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Dr. \u0130smet Konak, dana \u00f6nce Sovyet \u015earkiyat\u00e7\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkolog Vladimir A. Gordlevskiy\u2019nin Bitlis ve Mu\u015f\u2019u gezerek 1915 sonras\u0131 tan\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 makaleyi Agos okurlar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7evirmi\u015fti. Konak bu kez de Patrik Naroyan\u2019\u0131n ye\u011feni Harutyun Naroyan\u2019\u0131n 1915\u2019te ba\u015f\u0131ndan ge\u00e7enleri, ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u0131l Rusya\u2019da yay\u0131nlanan an\u0131lar\u0131na dayanarak derliyor.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u0130SMET KONAK<\/strong><\/p>\n Tarihte ba\u015fka topraklarda devlet kuran “g\u00f6\u00e7ebe uluslar\u0131n” ruh hali, genelde paranoid bir ki\u015fili\u011fe delalet etmektedir. Adeta “vehhaml\u0131k” denizi i\u00e7inde y\u00fczerler. G\u00f6\u00e7 ettikleri toprak par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n otokton t\u00fcm bireylerini, farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, dinsel ve etnik yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 “hasm-\u0131 b\u00eeaman (amans\u0131z d\u00fc\u015fman)” olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcrler. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Naroyan\u2019\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131<\/strong> Bir mah\u015fer yeri<\/strong>
\nDolay\u0131s\u0131yla yerli “etnisite” s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, bir “etnosite (etnik k\u0131y\u0131m)” e\u011filimi uyand\u0131r\u0131r. Nas\u0131l ki Andrew Jackson d\u00f6neminde Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131n yerli unsuru K\u0131z\u0131lderililer, Anglo-Saksonlar\u0131n k\u0131y\u0131m\u0131na (Indian Removal Act: K\u0131z\u0131lderili Tehcir Kanunu) u\u011frad\u0131ysa, Avustralya’da da Aborijinler benzer bir ak\u0131l taraf\u0131ndan imha edilmi\u015flerdi.
\nErmeni halk\u0131n\u0131n “levh-i mahfuzunda (kader levhas\u0131)” da ayn\u0131 ak\u0131bet vard\u0131. Bir anlamda K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya’n\u0131n yerlisi olan “Hayk’a” ya\u015fam alan\u0131 tan\u0131nmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hayk’\u0131 imha politikas\u0131n\u0131n mimarlar\u0131, m\u00fcstevli devletin taksirat\u0131n\u0131 gizlemek i\u00e7in efsunlu bir s\u00f6zc\u00fck bulmu\u015flard\u0131: tehcir. Lakin, her ge\u00e7en y\u0131l soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 iliklerine kadar ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan an\u0131lar\u0131, bu maskeyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmektedir. Bu ba\u011flamda 1915’te Bitlis vilayetine ba\u011fl\u0131 Mu\u015f sanca\u011f\u0131nda vuku bulan soyk\u0131r\u0131mdan kurtulmay\u0131 ba\u015farabilen Harutyun Naroyan’\u0131n an\u0131lar\u0131 da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Naroyan’\u0131n aile alb\u00fcm\u00fc ve an\u0131lar\u0131, Odessa’da ya\u015fayan k\u0131z\u0131 Alina sayesinde 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ayn\u0131 zamanda 18. Ermeni Patri\u011fi Mesrop Naroyan’\u0131n da ye\u011feni olan Harutyun Naroyan’\u0131n \u00e7ocuklu\u011funda maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 azap, “B\u00fcy\u00fck Felaket” g\u00fcnlerini t\u00fcm boyutlar\u0131yla yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r.
\nMu\u015f dini liderli\u011finin verilerine g\u00f6re 1915 y\u0131l\u0131 ilkbahar mevsimine gelindi\u011finde Mu\u015f sanca\u011f\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 95 bin, sanca\u011f\u0131n merkezi Mu\u015f kazas\u0131nda ise 12 bin Ermeni isk\u00e2n olunmaktayd\u0131. Mu\u015f’ta 1915 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Nisan ay\u0131nda k\u00f6ylerde ba\u015flayan soyk\u0131r\u0131m kas\u0131rgas\u0131, Haziran ve Temmuz aylar\u0131nda kitlesel bir karaktere b\u00fcr\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. 1905 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mu\u015f’un Ardert k\u00f6y\u00fcnde varl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00e7ift\u00e7i bir ailenin (babas\u0131 Hazar ve annesi Nazeli Naroyan) \u00e7ocu\u011fu olarak d\u00fcnyaya gelen Harutyun Naroyan, bu d\u00f6nemde 10 ya\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131 ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla her \u015feyi t\u00fcm \u00e7\u0131plakl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla hat\u0131rlamaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n
\nHarutyun’un anlat\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re 1915 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n nisan ay\u0131nda “hepsinin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclece\u011fine” dair s\u00f6ylentiler kulaktan kula\u011fa yay\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. \u00d6yle ki Ardert k\u00f6y\u00fcn\u00fcn ileri gelenlerinden Are Ovanes, k\u00f6yl\u00fcy\u00fc bu konuda sarahatle bilgilendirmi\u015f ve mutlaka korunacak bir yer bulmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u0131srar etmi\u015fti. Harutyun’un babas\u0131 Hazar, hazin bir k\u0131y\u0131m\u0131n kap\u0131da oldu\u011funu hissetmi\u015f ve e\u015fi Nazeli’ye \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 gizlemek i\u00e7in so\u011fukkanl\u0131 telkinlerde bulunmu\u015ftu. Bu ba\u011flamda Harutyun Naroyan \u015funlar\u0131 anlatmaktad\u0131r: “Bizi bir gece samanl\u0131kta saklad\u0131lar. Bu gece k\u00f6y\u00fcn erkekleri k\u00f6y\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc korumak i\u00e7in silahlan\u0131p da\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. Bu geceden sonra babam\u0131 bir daha g\u00f6rmedim.”
\nHer ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn k\u0131y\u0131m, daha kapsaml\u0131 bir hale gelmekteydi. Birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde Are Ovanes de \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. K\u00f6y\u00fcn sakinleri, birer birer hazan yapra\u011f\u0131 gibi d\u00fc\u015fmekteydi. Bu arada soygun ve talan da h\u00e2s\u0131l olmaktayd\u0131. Yine Harutyun’a kulak verelim: “Hemen akabinde \u00c7erkezlerin sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131. Ermenilerin kaderinin \u00e7oktan tayin edildi\u011fini biliyorlard\u0131, acele edip T\u00fcrkler gelene kadar kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131ktan faydalanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Bu \u015fekilde geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 bir karga\u015fa ve soygun ba\u015flad\u0131.”
\nAnnesi Nazeli, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir korku ve keder i\u00e7indeydi. \u00c7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 bir \u015fekilde bu buhrandan uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Nitekim Harutyun ile Ovanes’i \u015ea\u015fkan k\u00f6y\u00fcne, \u00e7ok sevdikleri bir \u00c7e\u00e7en kom\u015fular\u0131na g\u00f6ndermi\u015fti. Ancak bedbaht \u00e7ocuklar burada kalmam\u0131\u015f ve annelerini yaln\u0131z b\u0131rakmamak i\u00e7in Ardert k\u00f6y\u00fcne geri d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015flerdi. Devam\u0131nda vuku bulan ke\u015fmeke\u015fi Harutyun Naroyan \u015f\u00f6yle aktarmaktad\u0131r: “Fakat biz annemin pl\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131 bozduk. Bir zaman sonra ekmek almak bahanesiyle k\u00f6y\u00fcm\u00fcze geri d\u00f6nd\u00fck. Annem, ‘K\u00f6ye yak\u0131nda T\u00fcrkler sald\u0131racak. Buray\u0131 mutlaka terk etmelisiniz!’ diye ba\u011f\u0131r\u0131yordu ve hakl\u0131yd\u0131 da. Nitekim birka\u00e7 saat sonra k\u00f6ye ate\u015f ettiler. \u00c7ocuklar ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 K\u00fcrt Osman’\u0131n samanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sakland\u0131. Biz de onlar\u0131n aras\u0131ndayd\u0131k. Bu gece k\u00f6yde kalan b\u00fct\u00fcn Ermeni erkeklerini \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fcler.”
\nHay\u0131rhah K\u00fcrt Osman, kendi samanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Bu y\u00fczden Ermeni kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 gizlice al\u0131p k\u0131z karde\u015fi Fatma’n\u0131n olduk\u00e7a geni\u015f bir samanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Fatma, birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn cesurca ve m\u00fc\u015ffik\u00e7e bir ilgi g\u00f6stermi\u015fti. Lakin, haber gelmi\u015f; k\u00f6ylerde kalan Ermeniler ve onlar\u0131 saklayanlar derhal \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclecekti. Fatma, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131 daha fazla koruyamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n
\nBu esnada Ardert k\u00f6y\u00fc, tam bir “mah\u015fer yerine” d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bir tarafta samanl\u0131klarda diri diri yak\u0131lanlar, di\u011fer taraftan Murat Nehri’ne at\u0131lanlar. Hem kahredici bir “meraret” hem de ilkelce bir “tasallut” s\u00f6z konusuydu. Bilhassa kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n da dahil edildi\u011fi bir k\u0131y\u0131m h\u00e2s\u0131l olmaktayd\u0131. Adeta civcivi yumurtadayken itlaf etmeye niyetlenen “zavall\u0131 bir zihniyet” h\u00fckmetmekteydi. Bu g\u00fcnlerde Harutyun Naroyan, annesi ve karde\u015fleriyle birlikte bir kafile halinde Murat Nehri’ne g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmekteydi. Kafileye g\u00f6zlemcilik yapanlar aras\u0131nda Naroyan ailesinin tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 H\u0131z\u0131rbeg de vard\u0131. Anne Nazeli, heng\u00e2me i\u00e7inde H\u0131z\u0131rbeg’e birka\u00e7 alt\u0131n vermi\u015f ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 kurtarmas\u0131n\u0131 rica etmi\u015fti. Nitekim Harutyun, karde\u015fi Avedis ve kuzeni Antranik ile birlikte kafileden ka\u00e7may\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak annesi Nazeli, Murat Nehri’nin kan k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 sular\u0131na ac\u0131mas\u0131zca at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Di\u011fer karde\u015fi Ovanes ise bir ba\u015fka kafileye kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve en sonunda Halep’te ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu karga\u015fada Harutyun Naroyan’\u0131n k\u0131z karde\u015fleri al\u0131konmu\u015f ve cinsel bir obje olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.
\nHarutyun Naroyan, Avedis ve Antranik birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonra H\u0131z\u0131rbeg taraf\u0131ndan \u015eu\u015fkan k\u00f6y\u00fcn\u00fcn zenginlerine sat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. K\u00f6ydeki “efendilerin” olduk\u00e7a nobran bir tutum tak\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlatan Harutyun Naroyan, ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekilde ifade etmektedir: “Efendim, beni s\u00fcrekli d\u00f6v\u00fcyordu. Namaz k\u0131lmaya zorluyordu. Ben buna kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131mda, beni samanl\u0131\u011fa kilitliyor ve a\u00e7l\u0131\u011fa terk ediyordu. Bereket versin ki efendimin olduk\u00e7a ya\u015fl\u0131 e\u015fi, gizlice yan\u0131ma gelip bana yemek getiriyordu.”
\nYa\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 “mihnetten” dolay\u0131 uzun bir s\u00fcredir ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f pl\u00e2n\u0131 yapan Harutyun Naroyan i\u00e7in 1916 y\u0131l\u0131 k\u0131\u015f mevsimi bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olmu\u015ftu. Bu d\u00f6nem \u0130stanbul’da ba\u015fpiskopos olan amcas\u0131 Mesrop Naroyan’\u0131n g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi iki Ermeni genci, gizlice \u015eu\u015fkan k\u00f6y\u00fcne gelmi\u015f ve ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmu\u015ftu. Buz tutan Murat Nehri’nin yata\u011f\u0131 boyunca soluk solu\u011fa yol alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Kim olduklar\u0131 bilinmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in hem Rus hem de T\u00fcrk askerlerinin “serseri” \u00e7apraz ate\u015fi i\u00e7inde kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Buz \u00fczerinde ilerlerken ha\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015flar ve Ermeni olduklar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcksek sesle hayk\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Nitekim Rus ordusu i\u00e7indeki Ermeniler sayesinde kurtulabilmi\u015flerdi. Harutyun Naroyan, ilerleyen aylarda Do\u011fu Ermenistan’a ge\u00e7mi\u015f, \u00f6nce Leninakan sonra da Kirovakan’da ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. M\u00fckedder Harutyun, SSCB’nin par\u00e7aland\u0131\u011f\u0131 1991 y\u0131l\u0131nda hayata g\u00f6zlerini yummu\u015ftu.
\nEzc\u00fcmle, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en mekruh ve m\u00fcessif hadisesiydi. Lakin ink\u00e2rc\u0131 egemenler \u015funu bilmeliler ki “G\u00fcne\u015f, bal\u00e7\u0131kla s\u0131vanmaz.” Her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn berrakla\u015fan “mirat-\u0131 hakikat”, muktedirlerin korkulu r\u00fcyas\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n