamette \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z!\u201d<\/p>\n Sara\u00e7o\u011flu H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin ilk icraat\u0131, beklentileri kar\u015f\u0131lamayan Mill\u00ee Korun<\/strong>ma Kanunu\u2019nun yerini alacak Varl\u0131k Vergisi Kanunu\u2019nu \u00e7\u0131karmak oldu. TBMM\u2019de 11 Kas\u0131m 1942 tarihinde oturumda haz\u0131r bulunan 350 milletvekilinin oybirli\u011fiyle kabul edilen kanuna g\u00f6re, baz\u0131 varl\u0131kl\u0131 kesimlerden bir defal\u0131k ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc servet vergisi al\u0131nacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n Yeni Sabah<\/em>\u00a0yazarlar\u0131ndan Aka G\u00fcnd\u00fcz (eski Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Mahsusac\u0131 Enis Avni) 13 Kas\u0131m 1942 tarihli\u00a0Yeni Sabah<\/em>\u2019taki \u201cReyler ittifakla verildi\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131nda, memleketin yedi b\u00f6lgesini dola\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, yarenlikler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gizli ve a\u00e7\u0131k ankette vatanda\u015flara \u2018Vurguncu hakk\u0131nda ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorsun?\u2019 diye sordu\u011funu anlatt\u0131ktan sonra, ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 cevaplar\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131yordu:<\/p>\n \u201cDe\u011ferlendirmeler, fikirler t\u00fcmen t\u00fcmendi: Asmal\u0131. Kesmeli. Ku\u015fba\u015f\u0131 do\u011framal\u0131. K\u0131ymas\u0131n\u0131 iki \u00e7ekmeli. G\u0131rtla\u011f\u0131na erimi\u015f kur\u015fun ak\u0131tmal\u0131. Mal\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fclk\u00fcn\u00fc millet hazinesine almal\u0131. Bir \u00e7\u0131nar\u0131n alt\u0131na kaz\u0131k \u00e7akmal\u0131, sa\u011f baca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bu kaz\u0131\u011fa, sol baca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da \u00e7ekip yere indirilen \u00e7\u0131nar dal\u0131na ba\u011flamal\u0131, sonra dal\u0131 birdenbire b\u0131rakarak g\u00f6vdesini e\u015fek past\u0131rmas\u0131 gibi ikiye ay\u0131rmal\u0131. \u0130\u015fkembesine zift doldurup g\u00fcne\u015fe asmal\u0131. \u0130ki g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc oyup bir avucuna vermeli. K\u0131rk kat\u0131r\u0131n kuyruklar\u0131na ba\u011flad\u0131ktan sonra k\u0131rk\u0131na birden k\u0131rba\u00e7 atmal\u0131. Harbin sonuna kadar her g\u00fcn yedi yerinden c\u0131mb\u0131zlay\u0131p koparmal\u0131. Temmuz ortas\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131r\u0131l\u00e7\u0131plak edip \u00e7\u00f6pl\u00fckteki sineklere pe\u015fke\u015f \u00e7ekmeli. Vesaire, vesaire\u2026 Bu kanunun mucip sebepleri de bir noktada toplan\u0131yordu. Sekiz milyonun selameti i\u00e7in bin sekiz y\u00fcz ki\u015fi feda edilebilir. Bu kanun ve bin sekiz y\u00fcz \u00fczerinde reyler ittifakla verildi.\u201d<\/p>\n D\u00f6nemin \u0130stanbul Defterdar\u0131 Faik \u00d6kte\u2019ye g\u00f6re uygulamada y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcler, Maliye Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n belirledi\u011fi d\u00f6rt gruptan birine g\u00f6re vergilendirildi: M grubu (M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar) takdir edilen matrah\u0131n (vergiye esas al\u0131nan miktar\u0131n) y\u00fczde 12,5\u2019ini; G grubu (gayrim\u00fcslimler) y\u00fczde 50\u2019sini; D grubu (d\u00f6nmeler) y\u00fczde 25\u2019ini; E grubu (ecnebiler) y\u00fczde 12,5\u2019ini \u00f6demekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcyd\u00fc. \u00c7ift\u00e7iler de y\u00fczde 5\u2019ini \u00f6deyecekti.<\/p>\n 18 Kas\u0131m 1942\u2019de vergi listeleri yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc ki, Varl\u0131k Vergisi\u2019nin y\u00fczde 70\u2019i \u0130stanbul\u2019daki m\u00fckelleflere tahakkuk ettirilmi\u015fti. Bunlar\u0131n da y\u00fczde 87\u2019si gayr\u0131m\u00fcslimdi. Gayr\u0131m\u00fcslimlerin mal\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7leri ile uygulanan vergi oranlar\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara uygulananlara g\u00f6re y\u00fczlerce kez daha a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131. Gayr\u0131m\u00fcslimler aras\u0131nda da Ermenilerin vergisi en y\u00fcksek orandayd\u0131.<\/p>\n Bu t\u00fcr muameleler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden, y\u00fcksek vergileri \u00f6demek istemeyen ya da \u00f6deyecek durumda olmayan baz\u0131 m\u00fckellefler yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131na ka\u00e7maya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Ka\u00e7amayanlar veya ka\u00e7mak istemeyenlerden hara\u00e7 mezat sat\u0131lan mallar\u0131n\u0131n bedeli vergilerini kar\u015f\u0131lamayan bini a\u015fk\u0131n m\u00fckellef 27 Ocak 1943 tarihinden itibaren Eski\u015fehir\u2019in Sivrihisar ve Erzurum\u2019un A\u015fkale il\u00e7elerindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamplar\u0131na g\u00f6nderilmek \u00fczere baz\u0131 merkezlerde topland\u0131lar. A\u015fkale\u2019ye g\u00f6nderilen 1.229 m\u00fckelleften 21\u2019i (bir kayna\u011fa g\u00f6re 25\u2019i) k\u00f6t\u00fc hayat ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve yetersiz t\u0131bb\u00ee bak\u0131m y\u00fcz\u00fcnden kampta hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. Hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmeyenler aras\u0131nda ruh ve beden sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fcye dayanamayan yak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 kaybedenler oldu.<\/p>\n Ali Sait \u00c7etino\u011flu\u2019nun\u00a0Varl\u0131k Vergisi 1942-1944<\/em>\u00a0adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda bug\u00fcn hepsi de Yunanistan\u2019da ya\u015fayan baz\u0131 \u0130stanbul Rumlar\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131na yer verilmi\u015f. \u2018Yok Edici Varl\u0131k Vergisi\u2019 ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla 1993 y\u0131l\u0131nda Atina\u2019da\u00a0O Politis<\/em>\u00a0gazetesinde yay\u0131mlanan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri Dr. Ra\u00e7o Donef, Temmuz 2008\u2019de T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye \u00e7evirmi\u015f. Onlardan birka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n sadece mal m\u00fclk gasp\u0131 ile ilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini sizinle payla\u015fmak istiyorum.<\/p>\n Dr. Georgiu Topalo\u011flu anlat\u0131yor:\u00a0\u201c<\/strong>D\u00fckk\u00e2n\u0131m Emin\u00f6n\u00fc\u2019ndeydi; orda babam Yosif bana yard\u0131mc\u0131 oluyordu. 1943\u2019\u00fcn Ocak ay\u0131nda bize toplam 105.000 lira vergi tarhedildi Varl\u0131k Vergisi alt\u0131nda. Tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir T\u00fcrk\u2019e baba emaneti evimizi iki bin liraya satmak zorunda kald\u0131k, T\u00fcrk devleti bizi mecbur etmeden evvel\u201d<\/p>\n Marika \u015ei\u015fmano\u011dlu anlat\u0131yor:\u00a0\u201c<\/strong>Babam Grigorios t\u00fcccar ve beyaz e\u015fya ithalat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 idi.\u00a0 D\u00fckk\u00e2n\u0131 da Emin\u00f6n\u00fc\u2019ndeydi. 1943\u2019un ba\u015f\u0131nda 30 bin lira Varl\u0131k Vergisi tarhedildi. Bu miktar dayan\u0131lmazd\u0131. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn ayn\u0131 durumda b\u00f6lgede en iyi d\u00fckk\u00e2na sahip T\u00fcrk t\u00fcccar, Suraski\u2019ye yaln\u0131z 800 lira vergi tarhedildi.\u00a0 \u0130ki evimiz vard\u0131, bunlardan 10 odal\u0131 olan ev 7 bin liraya sat\u0131ld\u0131. Babam her iki evi ve d\u00fckk\u00e2n\u0131 satmaya mecbur kald\u0131, ama borcunu \u00f6demeye muvaffak olamad\u0131. B\u00f6ylece tutukland\u0131 ve A\u015fkale\u2019ye s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Hen\u00fcz 1941\u2019de kad\u0131n elbiseleri imalat fabrikas\u0131 a\u00e7an amcam Georgio \u015ei\u015fmano\u011dlu\u2019na b\u00fcy\u00fck vergi tarhedildi ve mal\u00ee a\u00e7\u0131dan mahvoldu. A\u015fkale\u2019ye s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ve hemen hemen bir y\u0131l sonra k\u00f6t\u00fc bir durumda geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc.\u201d<\/p>\n Konstandinou V. Konstandinidi:\u00a0\u201c<\/strong>Babam Vasilios\u2019un beyaz e\u015fya d\u00fckk\u00e2n\u0131 vard\u0131.\u00a0 1943\u2019te 70 bin lira Varl\u0131k Vergisi tarhedildi. Sahibi oldu\u011fumuz evimiz yoktu. Babam dedemin lahana tarlas\u0131n\u0131 ve b\u00fct\u00fcn e\u015fyalar\u0131 satmak zorunda kald\u0131. \u00dc\u00e7 y\u0131l zeminde uyuduk.\u201d<\/p>\n Anastasiu K. Yatru anlat\u0131yor:\u00a0\u201c<\/strong>Babam Konstandinos\u2019un bahriye aksesuar d\u00fckk\u00e2n\u0131 vard\u0131. 90 bin lira Varl\u0131k Vergisi tarhedildi. Evimizi e\u015fyalarla birlikte ve d\u00fckk\u00e2n\u0131 satt\u0131k, ancak [toplanan]paralar vergiyi \u00f6demeye yeterli de\u011fildi. B\u00f6ylece 9 Mart 1943 tarihinde babam\u0131 tutuklad\u0131lar ve birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn Demirkap\u0131\u2019da tutulduktan sonra 16 Mart tarihinde A\u015fkale\u2019ye s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.\u201d<\/p>\n A\u015fkale s\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri, Avrupa\u2019da sava\u015f cephesindeki geli\u015fmeler ve \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Roosevelt ve Britanya Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Churchill\u2019le g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmek \u00fczere Kahire\u2019ye gitmesinin arifesinde, 17 Aral\u0131k 1943\u2019te evlerine d\u00f6nebildiler. Varl\u0131k Vergisi, Yahudilerin ABD nezdinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 lobi faaliyetleri sonucu ABD\u2019nin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye bask\u0131lar\u0131 ve Nazilerin yenilece\u011finin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 sayesinde bir muhalif oya kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k 310 kabul oyuyla 15 Mart 1944 tarihinde kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n Verginin \u0130stanbul\u2019da uygulanmas\u0131ndan sorumlu olan \u0130stanbul Defterdar\u0131 Faik \u00d6kte\u2019ye g\u00f6re, Varl\u0131k Vergisi kapsam\u0131nda toplanan 315.000.000 TL verginin 280.000.000 liras\u0131n\u0131 gayr\u0131m\u00fcslimler \u00f6demi\u015fti. Bu rakamlar, 1942-1944 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, gayr\u0131m\u00fcslim T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n mal varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kaybetti\u011fine i\u015faret ediyordu. Ama daha \u00f6nemlisi gayr\u0131m\u00fcslimlerin, Cumhuriyet\u2019in kurulu\u015funda vaat edildi\u011finin aksine, bu \u00fclkenin e\u015fit vatanda\u015f\u0131 olmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131na varmalar\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n 6-7 Eyl\u00fcl 1955 ya\u011fmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n 1954\u2019te K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019a \u2018kendi kaderini tayin hakk\u0131\u2019n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in BM\u2019ye yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015fvuru kabul edilmeyip Grivas liderli\u011findeki EOKA K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019ta \u0130ngilizler\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 ter\u00f6r eylemlerini ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u0130ngiltere, T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan\u2019\u0131 Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019i etkileyen siyasal savunmaya ili\u015fkin sorunlar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmek \u00fczere Londra\u2019da toplanacak \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir konferansa davet etmi\u015fti. \u0130\u015fte bu konferansta T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u2018elini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek\u2019 i\u00e7in \u0130stanbul\u2019da a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak Rumlara y\u00f6nelik b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ya\u011fma harek\u00e2t\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlendi.<\/p>\n 6-7 Eyl\u00fcl 1955 g\u00fcnleri \u201cK\u0131br\u0131s T\u00fcrkt\u00fcr Cemiyeti\u201d, MAH (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc M\u0130T) ve elbette ad\u0131 o g\u00fcnlerde g\u00fcndeme bile getirilmeyen Seferberlik Tetkik Kurulu (1965\u2019te ad\u0131 \u00d6zel Harp Dairesi oldu) taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6rg\u00fctlenen, \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011frencilerinden i\u015f\u00e7ilere, ev kad\u0131nlar\u0131ndan b\u00fcrokratlara 200 bin ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frayan i\u015fyerlerinin y\u00fczde 59\u2019u Rumlara, y\u00fczde 17\u2019si Ermenilere, y\u00fczde 12\u2019si Musevilere, y\u00fczde 10\u2019u M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara; evlerin y\u00fczde 80\u2019i Rumlara, y\u00fczde 9\u2019u Ermenilere, y\u00fczde 5\u2019i M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara, y\u00fczde 3\u2019\u00fc Musevilere aitti. Hasar\u0131n mal\u00ee portresi konusundaki en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck tahmin o g\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011ferleriyle 150 milyon lira, en y\u00fcksek tahmin 1 milyar lira idi. Sonu\u00e7ta ma\u011fdurlara \u00f6denen tazminat, ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanan 9 milyon lira ile, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin tahsis etti\u011fi 60 milyon liradan ibaret kald\u0131. Elbette bu olaylardan sonra T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de can ve mal g\u00fcvenliklerinin kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen binlerce Rum aile T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den g\u00f6\u00e7t\u00fc, ka\u00e7t\u0131. Giderken mal ve m\u00fclklerini kimi yok pahas\u0131na elden \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131, kimi satamadan ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Bu \u201cterkedilmi\u015f\/terk edilmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015f\u201d Rum m\u00fclkleri vak\u0131flara verildi ya da \u00e7e\u015fitli ki\u015fi ve kurumlarca i\u015fgal edildi, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar da bu i\u015fgaller s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n 1964 Kararnamesi\u2019yle el konulanlar<\/strong><\/p>\n K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019ta 1963\u2019ten itibaren toplumlar aras\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar h\u0131zlanm\u0131\u015f, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin buna cevab\u0131 hi\u00e7 beklenmedik bir \u015fekilde olmu\u015ftu. Atat\u00fcrk ve Venizelos aras\u0131nda 1923 tarihli M\u00fcbadele Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n aksayan yanlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczeltmek \u00fczere 1930 y\u0131l\u0131nda imzalanan ve her iki \u00fclkenin yurtta\u015flar\u0131na herhangi bir \u00f6n \u015fart \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmeksizin iki \u00fclke i\u00e7inde ticaret yapma, oturma, mal, m\u00fclk edinme hakk\u0131 tan\u0131yan \u0130kamet, Ticaret ve Seyr-i Sefain Mukavelenamesi\u2019ni T\u00fcrkiye 16 Mart 1964 g\u00fcn\u00fc, feshetti. Gerek\u00e7e \u201cantla\u015fman\u0131n imza edildi\u011fi tarihten bu yana uzun zaman ge\u00e7mi\u015f olmas\u0131 m\u00fcnasebetiyle o g\u00fcnk\u00fc icaplara\u201d uymamas\u0131yd\u0131. Anla\u015f\u0131lan T\u00fcrkiye Yunanistan\u2019\u0131 dize getirmek ve K\u0131br\u0131s meselesinde \u00f6n almak i\u00e7in, burada do\u011fmu\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ancak Yunan uyru\u011funu koruyan \u0130stanbullu Rumlar\u0131 \u015fantaj arac\u0131 olarak kullanacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n 17 Mart 1964\u2019te tapu dairelerinde, Yunan vatanda\u015flar\u0131na dair i\u015flemler durduruldu. Tapu daireleri bir tedbir olarak sat\u0131\u015f ve intikal i\u015flemlerine dair muameleleri ask\u0131ya ald\u0131 ve bu suretle m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131 ihlal edilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. Bu durum y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki 1961 Anayasas\u0131\u2019na ayk\u0131r\u0131yd\u0131. H\u00fck\u00fcmet durumu hukuk\u00eele\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in Kas\u0131m ay\u0131nda 6\/3801 Say\u0131l\u0131 Kararname\u2019yi \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Buna g\u00f6re, Yunan uyruklular\u0131n gayr\u0131menkulleri \u00fczerinden do\u011fan has\u0131latlar, Merkez Bankas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan bloke edilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. Bu uygulama, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 11. maddesi temel haklara ili\u015fkin s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131n ancak kanun ile yap\u0131labilece\u011fini s\u00f6yledi\u011fi i\u00e7in, hukuk d\u0131\u015f\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n Has\u0131latlar bloke edilirken, arka planda Yunan uyruklular\u0131n s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilmesi karar\u0131 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 bile. S\u00fcrg\u00fcn edileceklere do\u011frudan tebligat yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Aral\u0131kl\u0131 olarak gazetelerde s\u00fcrg\u00fcn listeleri yay\u0131mlan\u0131yordu. Adlar\u0131n\u0131 listede g\u00f6renler, yabanc\u0131larla ilgili Emniyet 4. \u015eube\u2019ye gidiyor ya da g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Orada kendilerine bir belge imzalat\u0131l\u0131yordu. S\u00f6z konusu belge ile yasalar\u0131 ihlal ettiklerini, T\u00fcrkiye aleyhine politik faaliyetleri bulunan\u00a0Eleniki Enosis<\/em>\u00a0\u00fcyesi olduklar\u0131n\u0131 ve K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019taki Yunanl\u0131 ter\u00f6ristlere para g\u00f6ndermi\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmi\u015f oluyorlard\u0131. B\u00f6ylece \u2018s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u2019, \u2018\u00fclkeyi g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olarak terk etme\u2019 \u015fekline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bu \u2018itirafnameleri\u2019 imzalamak istemeyenleri s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 anlar bekliyordu. \u0130mzay\u0131 atanlar ise profilden ve yandan su\u00e7 numaras\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde foto\u011fraflar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ektirip parmak izlerini verdikten sonra, 48 saat ile 10 g\u00fcn aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen bir s\u00fcrede \u00fclkeden \u00e7\u0131kmak \u00fczere evlerine d\u00f6n\u00fcyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n S\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerin yanlar\u0131na 20 kiloyu a\u015fmayacak bir bavul ve 20 dolar kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 (yakla\u015f\u0131k 200 T\u00fcrk Liras\u0131) para almalar\u0131na izin verilmi\u015fti. S\u00f6zl\u00fc tarih anlat\u0131lar\u0131na g\u00f6re, g\u00fcmr\u00fck alanlar\u0131nda s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerin alt\u0131n di\u015fi olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na bile bak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n Eyl\u00fcl sonuna kadar 12 bin kadar Yunan uyruklu Rum T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi terk etmi\u015fti. Ancak T\u00fcrkiye yurtta\u015f\u0131 Rumlarla, ayn\u0131 din ve etnik k\u00f6kten gelen Yunanistan tebaal\u0131 Rumlar\u0131n onlarca y\u0131ld\u0131r \u0130stanbul\u2019da birlikte olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 aileler de bu s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7ok ac\u0131 \u015fekilde ya\u015fad\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc e\u015fi Yunan tebaal\u0131, kendisi T\u00fcrk tebaal\u0131 ailelerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderilecek, tabii bunlar\u0131n e\u015fleri ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 da ayn\u0131 s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fcn bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olacaklard\u0131. Daha sonradan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki atmosferden endi\u015fe duyanlar da ayr\u0131l\u0131nca s\u00fcrg\u00fcn say\u0131s\u0131 45 bine ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n 1971\u2019de Yarg\u0131tay Karar\u0131 ile ba\u015flayan gasplar<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Bal\u0131kl\u0131 Rum Hastanesi Vakf\u0131 Y\u00f6netim Kurulu ile Hazine aras\u0131nda 1971\u2019de g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flanan bir dava sonunda, 1936 Beyannamesi uyar\u0131nca mal edinilemeyece\u011fi h\u00fckm\u00fc uygulanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. S\u00f6z konusu beyanname ne ola ki derseniz: 1912 y\u0131l\u0131nda kabul edilen bir ge\u00e7ici kanun ile, vak\u0131flara t\u00fczel ki\u015filik tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve \u2018m\u00fclhak vak\u0131flar\u2019 grubuna al\u0131nm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Bu vak\u0131flar 1935 y\u0131l\u0131nda sahip olduklar\u0131 gayr\u0131 menkulleri beyan etmeye mecbur tutuldular. Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n kurdu\u011fu vak\u0131flar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu \u0130sa, Meryem gibi kutsal \u015fahsiyetlerin ad\u0131yla kaydedildi\u011fi i\u00e7in, \u00e7o\u011fu H\u0131ristiyan vakf\u0131 sahip olduklar\u0131 mallar\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetini ispat edemedi. Sonunda Vak\u0131flar Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019ne teslim edilen listelere m\u00fclkiyeti ki\u015filer veya t\u00fczel ki\u015filikler \u00fczerine kay\u0131tl\u0131 olan m\u00fclkler kaydedildi. Bu listelere de \u201c1936 Beyannamesi\u201d denildi.<\/p>\n Bal\u0131kl\u0131 Rum Hastanesi Vakf\u0131\u2019na kar\u015f\u0131 al\u0131nan karar daha sonra Hazine veya Vak\u0131flar Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019nce vak\u0131flar aleyhine a\u00e7\u0131lan benzer davalara emsal te\u015fkil etti. A\u00e7\u0131lan davalar\u0131n az\u0131nl\u0131k vak\u0131flar\u0131 aleyhine sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131nda bu karar birincil derecede rol oynad\u0131. Bu karara g\u00f6re, 1936\u2019da yasa gere\u011fi verilen beyannameler, ilgili yasa ve tebli\u011flerde b\u00f6yle bir talep olmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen vak\u0131fname olarak kabul ediliyordu. Karar gere\u011fince 1936 Beyannamesi\u2019nde, vakf\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mal edinmeye devam edebilece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtilmedi\u011finden hareketle 1936\u2019dan sonra edinilen ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n da bedelsiz olarak varsa eski mal sahiplerine veya miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131na yoksa Hazine\u2019ye verilmesi karara ba\u011fland\u0131.<\/p>\n Yarg\u0131tay Hukuk Genel Kurulu 1975 y\u0131l\u0131nda verdi\u011fi kararda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 \u2018T\u00fcrk olmayanlar\u2019 olarak de\u011ferlendirmi\u015fti. T\u00fcrk olmayanlar\u0131n meydana getirdi\u011fi t\u00fczel ki\u015filiklerin ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mal edinmelerinin yasak oldu\u011fu belirtilen karar \u015f\u00f6yleydi: \u201cG\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor ki, T\u00fcrk olmayanlar\u0131n meydana getirdikleri t\u00fczel ki\u015filiklerin ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mal edinmeleri yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc t\u00fczel ki\u015filer, ger\u00e7ek ki\u015filere oranla daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in, bunlar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mal edinmelerinin k\u0131s\u0131tlanmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 halinde, devletin \u00e7e\u015fitli tehlikelerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015faca\u011f\u0131 ve t\u00fcrl\u00fc sak\u0131ncalar do\u011fabilece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu nedenle de kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olmak \u015fart\u0131yla yabanc\u0131 ger\u00e7ek ki\u015filerin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de sat\u0131n alma veya miras yoluyla ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mal edinmeleri m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu halde, t\u00fczel ki\u015filer bundan yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n 2002 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan yeni Vak\u0131flar Kanunu ile 1974\u2019ten beri mallar\u0131 ellerinden al\u0131nan Rum vak\u0131flar\u0131na ait 152, Ermeni cemaatinin vak\u0131flar\u0131na ait 48 ve S\u00fcryanilere ait alt\u0131 bina ve arsa bu uygulamayla ellerinden al\u0131narak eski sahiplerine veya Hazine\u2019ye devredildi.<\/p>\n 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda, S\u00fcryanilerin kutsal mek\u00e2nlar\u0131ndan, 397 y\u0131l\u0131nda in\u015fa edilmi\u015f olan Mor Gabriel Manast\u0131r\u0131\u2019n\u0131n topraklar\u0131na el konmak istendi. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 2200 d\u00f6n\u00fcm arazisinde, me\u015fe orman\u0131, mera, tarla, ba\u011f olan manast\u0131r\u0131n resm\u00ee s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 1938\u2019de \u00e7izilmi\u015fti. Manast\u0131r, bu s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde kalan gayr\u0131menkulleri i\u00e7in 70 y\u0131ld\u0131r vergi \u00f6d\u00fcyordu. 2008\u2019de AKP\u2019ye yak\u0131n \u00c7elebi A\u015fireti\u2019nin egemenli\u011finde olan baz\u0131 k\u00f6yler, manast\u0131r\u0131n arazisinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn kendilerinin oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrerek dava a\u00e7t\u0131lar. Konuya Diyanet \u0130\u015fleri ve Maliye Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da m\u00fcdahil olduktan sonra uluslararas\u0131 kamuoyunun da etkisiyle dava konusu topraklar\u0131n 1\/3\u2019\u00fc manast\u0131ra iade edildi, 2\/3\u2019\u00fcn\u00fcn h\u00e2len mahkemesi s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. 2017\u2019de yeni bir gasp olay\u0131 ya\u015fand\u0131. H\u00e2len kayyum ile y\u00f6netilen Mardin B\u00fcy\u00fck\u015fehir Belediyesi m\u00fccavir alan i\u00e7erisine giren S\u00fcryanilere ait 113 ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mal\u0131 KHK ile Diyanet \u0130\u015fleri Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na devretti. Bunlardan 50\u2019si daha sonra iade edilirken, 63\u2019\u00fcn\u00fcn davas\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n