{"id":54270,"date":"2019-07-31T02:15:09","date_gmt":"2019-07-31T07:15:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=54270"},"modified":"2019-07-31T02:18:05","modified_gmt":"2019-07-31T07:18:05","slug":"ermeni-kilikya-kralliginin-18-namli-kalesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=54270","title":{"rendered":"Ermeni Kilikya Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 18 naml\u0131 kalesi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Guglak kalesi<\/strong> \u2013 Kidnos Nehri\u2019nin sa\u011f k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda, Tarson (Tarsus-\u00e7ev. notu) \u015fehrinin kuzeyinde, Guglaik da\u011f ge\u00e7idi yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda, al\u00e7ak bir da\u011f\u0131n \u00fczerinde bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 konumundan dolay\u0131 Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019da ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131n tarihiyle ilgili kaynaklarda \u201cYehuda kap\u0131s\u0131\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1198-1375 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Kilikya Ermeni Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n d\u00f6rt b\u00fcy\u00fck beyliklerinden biri ve Guglak beyli\u011finin merkezi olmu\u015ftur. Kale do\u011fuda 300 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011fe eri\u015fmekte, di\u011fer yanlarda ise dipsiz ve a\u015f\u0131lmaz u\u00e7urumlarla korunmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

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Til Hamdun kalesi<\/strong> \u2013 Amanos s\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n eteklerinde, Sis (Kozan-\u00e7ev. notu) \u015fehri ile Sarvandikar kalesi yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda, Cahan (Ceyhan-\u00e7ev. notu) Nehri\u2019nin sol yan\u0131nda, Karasu Nehri k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda bulunmaktad\u0131r. X. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, 60-80 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011finde tepelerin \u00fczerinde, bazalt ta\u015ftan kurulmu\u015ftur. Piramitliiki s\u0131ral\u0131 surlara sahip olmu\u015ftur. XII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kilikya Ermeni Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na ba\u011flan\u0131r. II. Levon\u2019un y\u00f6netimi d\u00f6neminde (1198-1219) ha\u00e7l\u0131 \u015f\u00f6valyelere teslim edilir. Kilikya Ermeni Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 1375 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda kale M\u0131s\u0131r Memluklar\u0131, XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ise Osmanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilir. Kale yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda bulunan Ermeni yerle\u015fimi, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 neticesinde Kilikya\u2019n\u0131n nihai olarak Ermenilerden bo\u015falt\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 1921 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

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Ba\u011fras kalesi<\/strong> \u2013 Kilikya\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneydo\u011fu k\u0131sm\u0131nda, Orontes Nehri\u2019nin Suediya kolunun k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda, Trapez da\u011f\u0131 yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u0130smi Arap\u00e7adan gelmektedir. Ermeni tarih\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan Pa\u011fras olarak an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Antik d\u00f6nemde kurulmu\u015ftur. Emev\u00ee halifeli\u011fi d\u00f6neminde (661-750) en geli\u015fmi\u015f d\u00f6nemini ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. XI. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonras\u0131nda kale ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7er. Kilikya Ermeni kral\u0131 II. Toros (1145-1169) XI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda kaleyi Antakya ha\u00e7l\u0131 \u015f\u00f6valyelerinden kurtar\u0131r ve s\u0131n\u0131r kalesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr. 1189 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda Ba\u011fras kalesi M\u0131s\u0131r sultan\u0131 Selahaddin (1174-1193) taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilir ve kalenin surlar\u0131 tahrip edilir. Selahaddin\u2019in geri \u00e7ekilmesinden sonra Kilikya Ermeni kral\u0131 II. Levon (1187-1219) 1191 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ba\u011fras ve Darpsak kalelerini ele ge\u00e7irir ve 1193 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Ba\u011fras\u2019\u0131n surlar\u0131n\u0131 restore eder.<\/p>\n

27 May\u0131s 1268 tarihinde M\u0131s\u0131r sultan\u0131 I. Beybars (1266-1277) taraf\u0131ndan Antakya kontlu\u011fu y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r ve Ba\u011fras kalesi i\u015fgal edilir. Kale, 1280 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mo\u011follar taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilir, fakat k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra terk edilir. Bu d\u00f6nemden sonra, Z\u00fclkadir a\u015firetinin \u00f6nderi \u015eahsuvar\u2019\u0131n 1407 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki ak\u0131nlar\u0131na kadar Ba\u011fras kalesi an\u0131lmaz. XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonu ve XV. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda Ba\u011fras halen ayaktad\u0131r. XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilir. Osmanl\u0131 egemenli\u011fi d\u00f6neminde y\u0131k\u0131k Ba\u011fras kalesi yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda bulunan ve ayn\u0131 isimle an\u0131lan yerle\u015fim yeri, Beylan sanca\u011f\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Hromkla kalesi<\/strong> \u2013 Yukar\u0131 Mezopotamya\u2019da, Yedesia (Urfa-\u00e7ev. notu) vilayetinin Birecik sanca\u011f\u0131ndaki Hromkla kazas\u0131nda, Yeprat\u2019\u0131n (F\u0131rat-\u00e7ev. notu) sa\u011f k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda, bir kaya k\u00fctlesinin tepesinde bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 zor kayalarla \u00e7evrili, \u00fc\u00e7 taraftan Yeprat ve Parzman\u2019\u0131n sular\u0131yla sulanan, ta\u015f \u00f6rg\u00fcs\u00fc surlar\u0131 ve iki katl\u0131 kuleli 7 kap\u0131ya sahip olmu\u015ftur. Hromkla\u2019n\u0131n kurulu\u015fuyla ilgili veriler bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Bizans egemenli\u011fi d\u00f6neminde \u00f6nemli bir nehir ge\u00e7i\u015fi ve s\u0131n\u0131r kalesi olmu\u015ftur. 1071-1086 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Pilartos Varajnuni\u2019nin egemenli\u011fi b\u00fcnyesinde bulunmu\u015f, daha sonra Go\u011f Vasil\u2019in Ermeni beyli\u011fine ait olmu\u015f, onun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra 1112 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yedesia d\u00fck\u00fc Bolduin taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilip, akrabas\u0131 Yedesia kontu II. Joselin Kurne\u2019ye hediye edilir. Joselin\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra 1151 y\u0131l\u0131nda dul e\u015fi d\u00fc\u015fes Beatrice, Hromkla kalesini Ermeni katolikosu (Ermeni Kilisesi \u00f6nderi-\u00e7ev. notu) III. Grigor Pahlavuni\u2019ye (1113-1166) satar. Pahlavuni, Hromkla\u2019n\u0131n savunma surlar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131r ve Ermeni katolikosluk taht\u0131n\u0131 Dsovk \u015fatosundan buraya nakleder. 1178 ve 1179 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Hromkla\u2019da episkoposluk kurultaylar\u0131 toplanarak, Ermeni Kilisesi\u2019nin Bizans Kilisesi ile birle\u015fmesi konusundaki Papa\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nerisi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcr ve orada bulunan y\u00fcksek r\u00fctbeli din adamlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan reddedilir. Aksine, konsey Hromkla katolikoslu\u011funun, t\u00fcm Ermeniler aras\u0131ndaki genel hakk\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hromkla, XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Ermeni katolikoslar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fclk\u00fcd\u00fcr. Ard\u0131ndan Kilikya Ermeni kral\u0131 II. Muhte\u015fem Levon taraf\u0131ndan kendi topraklar\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte, Ermeni katolikosluk taht\u0131, 1292 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Hromkla\u2019da kal\u0131r. T\u00fcm Ermenileri katolikosu IV. Nerses Klayetsi (\u015enorhali) zaman\u0131nda (1166-1173) Hromkla t\u00fcm Ermenilerin k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. \u00c7ok say\u0131da eski elyazmas\u0131 burada derlenir, \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131l\u0131r, resimlendirilir ve yenileri yarat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

26 May\u0131s 1292 tarihinde M\u0131s\u0131r sultan\u0131 Melik E\u015fref b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00fc\u00e7le Hromkla\u2019y\u0131 ku\u015fat\u0131r, fakat halk ve kale muhaf\u0131zlar\u0131 33 g\u00fcn d\u00fc\u015fmana kahramanca direnir. D\u0131\u015f yard\u0131mdan mahrum kalan savunmac\u0131lar 28 Haziran 1292 tarihinde \u015fehri d\u00fc\u015fmana teslim eder ve d\u00fc\u015fman kuvvetleri Hromkla\u2019ya girip, kale muhaf\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irir, \u015fehri ya\u011fmalar, aralar\u0131nda katolikos IV. Stepannos Hromklayetsi (1290-1293)\u00a0 da olmak \u00fczere, halk\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 esir g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr. Hromkla\u2019n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, d\u00f6nemin tarih\u00e7ileri taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir felaket olarak nitelendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bunun \u00fczerine, katolikosluk kurumu ba\u015fkent Sis\u2019te tesis edilir. XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Hromkla\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgal eden Osmanl\u0131lar, Surb (Aziz-\u00e7ev. notu) Astvadsadsin kilisesini camiye \u00e7evirir ve di\u011fer kiliseleri tahrip eder. Hromkla, 1839 y\u0131l\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n bombard\u0131man\u0131 sonucunda nihai olarak tahrip edilir. T\u00fcm Ermenileri katolikosu III. Grigor Pahlavuni ve IV. Nerses Klayetsi\u2019nin mezarlar\u0131 Hromkla\u2019daki Surb Grigor Lusavori\u00e7 kilisesinde bulunmaktad\u0131r. XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131na kadar yar\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131k bir vaziyette bulunan bu kilise, Ermeniler ve Yezidiler i\u00e7in bir ziyaret yeri olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

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Paperon kalesi<\/strong> \u2013 Da\u011fl\u0131k Kilikya\u2019n\u0131n Lambron b\u00f6lgesinde, Tarson \u015fehrinin 35 km. kuzeydo\u011fusunda, Kilikya Toroslar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcney yama\u00e7lar\u0131nda y\u00fckselen bir da\u011f\u0131n \u00fczerinde bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ele ge\u00e7irilmez bir mevkie sahip olmu\u015ftur. XI. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren Ab\u0131l\u011farib Ardsruni\u2019nin topraklar\u0131na d\u00e2hil olmu\u015f, XI. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n 70\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131nda Hetumyanlara (Ermeni beyli\u011fi-\u00e7ev. notu), ayn\u0131 asr\u0131n 90\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ise O\u015finyanlara (Ermeni beyli\u011fi-\u00e7ev. notu) ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Paperon kalesi, XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal ve tahrip edilir. Kalenin yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki M\u0131li\u00e7 manast\u0131r\u0131, kale beylerinin t\u00fcrbesi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

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Kharn kalesi<\/strong> \u2013 Adana vilayetindeki Cebel Bereket sanca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Bah\u00e7e kazas\u0131nda, Cahan Nehri\u2019nin sol k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda bulunmaktad\u0131r. Tahminen 786 y\u0131l\u0131nda Arap halifesi Harun Re\u015fit (786-809) taraf\u0131ndan, Mara\u015f\u2019a giden ticaret yolunu korumak amac\u0131yla kurulmu\u015ftur. Y\u00f6redeki Ermeniler, 1909 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Nisan ay\u0131ndaki Kilikya katliamlar\u0131 esnas\u0131nda katliamc\u0131 T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan tamamen katledilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

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Sis kale-\u015fehri<\/strong> \u2013 Oval\u0131k Kilikya\u2019da, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Adana vilayetindeki Kozan sanca\u011f\u0131nda, Sis Nehri ve Antsm\u0131ntsuk Deresi\u2019nin k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda bulunmaktad\u0131r. Antik d\u00f6nemden itibaren an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u0130smi Semitik olup, rahiplerin yerle\u015fim yeri anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r. Antik d\u00f6nemden itibaren Romal\u0131lara ait olmu\u015f, daha sonra Bizans\u2019a ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. B\u00fcy\u00fck oranda Ermenilerle mesk\u00fbn olan Sis \u015fehri 703 y\u0131l\u0131nda Araplar taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilmi\u015ftir. XII. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda Kilikya Ermeni beyli\u011fi b\u00fcnyesinde bulunmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Tarih\u00e7i Mateos Urhayetsi\u2019ye g\u00f6re, 13 Kas\u0131m 1114 tarihindeki depremden Sis de b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda zarar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da insan hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir.\u00a0 Prens M\u0131leh Rubinyan (1169-1175) Sis\u2019i 1173 tarihinde onararak, Kilikya Ermeni Beyli\u011fi\u2019nin merkezine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Sis \u015fehri, 1198 y\u0131l\u0131nda II. Levon (1187-1219) taraf\u0131ndan Kilikya Ermeni Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ilan\u0131ndan sonra \u00fclkenin ba\u015fkentine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr ve sa\u011flam surlarla \u00e7evrelenir, kraliyet saray\u0131, dini ve kamusal binalar in\u015fa edilir. Sis \u015fehri, kral I. Hetum (1226-1270) ve ard\u0131llar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan daha da g\u00fczelle\u015ftirilir ve yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

M\u0131s\u0131r sultan\u0131 I. Beybars (1266-1277) 1266 A\u011fustosunda b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7lerle Kilikya\u2019ya sald\u0131r\u0131r, Sis\u2019i ku\u015fat\u0131r, fakat kaleyi alamaz ve \u015fehri y\u0131kar, yakar, Sis\u2019in zenginliklerini ya\u011fmalar. Sis \u015fehri, 1268 depreminde de \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde zarar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 1270\u2019li y\u0131llarda \u015fehir yeniden in\u015fa edilir ve surlar tahkim edilir. M\u0131s\u0131r sultan\u0131n\u0131n ordular\u0131 1275 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sis\u2019i yeniden i\u015fgal etmeyi dener, fakat \u015fehir surlar\u0131n\u0131n dibinde, ordu komutan\u0131 S\u0131mbat komutas\u0131ndaki Ermeni ordular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan hezimete u\u011frat\u0131l\u0131p, \u00fclkeden at\u0131l\u0131r. Bunun \u00fczerine Sis, yakla\u015f\u0131k bir as\u0131r huzur i\u00e7inde kal\u0131r. Ermeni katolikosluk taht\u0131 1292 y\u0131l\u0131nda buraya nakledilir. M\u0131s\u0131r sultan\u0131n\u0131n 60 bin ki\u015filik ordusu 1369 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sis\u2019i yeniden ku\u015fat\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u015eehrin savunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda ordu komutan\u0131 Liparit, Hetum, Zarmandukht ve daha ba\u015fkalar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck kahramanl\u0131klar g\u00f6sterir. D\u00fc\u015fman, kale-\u015fehri ate\u015fe verip, ya\u011fmalamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, kaleyi i\u015fgal edemez ve ricat eder. Kilikya Ermeni devletinin zay\u0131flamas\u0131 ve i\u00e7 \u00e7eki\u015fmelerinden faydalanan M\u0131s\u0131r sultan\u0131 Melik al-A\u015fraf, 1375 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u015fehri ku\u015fat\u0131r ve ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n Nisan ay\u0131n\u0131n 2\u2019sinde kaleyi ele ge\u00e7irir, tahrip eder ve ya\u011fmalar. Ayn\u0131 zamanda Ermenistan kral\u0131 VI.\u00a0 Levon (1374-1375) ile baz\u0131 prensleri esir al\u0131p, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr. Sis \u015fehrinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, Ermeni tarih\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan Kilikya Ermeni devletinin kayb\u0131 olarak nitelendirilmi\u015ftir. Bask\u0131 rejiminin tesisi nedeniyle bir\u00e7ok Sisli, yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkelere g\u00f6\u00e7 eder.<\/p>\n

Sis, XV. as\u0131rda s\u00fcrekli olarak T\u00fcrkmen a\u015firetlerinin sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na ve y\u0131k\u0131mlar\u0131na maruz kal\u0131r. 1487 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilir. Osmanl\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczensiz egemenli\u011fi d\u00f6neminde Sis \u015fehri farkl\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman a\u015firetlerin sald\u0131r\u0131 ve y\u0131k\u0131mlar\u0131na maruz kal\u0131r. T\u00fcm bunlara ra\u011fmen Ermeniler Sis\u2019te ya\u015famaya devam eder. Sis Ermeni n\u00fcfusu, 1909 Kilikya katliamlar\u0131nda da b\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131p verir, lakin Ermeniler 1915-1918 tarihlerinde katliamc\u0131 T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan nihai olarak imha edilir.<\/p>\n

1918-1919 y\u0131llar\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 500 Sisli evlerine d\u00f6ner ve y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan \u015fehrin yeniden imar\u0131na yeltenir, lakin 30 May\u0131s 1920 tarihinde imzalanan ve Sis\u2019in Kemalist T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye teslim edildi\u011fi T\u00fcrk-Frans\u0131z ate\u015fkes antla\u015fmas\u0131ndan sonra, yeni katliamlardan \u00e7ekinen Ermeniler, geri \u00e7ekilen Frans\u0131z birlikleri ile birlikte \u015fehirlerini terk edip, farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelere g\u00f6\u00e7 eder.<\/p>\n

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Ayntap<\/strong> (Antep-\u00e7ev. notu) kale-\u015fehri<\/strong> \u2013 Mara\u015f-Halep yolunda, Yeprat\u2019\u0131n bir kolu olan Sacur Nehri k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda, oval\u0131k, y\u00fcksek\u00e7e bir vadide bulunmaktad\u0131r. Eski bir yerle\u015fim yeri olan Ayntap, tarihi kaynaklarda ilk olarak XII. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ayntap,\u00a0 XII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ha\u00e7l\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilir. Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar, Ayntap kalesini in\u015fa eder ve askeri karakola d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr. Ayntap, daha sonra Yedesia kontlu\u011fu b\u00fcnyesine kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kilikya Ermeni kral\u0131 I. Hetum (1226-1270) 1266 y\u0131l\u0131nda iki kez Ayntap\u2019a ak\u0131n eder, fakat ele ge\u00e7irmeye muvaffak olmaz. Ayntap, XIV.-XV. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda M\u0131s\u0131r sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n egemenli\u011finde kal\u0131r, 1404 y\u0131l\u0131nda Timurlenk\u2019in ordular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan tahrip edilir, 1516 tarihinde Osmanl\u0131 ordular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilir. Ayntap \u00e7evresindeki y\u00fcz\u00fcn \u00fczerindeki k\u00f6y XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda tamamen Ermenilerle mesk\u00fbn olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Daha sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu taraf\u0131ndan b\u00f6lgeye K\u00fcrtler yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f, yerli Ermeni n\u00fcfusun ise Ermenice konu\u015fmas\u0131 tehdit ve bask\u0131yla yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcm bunlara ra\u011fmen XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Ayntap\u2019\u0131n 50 bin n\u00fcfusunun 20 bini Ermenilerden olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ayntap\u2019\u0131n on binlerce Ermeni\u2019si 1915 tarihinde katliamc\u0131 T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan tehcir edilip, Der el-Zor \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fcne s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndaki (1914-1918) yenilgisinden sonra, tehcir edilmi\u015f Ermenilerin kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 \u015fehirlerine geri d\u00f6ner. Lakin 1 Nisan 1920 tarihinde T\u00fcrkler yeniden Ayntap\u2019a sald\u0131r\u0131r. 1 Nisan 1920 tarihinden 8 \u015eubat 1921 tarihine kadar Ermeniler 314 g\u00fcn s\u00fcreyle katliamc\u0131 T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 kahramanca bir \u00f6z savunma sergiler. Lakin g\u00f6revleri dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Ermenileri korumakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc yerel Frans\u0131z y\u00f6neticiler, onlar\u0131 terk edip, Kilikya\u2019dan uzakla\u015f\u0131r. T\u00fcrklerin intikam\u0131ndan \u00e7ekinen Ayntap Ermenileri, \u015fehri terk eder ve Suriye, L\u00fcbnan ile ABD\u2019ye yerle\u015fir.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6\u00e7men Ayntapl\u0131lar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 daha sonra Sovyet Ermenistan\u2019a yerle\u015fir. Ermenistan Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti Y\u00fcksek Sovyet\u2019i ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 10 Eyl\u00fcl 1970 tarihli emriyle Ermenistan Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin Masis b\u00f6lgesinde bulunan Tazag\u00fc\u011f k\u00f6y\u00fc Ayntap olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Tumlu kalesi<\/strong> \u2013 Adana vilayetinde, Anarzaba \u015fehri yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda, Cahan Nehri\u2019nin sa\u011f k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda bulunmaktad\u0131r. Dik yama\u00e7l\u0131 y\u00fcksek\u00e7e bir kayan\u0131n \u00fczerinde kurulmu\u015ftur. Hayli geni\u015f bir alan \u00fczerinde kurulmu\u015f, ta\u015f yap\u0131 surlara, kuleler ve kaleyi d\u00f6rt yandan a\u015f\u0131lmaz yapan piramitlere sahip olmu\u015ftur. \u0130lk olarak XII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ad\u0131 ge\u00e7mektedir.<\/p>\n

1. Toros (1145-1169) d\u00f6neminde Kilikya Ermeni beyli\u011fine ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tahminen 1375 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Kilikya Ermeni Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131 sonras\u0131nda bo\u015falt\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Sarvandikar kale-\u015fehri<\/strong> \u2013 Mara\u015f \u015fehrinin 30 km. g\u00fcneyinde, Amanos da\u011f silsilesinin kuzey eteklerinde, Kilikya\u2019y\u0131 Asorik (antik Suriye-\u00e7ev. notu) ile ba\u011flayan yol \u00fczerinde bulunmaktayd\u0131. Kale, 500 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011finde bir kayan\u0131n \u00fczerinde kurulmu\u015f olup, ele ge\u00e7irilemez ve ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 zor bir konumdayd\u0131. Tarihi kay\u0131tlarda ilk defa olarak 1069 y\u0131l\u0131nda, bir Bizans kalesi olarak an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. 1097-1098 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ha\u00e7l\u0131 \u015f\u00f6valyeleri kaleye sahip olur. 1135 y\u0131l\u0131nda kale Kilikya Ermeni beyli\u011fi y\u00f6neticisi I. Levon (1129-1137) taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilir ve \u00f6nemli bir s\u0131n\u0131r kontrol noktas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. 1185 y\u0131l\u0131nda Antakya d\u00fck\u00fc, sahtek\u00e2rl\u0131kla kaleye sahip olur. 1187 y\u0131l\u0131nda II. Levon (1187-1219) kaleyi geri al\u0131r ve day\u0131s\u0131 Vasak Hetumyan\u2019\u0131n o\u011flu S\u0131mbat\u2019a hediye eder. 1266 tarihindeki depremde kale b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde zarar g\u00f6r\u00fcr, fakat yeniden in\u015fa edilir. 1276 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sarvandikar kale-\u015fehrinin yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen meydan muharebesinde ordu komutan\u0131 S\u0131mbat, M\u0131s\u0131r sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Meml\u00fbk ordular\u0131n\u0131 bozguna u\u011frat\u0131r, lakin kendisi de bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmada a\u011f\u0131r yaralanarak, k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybeder. XII. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131 ve XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda Kostantin\u2019in karde\u015fleri O\u015fin ve S\u0131mbat kalenin sahibi olur. 1337 y\u0131l\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131r Meml\u00fbklar\u0131, XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ise Osmanl\u0131lar kaleyi i\u015fgal eder.<\/p>\n

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Vahak kalesi<\/strong> \u2013 Da\u011fl\u0131k Kilikya\u2019da, Saros Nehri\u2019nin yukar\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn sa\u011f yakas\u0131nda, y\u00fcksek bir da\u011f\u0131n tepesinde bulunmaktad\u0131r. VII.-VIII. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda, Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Arap halifeli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesinde \u00f6nemli stratejik merkezlerden biri olmu\u015ftur. 1097 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kilikya Ermeni prensi I. Kostantin (1095-1100) kaleyi Bizans\u2019tan al\u0131p, beyli\u011finin merkezine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr. Kostantin\u2019in o\u011flu I. Toros (1100-1129) kalenin surlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir, bir \u015fato, saraylar ve daha ba\u015fka yap\u0131lar in\u015fa eder. 1137 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bizans imparatoru Hovhannes Komnenos (1118-1143) b\u00fcy\u00fck bir orduyla Vahak kalesini ku\u015fat\u0131r. Kaledeki birlik ile halk, general Kostantin komutas\u0131nda kahramanca m\u00fccadele eder. Nihayetinde, d\u00fc\u015fman Vahak kalesini i\u015fgal eder ve kalenin savunmac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 esir al\u0131r. Esirlerin Aras\u0131nda Kilikya Ermeni prensi I. Levon (1129-1137) ve iki o\u011flu Ruben ve Toros da vard\u0131r. Prens Levon ve Ruben Konstantinopolis hapsinde \u00f6l\u00fcr, Toros ise, 1145 y\u0131l\u0131nda esaretten ka\u00e7may\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131r ve Vahak kalesini kurtar\u0131r. Toros\u2019un karde\u015fi ve halefi M\u0131leh (1169-1175), ba\u015fkenti Vahak kalesinden Sis\u2019e nakleder. Bundan sonra Vahak kalesi isyank\u00e2r prensler ve saray e\u015fraf\u0131n\u0131n tutukluluk yerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Kilikya Ermeni Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 1375 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan sonra Vahak kalesi XV. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar Acabahyanlar\u0131n (Ermeni beyli\u011fi-\u00e7ev. notu) elinde kal\u0131r. 1467 y\u0131l\u0131nda Zulkadir a\u015firetinin reisi \u015eahsuvar taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilir.<\/p>\n

Daha sonralar\u0131 kaleye Osmanl\u0131lar sahip olur. XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonunda Vahak kalesi bir kasaba ve ayn\u0131 isimle an\u0131lan kazan\u0131n merkezi olmu\u015ftur. Vahak kalesi Ermenileri, 1915 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 esnas\u0131nda tehcir edilmi\u015f, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 tehcir yolunda hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015f, az say\u0131da kurtulanlar farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelere s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Vahak kalesi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Adana vilayetinin Kozan kazas\u0131nda bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Lambron kalesi<\/strong> \u2013 Kilikya\u2019n\u0131n merkezi k\u0131sm\u0131nda, Tarson \u015fehrinin 38 km. kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131nda bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ormanlarla kapl\u0131 d\u00f6rt da\u011f\u0131n ortas\u0131nda bulunan kaya k\u00fctlesinin tepesinde b\u00fcy\u00fck ve geni\u015f bir d\u00fczl\u00fckte, d\u00fczg\u00fcn kesilmi\u015f ta\u015flarla in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. Kurulu\u015f tarihi bilinmemektedir. XI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00fcnlenmi\u015f bir kaleydi. Abl\u011farib Ardsruni (Kilikya Ermeni beyi-\u00e7ev. notu) 1073 y\u0131l\u0131nda Gandzak\u2019tan (Oval\u0131k Karaba\u011f\u2019da bir Ermeni \u015fehri, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Gence-\u00e7ev. notu) gelen damad\u0131 prens O\u015fin\u2019e \u00e7eyiz olarak verir, o ise, kaleyi yeni yap\u0131larla bezeyerek, Lambron b\u00f6lgesinin merkezi ve kendi m\u00fclk\u00fcne \u00e7evirir. XII. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonunda Kilikya Ermeni kral\u0131 II. Levon (1187-1219), Lambron beylik ailesinin \u00fcyelerini tutuklayarak, sava\u015fmadan Lambron\u2019u ele ge\u00e7irir ve kraliyet m\u00fclk\u00fcne \u00e7evirir. XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Lambron \u00e7evresinde yo\u011fun n\u00fcfusa sahip bir \u015fehir olu\u015fur. 1375 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kilikya Ermeni Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra, Lambron kalesi M\u0131s\u0131r sultanlar\u0131na ge\u00e7er ve yava\u015f-yava\u015f stratejik \u00f6nemini kaybeder. Lambron kalesi, XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilir ve bundan sonra art\u0131k bir kale olmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmez, \u015fehir ise basit ve g\u00f6steri\u015fsiz bir kasabaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

1918-1920 y\u0131llar\u0131nda yerel Ermeni n\u00fcfus da katliamc\u0131 T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan Soyk\u0131r\u0131ma u\u011frar ve bu d\u00f6nemden sonra Lambron da Ermenilerden bo\u015falt\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Anarzaba kale-\u015fehri<\/strong> \u2013 Sauran ve Sis nehirleri aras\u0131nda bulunan ovada, Sis \u015fehrinin 25 km. g\u00fcneydo\u011fusunda bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u0130smi tahminen Semitik olup, Arap\u00e7ada \u201csar\u0131 p\u0131nar\u201d anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Roma imparatoru Augustus Octavianus d\u00f6neminde (M.\u00d6. 27-M.S. 14) Kesaria, Dionkesaria, Anarzaba Kesarias\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eehir d\u00f6rt kez depremden ciddi \u015fekilde tahrip olmu\u015f, 525 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki depremden sonra Bizans imparatoru I. J\u00fcstinyen (527-565) taraf\u0131ndan Justinianopolis olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 444 y\u0131l\u0131nda imparator Teodosios d\u00f6neminde (408-450) Anarzaba, \u0130kinci Kilikya\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti olur. VIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Bizans imparatoru I. Barse\u011f (Basileios-\u00e7ev. notu) (867-886) taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilir. Anarzaba, 1104 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kilikya Ermeni prensi I. Toros (1100-1129) taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilir. I. Toros\u2019un karde\u015f \u00e7ocu\u011fu II. Toros (1145-1169) taraf\u0131ndan \u015fehirde yeni surlar in\u015fa edilir ve 1149 y\u0131l\u0131nda beyli\u011fin merkezine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. II. Levon (1187-1219) d\u00f6neminde \u015fehir temelden restore edilir.<\/p>\n

Bu kral, Anarzaba\u2019ya son derece \u00f6nem verdi\u011finden dolay\u0131, \u00fczerinde Anarzaba \u015fehrinin resmedilmi\u015f oldu\u011fu armas\u0131n\u0131 \u201cAnavarza\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131r. Ba\u015fkentin, M\u0131leh Rubinyan (1169-1175) taraf\u0131ndan Vahak kalesinden Sis\u2019e nakledildi\u011fi 1173 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Anarzaba da Sis\u2019i koruyan, ele ge\u00e7irilmesi imk\u00e2ns\u0131z ve ula\u015f\u0131lmaz bir karakola d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Kale, b\u00fcy\u00fck ve d\u00fczg\u00fcn kesilmi\u015f ta\u015flardan \u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc \u00e7ifte surlara sahip olmu\u015ftur. 1375 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kilikya Ermeni Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan sonra di\u011fer Kilikya \u015fehirleri gibi Anarzaba da tahrip edilir ve de\u011ferini yitirir. Anarzaba, 1437 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkmen Zulkadir a\u015firetinin sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na maruz kal\u0131r. \u015eehir, XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131nda T\u00fcrkmenler taraf\u0131ndan Kilikya\u2019n\u0131n i\u015fgal edilmesinin sonucunda nihai olarak y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r. Anarzaba\u2019n\u0131n yerinde daha sonra k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck T\u00fcrk k\u00f6y\u00fc Anavarza olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n

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Levonkla veya Levon kalesi<\/strong> \u2013 Vahak kalesinin 12 km. g\u00fcneybat\u0131s\u0131nda, Cahan Nehri\u2019nin sa\u011f k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda, Kilikya Toroslar\u0131n\u0131n eteklerinde, Kulelida\u011f olarak an\u0131lan da\u011f\u0131n \u00fczerinde bulunmaktad\u0131r. S\u0131mbat Gundstabl\u2019a g\u00f6re kale, 1272 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kilikya Ermeni kral\u0131 III. Levon (1270-1289) taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur. Kale, XVI, y\u00fczy\u0131lda Maysents prenslerine ait olmu\u015ftur. Sis katolikoslar\u0131n\u0131n yazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, ceviz a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 ve \u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu Levon kalesinde bulunmaktayd\u0131. XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren mesk\u00fbn olmaktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Selevkia<\/strong> (Seleucia\/Silifke-\u00e7ev. notu) kale-\u015fehri<\/strong> \u2013 Akdeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda, Kalykadnos (G\u00f6ksu-\u00e7ev. notu) Nehri\u2019nin denize d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yerin yak\u0131n\u0131nda bulunmaktad\u0131r. M.\u00d6. III. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Selefk\u00fcs \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun kurucusu I. Selevkos Nikator (M.\u00d6. 305-280) taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015f ve kendi ad\u0131yla Selevkia olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. IV. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda \u0130sauria\u2019n\u0131n episkoposluk merkezi olmu\u015ftur. Selevkia\u2019n\u0131n rol\u00fc, XII.-XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda daha da b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. XII. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131nda Selevkia, Kilikya Ermeni prensi II. Toros (1145-1169) taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilir. II. Toros taraf\u0131ndan yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lan Selevkia, beyli\u011fin g\u00fcneybat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndaki \u00f6nemli bir karakol noktas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Kilikya Ermeni kral\u0131 II. Levon (1187-1219) Selevkia\u2019n\u0131n korumas\u0131n\u0131 \u00c7ortvanel Sasnetsu\u2019nun o\u011flu \u015eahin\u015fah\u2019a, ard\u0131ndan da prens Kostants\u2019a, 1210 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren ise, Ermeni ordusunda sava\u015flara kat\u0131lan Kud\u00fcs Hospitalier ha\u00e7l\u0131 \u015f\u00f6valyelerine teslim eder. Selevkia, Kilikya Ermeni Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ikinci b\u00fcy\u00fck liman\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131r karakolu olmu\u015ftur. Selevkia, XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131nda Karamanl\u0131 olarak an\u0131lan g\u00f6\u00e7ebe T\u00fcrkmen a\u015firetleri taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilir. XV. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131nda kale tamamen ayakta olup, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir kale olma \u00f6nemini korumaktayd\u0131. Selevkia kale-\u015fehrinin y\u0131k\u0131m tarihi ve sebepleri bilinmemektedir. Selevkia Ermenileri 1915 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 esnas\u0131nda tehcir edilmi\u015f, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 yollarda hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015f, az say\u0131da kurtulanlar farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelere s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Korikos deniz kalesi<\/strong> \u2013 Akdeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda, Selevkia\u2019n\u0131n 45 km. kuzeydo\u011fusunda, da\u011flarla \u00e7evrili bir vadide bulunmaktad\u0131r. Yak\u0131nlarda bulunan bir da\u011f\u0131n ismine g\u00f6re, Yunancada safran anlam\u0131na gelen, Korikos olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kale M.\u00d6. III.-II. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Selevkiler taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015f ve \u00f6nemli bir ticaret merkezine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bizans egemenli\u011fi d\u00f6neminde Tarson eyaletine ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f ve episkoposluk merkezi olmu\u015ftur. Arap-Bizans \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 esnas\u0131nda tarihi kaynaklarda bu kale an\u0131lmamaktad\u0131r. VII.-VIII. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda kale y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve fakirle\u015fmi\u015f durumda olmu\u015ftur. XI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Korikos kalesi, ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferlerinin ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 yeniden \u00f6nem kazanmaya ba\u015flar. Kilikya Ermeni prensi II. Toros (1145-1169) Korikos\u2019u Kilikya Ermeni beyli\u011fine ba\u011flar. Kilikya Ermeni Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde, kral\u0131n vasal\u0131 durumunda olan beylere ait olur.<\/p>\n

Korikos\u2019un kale beylerinden O\u015fin Payl, kral IV. Levon\u2019un d\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fc olmu\u015f, fakat kral, O\u015fin Payl\u2019\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrt\u00fcp, Korikos kalesini kraliyet m\u00fclk\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Kale, XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131lda K\u0131br\u0131s veliahd\u0131 Bohemund Lusinyan\u2019a verilmi\u015ftir. Kale, 1448 y\u0131l\u0131nda Karamanl\u0131 olarak an\u0131lan g\u00f6\u00e7ebe T\u00fcrkmen a\u015firetleri taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilmi\u015f, daha sonra M\u0131s\u0131r Meml\u00fbklar\u0131n\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mi\u015f, XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ise, Osmanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan istil\u00e2 edilmi\u015ftir. Korikos, XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar Ermenilerin episkoposluk merkezi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Kilikya Ermeni devletinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck liman\u0131 olan Korikos, Ayas liman\u0131yla birlikte \u00fclkenin ekonomik hayat\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6neme haiz olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

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Mara\u015f kale-\u015fehri<\/strong> \u2013 Adana vilayetindeki Mara\u015f sanca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n idari merkezi olmu\u015ftur. Cahan Nehri\u2019nin yukar\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131nda, sol k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 10 km. do\u011fusundaki bir tepenin \u00fczerinde bulunmakta olup, antik d\u00f6nemden beri bilinmektedir. Kale Bizans d\u00f6neminde in\u015fa edilmi\u015f olup, Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019da Marvani olarak an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ermeniler X. y\u00fczy\u0131lda burada b\u00fcy\u00fck bir say\u0131 olu\u015fturmakta olup, kale-\u015fehir Ermeni beylerin y\u00f6netimine teslim edilmi\u015ftir. Ermeni egemenli\u011fi d\u00f6neminde Mara\u015f, bir episkoposluk merkezi, 1065 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli\u011fine katolikosluk merkezi olmu\u015ftur. 1071 Malazgirt sava\u015f\u0131nda, Bizans ordular\u0131n\u0131n Sel\u00e7uklu ordular\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 elde ettikleri ma\u011flubiyet sonras\u0131nda, Bizans Ermeni generali Pilartos Varajnuni Bizans\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklan\u0131r ve merkezi Mara\u015f olan geni\u015f bir Ermeni beyli\u011fi kurar. 1097 y\u0131l\u0131nda ha\u00e7l\u0131lar Mara\u015f\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irir. XII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Ermeni prens Tatul, Mara\u015f\u2019\u0131n y\u00f6neticisi tayin edilir, ard\u0131ndan Mara\u015f Yetesia prensli\u011fine ge\u00e7er ve bu prensli\u011fin \u015fehirlerinden biri olur.<\/p>\n

1114 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki deprem Mara\u015f\u2019ta \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde y\u0131k\u0131ma sebebiyet verir. Sel\u00e7uklu egemenli\u011finin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra Mara\u015f 1189 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kilikya Ermeni kral\u0131 II. Levon (1187-1219) taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilir.<\/p>\n

Kilikya Ermeni kral\u0131 I. Hetum (1226-1270), Ermenilerin belli bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine kaybettikleri Mara\u015f\u2019taki egemenliklerini 1266 y\u0131l\u0131nda yeniden tesis eder. XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131nda Zulkadir a\u015fireti reisi Al\u00e2uddevle bey \u015fehri bug\u00fcnk\u00fc yerine ta\u015f\u0131r. Mara\u015f, XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131 egemenli\u011fine ge\u00e7er. 1880\u2019li y\u0131llardaki iki b\u00fcy\u00fck yang\u0131n sonucunda Ermeni mahalleleri ve \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131 k\u00fcl olur. Mara\u015f Ermenileri, 1915 y\u0131l\u0131nda tehcir edilir ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u2019da hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybeder. XX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Yerevan\u2019da kurulan Nor (yeni-\u00e7ev. notu) Mara\u015f mahallesinde Sovyet Ermenistan\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7 eden Mara\u015fl\u0131lar yerle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

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Anamur kalesi<\/strong> \u2013 Akdeniz\u2019in Anamur Burnu\u2019nda, Anamur kasabas\u0131n\u0131n 10 km. uza\u011f\u0131nda bulunmaktad\u0131r. M.\u00d6. IV.-III. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Finikeli denizciler taraf\u0131ndan bir liman olarak kurulmu\u015ftur. Yunan-Roma egemenli\u011fi d\u00f6neminde bir kale olarak \u00f6nemli bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1266 tarihindeki ak\u0131n esnas\u0131nda kale Konya Sel\u00e7uklu sultan\u0131 Salahaddin taraf\u0131ndan Ermenilerin elinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, fakat 1284 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kilikya Ermeni kral\u0131 III. Levon (1270-1289) taraf\u0131ndan yeniden kurtar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemden sonra Ermeni kaynaklar\u0131nda Anamur\u2019la ilgili kay\u0131t bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

Haykakan Sovetakan Hanragitaran, cilt 1-12, Yerevan, 1974-1986.<\/em><\/p>\n

Haykaz Jamko\u00e7yan, A\u015fot Abrahamyan, Stepan Melik-Bakh\u015fyan, Serob Po\u011fosyan<\/em><\/strong>, \u201cHay Jo\u011fov\u0131rdi Patmutyun (skzbits min\u00e7ev XVIII. dari vercy)\u201d, 1975, 784s.<\/em><\/p>\n

Tadevos Hakobyan, Stepan Melik-Bakh\u015fyan, Hovhannes Barse\u011fyan<\/em><\/strong>, \u201cHayastani yev Harakits \u015e\u0131rcanneri Te\u011fanunneri Bararan\u201d, cilt I-V, Yerevan, 1985-2001.<\/em><\/p>\n

Wikipedia,\u00a0 hayeren azat hanragitaran.<\/em><\/p>\n

https:\/\/grakanjam.wixsite.com\/armenia\/haikakangexatesilvairer\u2013c49d<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

Yazar: Karapet Hakobyan <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>Newinfo.am<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7eviren: Diran Lokmag\u00f6zyan<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi: Akunq.net<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Guglak kalesi \u2013 Kidnos Nehri\u2019nin sa\u011f k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda, Tarson (Tarsus-\u00e7ev. notu) \u015fehrinin kuzeyinde, Guglaik da\u011f ge\u00e7idi yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda, al\u00e7ak bir da\u011f\u0131n \u00fczerinde bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 konumundan dolay\u0131 Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019da ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131n tarihiyle ilgili kaynaklarda \u201cYehuda kap\u0131s\u0131\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1198-1375 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Kilikya Ermeni Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n d\u00f6rt b\u00fcy\u00fck beyliklerinden biri ve Guglak beyli\u011finin merkezi olmu\u015ftur. Kale do\u011fuda 300 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011fe eri\u015fmekte, di\u011fer […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":54272,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,49,50,27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-54270","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler","category-kaleler","category-kaleler-kilikya","category-kilikya"],"yoast_head":"\nErmeni Kilikya Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 18 naml\u0131 kalesi - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=54270\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ermeni Kilikya Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 18 naml\u0131 kalesi - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Guglak kalesi \u2013 Kidnos Nehri\u2019nin sa\u011f k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda, Tarson (Tarsus-\u00e7ev. notu) \u015fehrinin kuzeyinde, Guglaik da\u011f ge\u00e7idi yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda, al\u00e7ak bir da\u011f\u0131n \u00fczerinde bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 konumundan dolay\u0131 Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019da ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131n tarihiyle ilgili kaynaklarda \u201cYehuda kap\u0131s\u0131\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1198-1375 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Kilikya Ermeni Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n d\u00f6rt b\u00fcy\u00fck beyliklerinden biri ve Guglak beyli\u011finin merkezi olmu\u015ftur. 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