{"id":54110,"date":"2019-07-23T06:22:28","date_gmt":"2019-07-23T11:22:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=54110"},"modified":"2019-07-23T06:22:28","modified_gmt":"2019-07-23T11:22:28","slug":"bati-ermenistanin-gunumuze-ulasmis-21-unlu-kalesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=54110","title":{"rendered":"Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f 21 \u00fcnl\u00fc kalesi"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Am\u00fck kalesi<\/strong> \u2013 Orta\u00e7a\u011f Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n\u0131n ele ge\u00e7irilmesi ve ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 kalelerinden. Van eyaletinin Arberan b\u00f6lgesinde, Van \u015fehrinin kuzeyinde, Amik yar\u0131madas\u0131n\u0131n ucunda bulunan y\u00fcksek bir kaya k\u00fctlesinin \u00fczerinde bulunmaktad\u0131r. Antik \u00e7a\u011flardan beri var olmu\u015ftur. Orta\u00e7a\u011fda Gnunilerin (Ermeni beylik s\u00fclalesi-\u00e7ev. notu), daha sonra ise Ardsrunilerin (Ermeni beylik ve krall\u0131k s\u00fclalesi-\u00e7ev. notu) m\u00fclk\u00fc olmu\u015f, Vaspurakan kral\u0131 Senekerim Ardsruni\u2019nin (1003-1021) 1021 y\u0131l\u0131nda Vaspurakan b\u00f6lgesini Bizans\u2019a teslim edip, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Sebastia\u2019da (Sivas-\u00e7ev. notu) m\u00fclk elde etmesinden sonra Am\u00fck kalesi ve \u00e7evresi, Ardsrunilerin Vaspurakan\u2019daki son m\u00fclk\u00fc olarak kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Bitlis (Ba\u011fe\u015f) kalesi<\/strong> \u2013 B\u00fcy\u00fck Hayk\u2019\u0131n (B\u00fcy\u00fck Ermenistan-\u00e7ev. notu) A\u011fdznik eyaletinin ba\u015fl\u0131ca kalesi. \u0130lk olarak VII. y\u00fczy\u0131l tarih\u00e7isi Sebeos taraf\u0131ndan an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Kalenin etraf\u0131nda ayn\u0131 isimle an\u0131lan \u015fehrin yap\u0131m\u0131ndan sonra kale, \u015fehrin i\u00e7 kalesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Ananeye g\u00f6re \u015fehrin kurulu\u015fu imparator ve general B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender\u2019in generali Lis\u2019le ilgilidir. Anlat\u0131ya istinaden \u0130skender buradan ge\u00e7erken da\u011f ge\u00e7idinin stratejik \u015fahane konumunu de\u011ferlendirerek, generallerinden Lis\u2019e, buraya bir kale in\u015fa etmesini emreder. Yeni kurulan kale o denli \u00e7etin olur ki, \u0130skender d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde kaleyi ele ge\u00e7iremez. Kalenin anahtarlar\u0131 g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olarak teslim edildi\u011finde ise kaleyi, Fars\u00e7a \u201cK\u00f6t\u00fc Lis\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen \u201cBed Lis\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131r, buradan da kalenin Bitlis ismi olu\u015fur. Kale VII.\u00a0 y\u00fczy\u0131lda Araplar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7erek, Zurari Arap emirli\u011finin m\u00fclk\u00fc olur. IX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda kale \u015eaybanilere, X. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda Kaysik Arap emirli\u011fine ge\u00e7er. 929-930 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Bizans generali I. Hovhannes Kurkuas, Kaysikler \u00fczerine bir ak\u0131n d\u00fczenleyerek, bir dizi \u015fehirle birlikte Bitlis\u2019i de ele ge\u00e7irir. X. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda Arap emirliklerinin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 sonras\u0131nda, \u0130slamla\u015fm\u0131\u015f K\u00fcrt a\u015firetleri Bitlis\u2019e yerle\u015fir. X. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonunda Bitlis, M\u0131rvan K\u00fcrt a\u015firetinin elindedir. XI.-XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Rozak veya Ro\u015fkal\u0131 olarak an\u0131lan K\u00fcrt a\u015fireti Bitlis\u2019e h\u00fckmeder. Bitlis bu a\u015firetin m\u00fclk\u00fc olur. Bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde Rozaklar Bitlis\u2019i iki kez ellerinden kaybeder. 1139-1180 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Sel\u00e7uklulara, 1466-1494 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ise Akkoyunlu olarak an\u0131lan T\u00fcrkmen a\u015firetlerinin eline ge\u00e7er. Bitlis K\u00fcrt egemenli\u011fi \u00f6zellikle XVI.-XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda g\u00fc\u00e7lenir. Bu d\u00f6nemde baz\u0131 Bitlis hanlar\u0131 kendi adlar\u0131yla para basarlar, Osmanl\u0131 devletinin, Bitlis hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131kmaya y\u00f6nelik t\u00fcm denemeleri ise ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7lan\u0131r ve Osmanl\u0131 devleti Bitlis b\u00f6lgesini, Van Eyaleti d\u00e2hilinde \u00f6zerk bir h\u00fck\u00fcmetlik olarak tan\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi ancak 1849 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bitlis K\u00fcrt hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n direncini k\u0131rmaya muvaffak olur, Bitlis\u2019i ele ge\u00e7irir, kaleyi ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da yap\u0131y\u0131 tahrip eder.<\/p>\n

Bitlis daha sonra ayn\u0131 isimle an\u0131lan vilayetin merkezi olur. 1915 Haziran\u0131nda t\u00fcm Bitlis b\u00f6lgesindeki Ermeniler korkun\u00e7 bir katliama tabi tutulduktan sonra b\u00f6lge Ermeni n\u00fcfusundan yoksun kal\u0131r. 18 \u015eubat 1916 tarihinde Birinci Ermeni G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc Alay\u0131, General Andranik liderli\u011finde Bitlis kalesini ele ge\u00e7irir. Osmanl\u0131 birlikleri k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra Bitlis\u2019i tekrar ele ge\u00e7irir ve Bitlis nihai olarak Ermenilerden bo\u015falt\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Ani \u015fehrinin A\u015fota\u015fen surlar\u0131<\/strong> \u2013 Ani ba\u015fkentinin A\u015fota\u015fen savunma surlar\u0131. \u0130\u00e7 veya k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sur olarak da an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 964 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ermeni kral\u0131 Merhametli III. A\u015fot Bagratuni (953-977) taraf\u0131ndan in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

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Ar\u015fama\u015fat kale-\u015fehri<\/strong> \u2013 Dsopk eyaletindeki Ermeni krallar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fclk\u00fc. M.\u00d6. III. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n 40-30\u2019lu y\u0131llar\u0131nda Dsopk kral\u0131 I. Ar\u015fam (M.\u00d6. 240-220) taraf\u0131ndan kurulup, onun ad\u0131yla da an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk olarak Yunanl\u0131 tarih\u00e7i Batlamyus taraf\u0131ndan belirtilmi\u015ftir. M.\u00d6. 202 y\u0131l\u0131nda Selefk\u00fcs kral\u0131 III. B\u00fcy\u00fck Antiokius (M.\u00d6. 223-187) ile Dsopk kral\u0131 Kserkses (M.\u00d6. 215-201) aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7en sava\u015f Ar\u015fama\u015fat yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda vuku bulmu\u015f, bunun sonucunda Dsopk, Ar\u015fama\u015fat \u015fehriyle birlikte Selefk\u00fcs devletine ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. M.\u00d6. 189 tarihinde Zareh,\u00a0 Dsopk\u2019ta bir ayaklanma ba\u015flatarak, Dsopk\u2019un ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yeniden tesis eder. B\u00fcy\u00fck Hayk kral\u0131 B\u00fcy\u00fck Tigran (M.\u00d6. 95-55) M.\u00d6. 94 y\u0131l\u0131nda Dsopk\u2019a sald\u0131r\u0131r, kral Artanes\u2019i yener ve Dsopk\u2019u B\u00fcy\u00fck Hayk\u2019la birle\u015ftirir. Ar\u015fama\u015fat, \u00f6nemli bir kale-\u015fehir olarak V. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar \u00f6nemini korur. V.-IX. y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Ar\u015fama\u015fat hakk\u0131nda hemen hi\u00e7bir kay\u0131t bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Kale X. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Bizansl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilir. Ar\u015fama\u015fat XI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Tornik Mamikonyan liderli\u011findeki Sasun beyli\u011fine d\u00e2hil edilir. XI. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda kale Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n eline ge\u00e7er. Ar\u015fama\u015fat XII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda bir deprem sonucunda y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Tignis kalesi<\/strong> \u2013 B\u00fcy\u00fck Hayk\u2019\u0131n Ayrarat b\u00f6lgesindeki \u015eirak vilayetinde, ba\u015fkent Ani\u2019nin yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda bulunmaktad\u0131r. H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemden beri var oldu\u011fu tahmin edilmekle birlikte, X. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, Bagratuni hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcp, daha da sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u00f6nemin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve ula\u015f\u0131lmaz kalelerinden olmu\u015ftur. XIV.-XV. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda bir kale olarak \u00f6nemini yitirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

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Kharberd (Harput-\u00e7ev. notu) kalesi<\/strong> \u2013 Kharbert eyaletinde, Aradsani Nehri\u2019nin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131nda, nehir k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndan 13-14 km. uzakta bulunan bir kayal\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00fczerinde kurulmu\u015ftur. Kharberd, yol \u00fczerindeki kale anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Kale Urartu d\u00f6neminde, M.\u00d6. IX.-VIII. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. Eskiden B\u00fcy\u00fck Hayk\u2019\u0131n Dsopk eyaletindeki Andzit vilayetine ba\u011fl\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Kale M.\u00d6. II. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Ermeni kral\u0131 I. Arta\u015fes (M.\u00d6. 189-160) taraf\u0131ndan yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1070\u2019li y\u0131llarda Kharberd kalesindeki Bizans birli\u011finin komutan\u0131 Ermeni Pilartos Varajnuni olmu\u015ftur.\u00a0 1071 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki Manazkert (Malazgirt-\u00e7ev. notu) meydan sava\u015f\u0131nda Bizansl\u0131lar\u0131n Sel\u00e7uklular taraf\u0131ndan alm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu yenilgiden sonra Pilartos Varajnuni Kapadokya, Kilikya, Kuzey Suriye ve Mezopotamya Ermeni beyliklerini bir devlet b\u00fcnyesinde birle\u015ftirerek, Kharbert\u2019i ba\u015fkente d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Maalesef Pilartos Varajnuni\u2019nin devleti uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc olmaz ve Pilartos\u2019un 1086 y\u0131l\u0131nda vefat etmesinin ard\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r. Kharberd, 1185 y\u0131l\u0131nda Vordokyanlara ge\u00e7er. 1236 y\u0131l\u0131nda kale Mo\u011follar taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilir. Ard\u0131ndan Timurlenk\u2019in hordalar\u0131 ile Akkoyunlu ve Karakoyunlu T\u00fcrkmen g\u00f6\u00e7ebe a\u015firetleri kaleye sahip olur. 1507 y\u0131l\u0131nda Pers \u015fah\u0131 I. \u0130smail (1502-1524) Kharberd\u2019e sald\u0131r\u0131r, ya\u011fmalar ve tahrip eder. 1515 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 sultan\u0131 Yavuz I. Selim (1512-1520) Kharberd\u2019i ele ge\u00e7irir. 1617 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7apano\u011flu beyi taraf\u0131ndan Kharberd tamamen tahrip edilir, sakinleri k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irilir. XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kharberd ve y\u00f6resi Sebastia vilayetine d\u00e2hil edilir. 1834 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 yeni idari b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesine istinaden Kharberd, Diarbekir (Diyarbak\u0131r-\u00e7ev. notu) vilayetine d\u00e2hil edilir, 1878 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise, Kharberd vilayeti olarak ayr\u0131l\u0131r. XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonu ve XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131nda kale T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan barbarca tahrip edilir, ta\u015flar\u0131 ise Mezire\u2019de h\u00fck\u00fcmet binalar\u0131 yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Haykaberd<\/strong> \u2013 Vaspurakan eyaletinin Hayots Dzor vilayetinde, Van \u015fehrinin g\u00fcneyinde, Van G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019ne d\u00f6k\u00fclen Kho\u015fab Nehri vadisindeki bir kaya k\u00fctlesinin \u00fczerinde bulunmaktad\u0131r. Tarih babas\u0131 Khorenatsi\u2019ye g\u00f6re kale Ermeni halk\u0131n\u0131n atas\u0131 Hayk taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur. Bir di\u011fer veriye g\u00f6re kalenin kurucusu olarak Urartu kral\u0131 II. Sarduri (M.\u00d6. 764-735) kabul edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

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Ma\u011fasaberd kalesi<\/strong> \u2013 B\u00fcy\u00fck Hayk\u2019\u0131n Ayrarat eyaletinin \u015eirak vilayetinde, Akhuryan Nehri\u2019nin sa\u011f k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki vadinin kenar\u0131nda y\u00fckselen bir kayan\u0131n \u00fczerinde, Ani \u015fehrinin 4 km. g\u00fcneyinde kurulmu\u015ftur. \u015eapuh Bagratuni\u2019ye istinaden kale VI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Bizans imparatoru Morik (582-602) taraf\u0131ndan Ermenistan\u2019a yollanan k\u00f6t\u00fc ve kanunsuz Ermeni vali Ma\u011fas taraf\u0131ndan kurularak, kendi ad\u0131yla Ma\u011fasaberd olarak an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. X. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Bagratuni Ermeni hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ait olmu\u015f ve ba\u015fkent Ani\u2019nin savunma yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan birini te\u015fkil etmi\u015f, daha sonra Kamsarakan beyli\u011fine, XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131nda Zakaryanlara ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Ma\u011fasaberd\u2019e daha sonraki d\u00f6nemde Bizansl\u0131lar, Mo\u011follar ve Osmanl\u0131lar egemen olmu\u015ftur. XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l tarih\u00e7isi Zakaria Sarkavag (1627-1699) Ma\u011fasaberd\u2019i bir Pers k\u0131\u015flas\u0131 olarak anmaktad\u0131r. Ma\u011fasabard\u2019in sahip oldu\u011fu \u00e7ifte surlardan birincisi mazgall\u0131, ikincisi ise birincisinden y\u00fcksek ve d\u00f6rt yar\u0131m ay \u015feklinde bur\u00e7lara sahip olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

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Karin (Erzurum) kale-\u015fehri<\/strong> \u2013 B\u00fcy\u00fck Hayk\u2019\u0131n Y\u00fcksek Hayk eyaletinin Karin vilayetinde, Karin platosunda, F\u0131rat Nehri\u2019nin sol k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda bulunmaktad\u0131r. Karin kale-\u015fehrinin kurucusu olarak Hayassa \u00fclkesinin kral\u0131 Karanni (M.\u00d6. 1400-1375) kabul edilmektedir. Yevanduni, Arta\u015fesyan ve Ar\u015fakuni krall\u0131k hanedanlar\u0131 d\u00f6neminde (M.\u00d6. VI. yy.-428) yakla\u015f\u0131k 1000 y\u0131l Karin b\u00f6lgesinin merkezi olmu\u015ftur. Karin\u2019in rol\u00fc, 387 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesiyle daha da b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, Karin, Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n Bizans b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn en \u00f6nemli s\u0131n\u0131r ba\u015fkenti olmu\u015ftur. Bizans imparatoru II. Teodosios\u2019un (408-450) telkiniyle general Anatol 421 y\u0131l\u0131nda Karin\u2019de yeni surlar in\u015fa eder ve imparatorun ad\u0131yla \u015fehri Teodupolis olarak adland\u0131r\u0131r. V. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren \u015fehir Persler ve Bizansl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda \u00e7eki\u015fmeye neden olur. \u015eehrin savunma surlar\u0131 geni\u015fletilir ve Bizans imparatorlar\u0131 I. Anastasios (491-518) ve \u00f6zellikle I. J\u00fcstinyen (527-565) d\u00f6neminde yeniden in\u015fa edilir.1. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131nda Pers kral\u0131 II. H\u00fcsrev (590-628) Erzurum\u2019u i\u015fgal eder, yerel Ermenileri ve katolikos (Ermeni kilisesi dini \u00f6nderi-\u00e7ev. notu) II. Movses Ye\u011fvardetsi\u2019yi (574-604) esir al\u0131r. 628 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bizans imparatoru Heraklios (610-641) y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Erzurum kalesini restore eder. 647 y\u0131l\u0131nda Erzurum Araplar taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilip, Karikala olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. 752 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bizans imparatoru V. Konstantin (741-775) kaleyi zapt eder ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da Ermeni zanaatk\u00e2r ve t\u00fcccar\u0131 Konstantinopolis ile imparatorlu\u011fun bat\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerine yerle\u015ftirir. 885 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ermenistan\u2019da Bagratuni hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tesisinden sonra Karin de Bagratunyats Ermeni krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcnyesine kat\u0131l\u0131r, fakat Erzurum\u2019un Arap y\u00f6neticileri yar\u0131-\u00f6zerk bir halde Arap halifeli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 kal\u0131r. 949 y\u0131l\u0131nda Karin yeniden Bizans taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilir. Ards\u0131n (Erzincan-\u00e7ev. notu) \u015fehri 1049 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sel\u00e7uklular taraf\u0131ndan tahrip edildi\u011finde, hayatta kalan Ards\u0131nl\u0131lar Karine yerle\u015fir ve Karin\u2019i Ards\u0131n olarak anmaya ba\u015flar. Bu \u015fehrin Bizans egemenli\u011finde bulundu\u011fundan dolay\u0131, eski \u015fehirleriyle fark\u0131 vurgulamak amac\u0131yla \u015fehri Ards\u0131n-ar-Rum (yani Bizans Ards\u0131n\u2019\u0131) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131rlar ve bu isim zamanla Arz\u0131rum ve Erzurum\u2019a d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Erzurum, 1071 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sel\u00e7uklular taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilir. 1206-1207 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Zakaryan karde\u015fler liderli\u011findeki Ermeni-G\u00fcrc\u00fc ordular\u0131 Karin\u2019i kurtar\u0131r, lakin birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra yeniden Sel\u00e7uklular taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilir. 1242 y\u0131l\u0131nda, uzun s\u00fcren bir ku\u015fatma sonucunda \u015fehir Mo\u011follar taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal ve tahrip edilir. Mo\u011follardan sonra, XV. y\u00fczy\u0131lda kale-\u015fehir Akkoyunlu ve Karakoyunlu T\u00fcrkmen g\u00f6\u00e7ebe a\u015firetlerin eline ge\u00e7er. 1480 y\u0131l\u0131nda Erzurum Persler taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilir. 1514 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 sultan\u0131 I. Selim (1512-1520) kale-\u015fehrin sahibi olur. XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ve XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Rus ordular\u0131 3 kez Erzurum\u2019u ele ge\u00e7irir, fakat 3 kez tekrar Osmanl\u0131ya iade eder. 27 Haziran 1829 tarihinde general \u0130van Paskevi\u00e7 komutas\u0131ndaki Rus ordular\u0131, direni\u015f g\u00f6rmeden Erzurum\u2019u ele ge\u00e7irir, fakat 2 Eyl\u00fcl 1829 tarihli Adrianapolis bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131yla tekrar Osmanl\u0131ya iade eder. Ermeni general Mikayel Loris-Melikov komutas\u0131ndaki Rus ordular\u0131 8 \u015eubat 1878 tarihinde tekrar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmadan \u00e7etin Erzurum kalesine sahip olur, fakat ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n 19 \u015eubat\u0131nda San Stefano antla\u015fmas\u0131yla yeniden Osmanl\u0131ya iade eder. Rus ordular\u0131, 16 \u015eubat 1916 tarihinde Ermeni g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fclerinin deste\u011fiyle Erzurum\u2019u \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc kez ele ge\u00e7irir. 12 \u015eubat 1918 tarihinde Osmanl\u0131 J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, cephenin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Transkafkasya Seymi\u2019nin ihanetinden faydalan\u0131p, 5 Aral\u0131k 1917 Erzincan ate\u015fkes antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ihlal ederek, kar\u015f\u0131 taarruza ge\u00e7er. General Andranik, 18 \u015eubat 1918 tarihinde g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcleriyle Erzurum\u2019a var\u0131r, fakat Erzurum kalesini ve cepheyi tutmak i\u00e7in Andranik\u2019in g\u00f6stermi\u015f oldu\u011fu inan\u0131lmaz \u00e7abalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Erzurum kalesini tutmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmaz. 12 Mart 1918 tarihinde Erzurum Osmanl\u0131 ordular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilir.<\/p>\n

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Ardahan kalesi<\/strong> \u2013 Kacats (yi\u011fitler-\u00e7ev. notu) kalesi olarak da an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Surlarla \u00e7evrili \u015fehrin merkezinde, y\u00fcksek ve ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 zor bir kayan\u0131n \u00fczerinde bulunmaktad\u0131r. Antik d\u00f6nemden itibaren var olmu\u015ftur. IX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Ermeni Bagratuni hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ge\u00e7er. Bagratuniler d\u00f6neminde de\u011fi\u015fime u\u011frar ve daha da sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Ardahan kalesi XI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda G\u00fcrc\u00fc ordular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilir. 1236 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mo\u011follar kaleye h\u00e2kim olur. 1266 y\u0131l\u0131nda kale Samtskge-Saatabago G\u00fcrc\u00fc prensli\u011fine ge\u00e7er. Ardahan kalesi, XV. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 sultan\u0131 I. Selim (1402-1410) taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilir. 1555 y\u0131l\u0131nda Akhaltskha pa\u015fal\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki Ardahan b\u00f6lgesinin merkezi olur. 22 A\u011fustos 1828 tarihinde Rus ordular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilen kale, yar\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131k bir hale gelir. 2 Eyl\u00fcl 1829 tarihinde Adrianapolis antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Ardahan kalesi tekrar Osmanl\u0131ya iade edilir. 5 May\u0131s 1877 tarihinde Rus ordular\u0131 yeniden Ardahan kalesini ele ge\u00e7irir. 1877-1878 Rus-Osmanl\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131 sonucunda Ardahan kalesiyle birlikte t\u00fcm Ardahan b\u00f6lgesi de Ruslar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7er ve Kars b\u00f6lgesine d\u00e2hil edilir.<\/p>\n

6 Mart 1918 tarihinde Transkafkasya\u2019ya ak\u0131n eden Osmanl\u0131 ordular\u0131 Ardahan\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgal eder. Ardahan, 1919 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ermeni-\u0130ngiliz ordular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kurtar\u0131l\u0131r ve Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019ne d\u00e2hil edilir. 1920 Kas\u0131m ba\u015flar\u0131nda kale, K\u00e2z\u0131m Karabekir komutas\u0131ndaki Osmanl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7leri taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilir.<\/p>\n

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Kho\u015fab (Ho\u015fap) kalesi<\/strong> \u2013 Van vilayetinin Hek\u00e2r b\u00f6lgesinde, Van \u015fehrinin 42 km. g\u00fcneydo\u011fusunda, ayn\u0131 isimle an\u0131lan nehrin sa\u011f k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda bulunmaktad\u0131r. Kho\u015fab nahiyesinin merkezi olmu\u015f, Arap egemenli\u011fi d\u00f6neminde kurulmu\u015ftur. XV. y\u00fczy\u0131lda restore edilmi\u015f, 8 Mart 1715 tarihindeki depremden b\u00fcy\u00fck zarar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Kho\u015fab kalesi 1847 tarihine kadar K\u00fcrt beylerin m\u00fclk\u00fcn\u00fcn merkezi olmu\u015ftur. Kale, 1847 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6neticileri taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilip, K\u00fcrt h\u00fck\u00fcmetli\u011fine son verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

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\u015eabin Karahisar kale-\u015fehri<\/strong> \u2013 K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Hayk ve Pontos aras\u0131nda, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Hayk\u2019\u0131n (K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Ermenistan-\u00e7ev. notu) Sebastia eyaletinin \u015eabin Karahisar b\u00f6lgesinde bulunan bu \u015fehir eskiden Nikopolis olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Romal\u0131 general Gneos Pompeos taraf\u0131ndan M.\u00d6. 60\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda kurulmu\u015f, Bizans imparatoru I. J\u00fcstinyen (527-565) taraf\u0131ndan restore edilip, tahkim edilmi\u015ftir. 1478 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 ordular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilip, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na d\u00e2hil edilerek, Sebastia vilayetinin \u015eabin Karahisar b\u00f6lgesinin merkezine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 2-29 Haziran 1915 tarihleri aras\u0131nda \u015eabin Karahisarl\u0131 Ermenilerin, d\u00fczenli Osmanl\u0131 ordusuna kar\u015f\u0131 27 g\u00fcnl\u00fck kahramanca m\u00fccadelesi bu kalede vuku bulmu\u015ftur. Bu tarihten sonra \u015eabin Karahisar kale-\u015fehri tamamen Ermenilerden yoksun kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Basen (Pasinler-\u00e7ev. notu) (Daroyink, Hasankale) kalesi<\/strong> \u2013 Erzurum vilayetindeki Basen kazas\u0131n\u0131n merkezi. Eskiden \u00fcnl\u00fc bir kale-\u015fehir olmu\u015f, Grigor Magistros Pahlavuni\u2019nin (990-1058) akrabas\u0131 Hasan taraf\u0131ndan in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. Basen ovas\u0131nda, kayal\u0131k tepelerin \u00fczerinde in\u015fa edilen kale, d\u00fczensiz kuleler ve \u00e7ifte surlara sahip olmu\u015ftur. 24 Temmuz 1829 tarihinde Rus ordular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilen Basen, 2 Eyl\u00fcl 1829 tarihinde Adrianapolis bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Osmanl\u0131ya iade edilir. 1878 Oca\u011f\u0131nda Rus ordular\u0131, \u00e7etin Hasankale kalesini yeniden ele ge\u00e7irir, fakat ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n 1 Temmuzundaki Berlin uluslar aras\u0131 konferans\u0131n karar\u0131yla yeniden Osmanl\u0131ya iade ederler. 6 Ocak 1916 tarihinde Basen kalesi yeniden Rus ordular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilir. 1918 Mart\u0131nda Transkafkasya\u2019ya sald\u0131ran Osmanl\u0131 ordular\u0131 Basen\u2019i i\u015fgal eder ve kale Osmanl\u0131 egemenli\u011fine girer.<\/p>\n

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Diarbekir kale-\u015fehri<\/strong> \u2013 Eski d\u00f6nemlerde Amit olarak an\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Tarih\u00e7i Movses Khorenatsi\u2019ye g\u00f6re kale Ermeni kral\u0131 Tigran Yervandyan (M.\u00d6. 560-535) taraf\u0131ndan in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. \u015eehir bundan dolay\u0131 Tigranakert olarak an\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olup, genellikle II. B\u00fcy\u00fck Tigran taraf\u0131ndan 70\u2019li y\u0131llarda A\u011fdznik eyaletinde in\u015fa edilen ba\u015fkent Tigranakert ile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. I. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar s\u00fcrekli olarak B\u00fcy\u00fck Hayk\u2019\u0131n Yervanduni, daha sonra da Arta\u015fesyan hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00e2hilinde olmu\u015ftur. M.\u00d6. 37 y\u0131l\u0131nda Roma-Pert antla\u015fmas\u0131yla Diarbekir kale-\u015fehri B\u00fcy\u00fck Hayk\u2019tan ayr\u0131larak, Adiabene krall\u0131\u011f\u0131yla birle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Diarbekir, 298 y\u0131l\u0131nda Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na ba\u011flan\u0131r. Roma imparatoru I. B\u00fcy\u00fck Konstandin (324-337) 332 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u015fehri yeniden imar ve tahkim ederek, Sasani \u0130ran\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flam bir askeri \u00fcsse d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr. Lakin 6 Ekim 359\u2019da Part kral\u0131 II. Uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc \u015eapuh (309-379) taraf\u0131ndan 73 g\u00fcnl\u00fck bir ku\u015fatmadan sonra kale fethedilir. Akabinde, XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar Diyarbekir kale-\u015fehrine Persler, Bizansl\u0131lar, Araplar, K\u00fcrtler, Sel\u00e7uklular, Mo\u011follar ve T\u00fcrkmen g\u00f6\u00e7ebe a\u015firetler d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcml\u00fc olarak sahip olmu\u015flard\u0131r. 1515 y\u0131l\u0131nda Safevi \u0130ran \u015fah\u0131 \u0130smail\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen sava\u015f sonras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 sultan\u0131 I. Yavuz Sultan Selim (1512-1520) kaleye egemen olmu\u015ftur.\u00a0 Bu d\u00f6nemden itibaren kale Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na ge\u00e7er.<\/p>\n

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Trapizon (Trabzon-\u00e7ev. notu) kale-\u015fehri<\/strong> \u2013 Trapizon vilayetinin merkezi. Trapez formunda bir platonun \u00fczerinde kurulmu\u015f oldu\u011fundan dolay\u0131, Yunancada trapez anlam\u0131na gelen \u201cTrapezia\u201d kelimesine istinaden Trapizon olarak an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yunanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan M.\u00d6. 750 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulmu\u015ftur. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte, Pontos krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli \u015fehirlerinden biri olmu\u015ftur. Bizans imparatoru I. J\u00fcstinyen (527-565) bu \u015fehri Birinci Hayk eyaletine (provincia-\u00e7ev. notu) ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Trabzon Yunan krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti, XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren ise, ayn\u0131 isimle an\u0131lan Osmanl\u0131 vilayetinin merkezi olmu\u015ftur. 1915 Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019na kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir Ermeni n\u00fcfusa sahip olmu\u015ftur. 5 Nisan 1916 tarihinde Rus ordular\u0131 Trabzon\u2019u ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015f, fakat 24 \u015eubat 1918\u2019de Transkafkasya\u2019ya ak\u0131n eden Osmanl\u0131 ordular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yeniden i\u015fgal edilmi\u015ftir. 1-14 Nisan 1918 tarihlerinde Trabzon\u2019da, Osmanl\u0131 ve Transkafkasya Cumhuriyeti aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri, daha sonra Batum\u2019da nihayetlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

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Bayazet (Beyaz\u0131t\/Do\u011fubeyaz\u0131t-\u00e7ev. notu) (Daroynk) kalesi<\/strong> \u2013 B\u00fcy\u00fck Hayk\u2019\u0131n Ayrarat eyaletinin Kogovit b\u00f6lgesinde, Makva Nehri vadisinde bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 isimle an\u0131lan b\u00f6lgenin merkezidir. \u0130lk olarak IV. y\u00fczy\u0131lda tarih\u00e7i Pasvtos B\u00fczand taraf\u0131ndan an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. V. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131na kadar Ar\u015fakunilerin kale-hazine dairesi olmu\u015f, ard\u0131ndan Bagratunilere ge\u00e7mi\u015f, X. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Ardsruni beylik s\u00fclalesine ait olmu\u015ftur. XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Mo\u011follar taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilmi\u015f, 1555 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131-Pers Amasya antla\u015fmas\u0131yla Bayazet kalesi Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funa ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Osmanl\u0131 sultan\u0131 I. Bayazet\u2019\u0131n (1389-1402) \u015ferefine, XV. y\u00fczy\u0131lda kale Bayazet olarak an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 28 A\u011fustos 1828 tarihinde kale Ermeni g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fclerinin deste\u011fiyle Rus ordular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f, fakat 2 Eyl\u00fcl 1829 tarihinde Adrianapolis bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131ya iade edilmi\u015ftir. 29 Temmuz 1854 tarihinde Rus ordular\u0131 Bayazet kalesini ikinci kez ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015f, lakin 18 Mart 1856 bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131yla yeniden Osmanl\u0131ya iade edilmi\u015ftir. 1877-1878 Rus-Osmanl\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131 esnas\u0131nda, 30 Nisan 1877 tarihinde Bayazet kalesi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc kez ele ge\u00e7irilir, lakin bir ay sonra, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir Rus birli\u011fi ve birka\u00e7 y\u00fcz ki\u015filik Ermeni g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcler grubunun bulundu\u011fu Bayazet kalesi 6 Haziranda Van pa\u015fas\u0131 komutas\u0131ndaki Osmanl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7leri taraf\u0131ndan ku\u015fat\u0131l\u0131r. Kalenin suvunmac\u0131lar\u0131 erzak ve su eksikli\u011fine ra\u011fmen, g\u00fcnde bir yudum su ve bir par\u00e7a at eti ile 23 g\u00fcn s\u00fcreyle y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 Feodor \u015etokvi\u00e7 \u00f6nderli\u011finde birka\u00e7 kez \u00fcst\u00fcn d\u00fc\u015fmana direnir. Nihayet, Rus ordusu generali Ermeni Ar\u015fak Ter-\u011eukasov komutas\u0131ndaki Yerevan birli\u011fi, Bayazet kalesinin ku\u015fatma alt\u0131nda oldu\u011fu haberini al\u0131p, yard\u0131ma yeti\u015fir ve 8 saat s\u00fcren a\u011f\u0131r \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar sonucunda muzaffer olarak Bayazet\u2019e girerek, ku\u015fatma alt\u0131ndaki Rus ve Ermeni askerleri kurtar\u0131r. 19 \u015eubat 1878 tarihli San Stefano Rus-Osmanl\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131 sayesinde Bayazet Rusya\u2019ya ge\u00e7er, lakin ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n 1 Temmuzunda Berlin uluslar aras\u0131 konferans\u0131n karar\u0131yla yeniden Osmanl\u0131ya iade edilir. 21 Ekim 1914 tarihinde Rus ordular\u0131, Ermeni g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fclerin yard\u0131m\u0131yla Bayazet kalesini d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc kez ele ge\u00e7irir, fakat 1918 May\u0131s\u0131nda Bayazet kalesi nihai olarak Transkafkasya\u2019ya ak\u0131n eden Osmanl\u0131 ordusu taraf\u0131ndan zapt edilir.<\/p>\n

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Zil kalesi veya Zilkale<\/strong> \u2013 Trabzon vilayetinin Ham\u015fen (Hem\u015fin-\u00e7ev. notu) Sanca\u011f\u0131nda, Ham\u015fen \u015fehrinin 50 km. uza\u011f\u0131nda bulunmaktad\u0131r. XIV.-XV. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Bizansl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcksek, kayal\u0131k bir da\u011f \u00fczerinde kurulmu\u015ftur. XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda kale Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7ince, yerli halk mecburen \u0130slam\u2019a ihtida eder. Kale, bir t\u00fcnel vas\u0131tas\u0131yla Ham\u015fen Nehri\u2019ne ba\u011flanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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U\u011ftis (Olti\/Oltu) kale-\u015fehri<\/strong> \u2013 \u00c7orokh (\u00c7oruh-\u00e7ev. notu) Nehri\u2019nin sa\u011f kolunu te\u015fkil eden Olti Nehri k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda, \u00e7etin bir kayal\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftur. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte B\u00fcy\u00fck Hayk\u2019\u0131n Tayk eyaletinin Voka\u011fe b\u00f6lgesine ait olmu\u015ftur. \u0130lk olarak X. y\u00fczy\u0131l tarih\u00e7isi Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi taraf\u0131ndan an\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmakla birlikte, daha eski d\u00f6nemlerden beri var olmu\u015ftur. \u00d6nceleri Mamikonyanlara ait olmu\u015f, daha sonra ise Bagratunilere ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. X. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Tayk k\u00fcropalatl\u0131\u011f\u0131n (Roma veya Bizans\u2019\u0131n do\u011fu valilerine verilen unvan-\u00e7ev. notu) merkezi olmu\u015ftur. 1001 y\u0131l\u0131nda Tayk k\u00fcropalatl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla birlikte Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011funa ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonra Sel\u00e7uklulara ve Mo\u011follara ge\u00e7mi\u015f, ard\u0131ndan Akkoyunlu ve Karakoyunlu T\u00fcrkmen g\u00f6\u00e7ebe a\u015firetlerin egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131nda bulunmu\u015f, XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1877-1878 Rus-Osmanl\u0131 harbi sonras\u0131nda Rus \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na ge\u00e7mi\u015f ve Kars b\u00f6lgesinin Olti okrugunun (Rus idare birimi-\u00e7ev. notu) merkezi olmu\u015ftur. 1918 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Nisan ay\u0131 ba\u015flar\u0131nda Transkafkasya\u2019ya ak\u0131n eden Osmanl\u0131 ordular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilir, Olti Ermeni n\u00fcfusu tamamen tehcir ve katledilir. 9 May\u0131s 1919 tarihinde Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019ne ba\u011flan\u0131r. 1920 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda K\u00e2z\u0131m Karabekir komutas\u0131ndaki Osmanl\u0131 ordular\u0131 Olti\u2019yi ve U\u011ftisi kalesini i\u015fgal eder. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Olti, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin Erzurum ilinde bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Ani Smbata\u015fen surlar\u0131<\/strong> \u2013 Ani \u015fehrinin kuzey tahkimat\u0131. 986-988 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Ermeni kral\u0131 \u0130mparator II. S\u0131mbat Bagratuni (977-990) taraf\u0131ndan in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

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Kars kalesi<\/strong> \u2013 \u0130lk olarak IX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n Bagratuni hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc bir kale-\u015fehri olarak an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. 888 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bagratunilerin m\u00fclk\u00fc olmu\u015f ve Ermenistan ordu komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararg\u00e2h\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Kars, 928-961 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fkenti olmu\u015f, 963-1065 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ise Ani Bagratuni krallar\u0131na tabi Vananda yar\u0131-\u00f6zerk krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n merkezi olmu\u015ftur. Kars, 1054 y\u0131l\u0131nda Tu\u011frul bey y\u00f6netimindeki Sel\u00e7uklu ak\u0131nc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc mukavemet g\u00f6stermi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131mlardan korumak amac\u0131yla Vananda kral\u0131 Gagik Abasyan (1029-1065), 1065 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n bir sonraki lideri Alpaslan\u2019\u0131n egemenli\u011fini kabul eder. 1206 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ermeni-G\u00fcrc\u00fc ortak ordular\u0131, Zakaryan karde\u015fler komutas\u0131nda Kars\u2019\u0131 Sel\u00e7uklu egemenli\u011finden kurtar\u0131r ve Zakaryan Ermeni beyli\u011fine d\u00e2hil eder. 1236 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kars\u2019\u0131n Mo\u011follar taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilip, talan edilmesine ra\u011fmen Kars, Zakaryanlar\u0131n b\u0131rak\u0131tsal m\u00fclk\u00fc olarak kalmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr. Varl\u0131kl\u0131 Hoca Muhammet \u015eemseddin, 1269 y\u0131l\u0131nda Avag Zakaryan\u2019\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131yla evlenerek, Kars \u015fehrini \u00e7eyiz olarak al\u0131r. Kars, 1284 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sadun Ardsruni\u2019ye ge\u00e7er ve ikametg\u00e2h\u0131 olur. 1394 y\u0131l\u0131nda kale Lenktimur taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal ve tahrip edilir. Lenktimur\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra Kars Lenktimur\u2019un ard\u0131llar\u0131 ile T\u00fcrkmen Karakoyunlu ve Akkoyunlu a\u015firetleri aras\u0131nda anla\u015fmazl\u0131k konusu olur. XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda elden ele ge\u00e7erek, Osmanl\u0131 ve Pers devletleri aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131lamaz ve yeniden tahribata u\u011frar.<\/p>\n

1548 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 sultan\u0131 II. S\u00fcleyman (1520-1566) Kars\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgal edip, Kars kalesini tahkim eder, fakat \u0130ran \u015fah\u0131 Tahmaz (1524-1576) kaleyi iki kez ele ge\u00e7irir ve tahrip eder. 1555 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131-Pers Amasya antla\u015fmas\u0131yla Kars b\u00f6lgesi tarafs\u0131z ilan edilir. Osmanl\u0131 sultan\u0131 II. Murat (1574-1595) 1578 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu antla\u015fmay\u0131 ihlal edip, Persler taraf\u0131ndan tahrip edilen kaleyi restore ederek, en \u00f6nemli stratejik mevkilerinden birine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr. \u0130\u00e7 kale tamamen restore edilip, d\u00f6rt yeni tahkimat eklenir. \u0130ran \u015fah\u0131 I. Abbas (1587-1629) 1604 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kars\u2019\u0131 uzun bir ku\u015fatma sonucunda ele ge\u00e7irir, fakat 1639 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki Kasr-\u0131 \u015eirin (Diyarbak\u0131r) antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Kars yeniden Osmanl\u0131ya ge\u00e7er ve ayn\u0131 isimle an\u0131lan pa\u015fal\u0131\u011f\u0131n merkezi olur. XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kars kalesi, g\u00f6zetleme noktalar\u0131yla sa\u011flam yap\u0131l\u0131 ta\u015ftan surlara, \u00fc\u00e7 demir kap\u0131ya, 220 sa\u011flam kuleye, 2080 engel ve bariyere sahipti. Surlar\u0131n k\u00f6\u015felerinde, Ermenice yaz\u0131tl\u0131 ve ha\u00e7 i\u015faretli d\u00f6rt b\u00fcy\u00fck kule vard\u0131. 1735 ve 1744 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Nadir \u015fah (1736-1747) Kars\u2019\u0131n \u00e7etin kalesini ku\u015fatmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen ele ge\u00e7iremez. \u0130van Paskevi\u00e7 \u00f6nderli\u011findeki Rus ordular\u0131 23 Haziran 1828 tarihinde Kars\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irir. 2 Eyl\u00fcl 1829 tarihindeki Adrianapolis antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Kars ve Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n di\u011fer ele ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f b\u00f6lgeleri Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na iade edilir. K\u0131r\u0131m sava\u015f\u0131 (1853-1856) esnas\u0131nda Rus ordular\u0131 6 ayl\u0131k ablukadan sonra 16 Kas\u0131m 1855 tarihinde Kars\u2019\u0131n \u00e7etin kalesini yeniden ele ge\u00e7irir, lakin 18 Mart 1856 Paris bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile tekrar Osmanl\u0131ya iade eder. 6 Kas\u0131m 1877 tarihinde Rus ordular\u0131 Ermeni general Hovhannes Lazarev komutas\u0131nda, 30 binlik garnizona, 300 topa sahip, yabanc\u0131 askeri uzmanlar taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir savunma d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olan Kars kalesini \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc kez ele ge\u00e7irir. 1 Kas\u0131m 1878 tarihinde imparator II. Aleksander\u2019in (1855-1881) y\u00fcce ferman\u0131yla Kars idari b\u00f6lgesi resmi olarak d\u00fczenlenir ve Kars kale-\u015fehri b\u00f6lgenin merkezi olur.<\/p>\n

26 Nisan 1918 tarihinde Ermeni silahl\u0131 kuvvetleri komutan\u0131 Tovmas Nazarbegyan, Transkafkasya askeri komiseri N. \u00c7\u0131khenkelu\u2019nun emri \u00fczerine, Transkafasya h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Ermeni temsilcilerinin onay\u0131n\u0131 almadan, \u00e7etin Kars kalesini Transkafkasya\u2019ya ak\u0131n eden Osmanl\u0131 ordular\u0131na, kar\u015f\u0131 koymadan teslim eder. 24 Nisan 1919 tarihinde Ermeni-\u0130ngiliz ordular\u0131 sayesinde Kars kurtar\u0131l\u0131p, Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019ne ba\u011flan\u0131r. 30 Ekim 1920 tarihinde K\u00e2z\u0131m Karabekir komutas\u0131ndaki Osmanl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7leri, Kars kalesini nihai olarak i\u015fgal eder. 1920 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Aral\u0131k 2\u2019sini 3\u2019e ba\u011flayan gece imzalanan Osmanl\u0131-Ermeni Aleksandrapol antla\u015fmas\u0131 ve 16 Mart 1921 tarihli Rus-Osmanl\u0131 antla\u015fmas\u0131yla t\u00fcm Kars b\u00f6lgesi, \u00e7etin Kars kalesiyle birlikte Kemalist T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin egemenli\u011fine ge\u00e7er. Moskova antla\u015fmas\u0131, 13 Ekim 1921 tarihinde Kars antla\u015fmas\u0131yla onaylan\u0131r ve Kars b\u00f6ylece nihai olarak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Van Tu\u015fba kalesi<\/strong> \u2013 Van vilayetinin Van sanca\u011f\u0131nda, Van \u015fehrinin kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131nda bulunmaktad\u0131r. Urartu kral\u0131 I. Sarturi (M.\u00d6. 835-825) taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur. Bununla birlikte ananeler, kalenin yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 Asur krali\u00e7esi \u015eamiram\u2019a ba\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden de kale s\u0131kl\u0131kla \u015eamiramakert (\u015eamiram taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015f-\u00e7ev. notu) olarak an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1915 Nisan\u0131nda Van merkez mahallesi sakinleri, Ermeni g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc alaylar\u0131 ile Rus ordular\u0131n\u0131n Van\u2019a girmesine kadar, Haykak Kosoyan liderli\u011finde yakla\u015f\u0131k bir ay s\u00fcreyle katliamc\u0131 T\u00fcrklere Van kalesinde direnerek, katliamdan kurtulmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kaynak\u00e7a:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Haykakan Sovetakan Hanragitaran, 1-12 cilt, Yerevan, 1974-1986.<\/em><\/li>\n
  2. Haykaz Jamko\u00e7yan, A\u015fot Abrahamyan, Stepan Melik-Bakh\u015fyan, Serob Po\u011fosyan \u201cHay Jo\u011fov\u0131rdi Patmutyun (Skzbits Min\u00e7ev XVIII. Dari Verc\u0131)\u201d, 1975, 784s.<\/em><\/li>\n
  3. Vardan Parsamyan, \u015e\u0131mavon Harutyunyan \u201cHay Jo\u011fov\u0131rdi Patmutyun (1801-1978)\u201d, 1979, 752s.<\/em><\/li>\n
  4. Tadevos Hakobyan, Stepan Melik-Bakh\u015fyan, Hovhannes Barse\u011fyan \u201cHayastani yev Harakits \u015e\u0131rcanneri Te\u011fanunneri Bararan\u201d, I-V cilt, Yerevan, 1985-2001.<\/em><\/li>\n
  5. M\u0131her Karapetyan, \u201cHayastan\u0131 1912-1920 Tvakannerin\u201d, Yerevan, 2003, 400s.<\/em><\/li>\n
  6. Stepan Melik-Bakh\u015fyan \u201cHayots Pa\u015ftamunkayin Vayrer\u201d, Yerevan, 2009, 432s.<\/em><\/li>\n
  7. hayeren azat hanragitaran:<\/em><\/li>\n
  8. https:\/\/grakanjam.wixsite.com\/armenia\/haikakangexatesilvairer\u2013c49d 9. http:\/\/www.360greatarmenia.am\/hy\/<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Yazar: Karapet Hakobyan<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    Newinfo.am<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u00c7eviren: Diran Lokmag\u00f6zyan<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi: Akunq.net<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Am\u00fck kalesi \u2013 Orta\u00e7a\u011f Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n\u0131n ele ge\u00e7irilmesi ve ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 kalelerinden. Van eyaletinin Arberan b\u00f6lgesinde, Van \u015fehrinin kuzeyinde, Amik yar\u0131madas\u0131n\u0131n ucunda bulunan y\u00fcksek bir kaya k\u00fctlesinin \u00fczerinde bulunmaktad\u0131r. Antik \u00e7a\u011flardan beri var olmu\u015ftur. Orta\u00e7a\u011fda Gnunilerin (Ermeni beylik s\u00fclalesi-\u00e7ev. notu), daha sonra ise Ardsrunilerin (Ermeni beylik ve krall\u0131k s\u00fclalesi-\u00e7ev. notu) m\u00fclk\u00fc olmu\u015f, Vaspurakan kral\u0131 Senekerim Ardsruni\u2019nin […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":54118,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,49],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-54110","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler","category-kaleler"],"yoast_head":"\nBat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f 21 \u00fcnl\u00fc kalesi - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=54110\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f 21 \u00fcnl\u00fc kalesi - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Am\u00fck kalesi \u2013 Orta\u00e7a\u011f Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n\u0131n ele ge\u00e7irilmesi ve ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 kalelerinden. 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