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Nevzat ONARAN<\/strong><\/p>\n 1915\u2019ten 1938\u2019e ve bug\u00fcne\u2026 Irk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, devleti kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131ran resmi ideolojinin yap\u0131sal icraat\u0131d\u0131r. Ambalaj\u0131 da, \u201cayr\u0131m\u0131z-gayr\u0131m\u0131z yok\u201d ya da \u201cbirlik beraberli\u011fimiz\u201d s\u00f6ylemidir. Irk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n sokaktaki kitle taban\u0131, hep diri tutulur ve gerekti\u011finde kapa\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lan gazoz gibi hemen k\u00f6p\u00fcr\u00fcr. B\u00f6ylesi bir harek\u00e2tla Aysel Tu\u011fluk\u2019un annesinin naa\u015f\u0131 mezar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131ld\u0131 ve faillere de karakolda \u201caferin\u201d denildi. Irk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k her an kendini g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131lar; \u00e7evremize bakmam\u0131z yeterlidir. Vicdan sahibiysen \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 duvara toslamaman m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Karar\u0131yla, Tun\u00e7eli Belediye Meclisi[1] de bu duvara toslad\u0131. Toplumsal kimli\u011fini, tarihi-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve co\u011frafi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dikkate alan meclis, belediyenin ad\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Meclis karar\u0131yla, 1926\u2019da kald\u0131r\u0131lan Dersim ad\u0131n\u0131 kabul etti. Resmi ve gayri resmi zevat hemen hareketlendi. D\u00fcne kadar Belediye Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Fatih Mehmet Ma\u00e7o\u011flu\u2019na sevgisini belirtenler de \u201cbu olmad\u0131\u201d s\u00f6ylemiyle kervana kat\u0131ld\u0131. Biliyoruz ki Tun\u00e7eli, 1935 sonunda \u00f6ylesine bir isimlendirme de\u011fildi; devletin \u2018Tun\u00e7 Eli\u2019nin Dersim\u2019de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131-yapaca\u011f\u0131 icraat\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131yd\u0131. 1938\u2019de 3. Ordu M\u00fcfetti\u015fi Orgeneral K\u00e2z\u0131m Orbay\u2019\u0131n koordine etti\u011fi harek\u00e2tla on binlerce Dersimli \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ve s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n Dersim, Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan Cumhuriyet\u2019e intikal eden Ankara, \u0130stanbul, Erzurum ve Sivas gibi vilayetlerdendi. 23 Nisan 1920\u2019de a\u00e7\u0131lan B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi\u2019nde Dersim\u2019in alt\u0131 mebusu vard\u0131: Ahmet Ramiz (Tan), Diyab A\u011fa (Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m), Hasan Hayri (Kanko), Mustafa A\u011fa (\u00d6zt\u00fcrk), Mustafa Zeki (Salt\u0131k) ve Abd\u00fclhalik Tevfik (Gen\u00e7t\u00fcrk) idi. 1923\u2019te yap\u0131lan se\u00e7imde ise Dersim\u2019in mebus say\u0131s\u0131 ikidir. Meclis\u2019in ikinci devresinde Dersim, Feridun Fikri (D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel) ve Ahmet \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc (Kulualp) ile temsil edildi. Bu d\u00f6nemde Dersim, 1921 Mart-May\u0131s\u2019ta Merkez Ordusu ve Topal Osman\u2019\u0131n milis te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n Ko\u00e7giri\u2019deki imha harek\u00e2t\u0131 sonras\u0131nda bir ara resmen hat\u0131rlan\u0131rsa da, esas olarak 1920\u2019lerin ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren Ankara\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcndem maddesidir.<\/p>\n Dersim, 4 Mart 1925\u2019ten itibaren d\u00f6rt y\u0131l boyunca icra edilen Takriri S\u00fck\u00fbn\u2019la Cumhuriyet\u2019in ve Tek Parti Sistemi\u2019nin kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk y\u0131llarda \u00f6ncelik verilen konulardand\u0131. Takriri S\u00fck\u00fbn icraat\u0131yla, muhalefet tamamen bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, TC\u2019nin \u2018hukuki\u2019 sistemi yap\u0131salla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n tasfiyesinin ard\u0131ndan \u0130slam milletlerden K\u00fcrtlerin asimilasyon politi\u011fi netle\u015ftirildi ve icras\u0131na ba\u015fland\u0131. Bu arada 30 May\u0131s 1926 tarihli kanunla Dersim vilayeti ilga edildi[2] ve kazalar\u0131 Erzincan ile Elaz\u0131\u011f aras\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131. Kaza haline getirilen Dersim, idari birim olarak Dersim Kaymakaml\u0131\u011f\u0131[3] ve Dersim H\u00e2kimli\u011fi[4] ve Dersim M\u00fcddeiumumili\u011fi[5] kurumlar\u0131 faaliyetine devam etti.<\/p>\n Cumhuriyet\u2019te de, Osmanl\u0131\u2019da oldu\u011fu gibi \u201cDersim\u2019de ne yap\u0131lmal\u0131?\u201d program\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren raporlar kaleme al\u0131nd\u0131. 1926\u2019da M\u00fclkiye M\u00fcfetti\u015fi Hamdi\u2019nin raporunu, Genelkurmay, \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve umumi m\u00fcfetti\u015flerin raporlar\u0131 izledi. Ba\u015fvekil \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc de rapor haz\u0131rlad\u0131. Raporlar\u0131n temel \u00f6nermesi, medenile\u015ftirme gerek\u00e7esiyle Dersim\u2019in T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesi yani Dersim\u2019in K\u00fcrt\/Zaza ve Alevi-K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f kimli\u011finin imhas\u0131 ve asimile edilmesiydi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Dersim kimli\u011fi, gerek Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n gerekse Cumhuriyet\u2019in egemen T\u00fcrk-S\u00fcnni \u0130slam kimli\u011fine k\u0131yasla hedefteki \u2018\u00f6teki\u2019ydi. 1890\u2019lar sonras\u0131nda zaman zaman askeri harek\u00e2t\u0131n icra edildi\u011fi Dersim\u2019de, soyk\u0131r\u0131m harek\u00e2t\u0131 1938\u2019de yap\u0131ld\u0131. O d\u00f6nemde vilayetin resmi ad\u0131ysa Tun\u00e7eli idi.<\/p>\n Vilayetin kurulmas\u0131yla ilgili tasar\u0131n\u0131n komisyonlarda ve Meclis\u2019teki m\u00fczakeresinde Tun\u00e7eli yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde herhangi bir isim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi yap\u0131lmadan resmen Tunceli olarak yaz\u0131la ve s\u00f6ylenegeldi. Oysa kanunda vilayetin resmi ad\u0131 Tun\u00e7eli\u2019dir; kanuna ayk\u0131r\u0131 kullan\u0131m, resmi zevat taraf\u0131ndan uygun bulundu ki sorun edilmedi.<\/p>\n MUNZUR\u2019DAN TUN\u00c7EL\u0130\u2019YE\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n 1935 yaz\u0131nda Ankara, Dersim\u2019de ne yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 netle\u015ftirirken, ayr\u0131ca yeni bir vilayet kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00fcndemine ald\u0131. Tasar\u0131da \u00f6nerilen vilayetin ad\u0131 elbette Dersim de\u011fildi, Munzur idi.<\/p>\n 1931 y\u0131l\u0131 sonunda Takrir-i S\u00fck\u00fbn prati\u011finin hemen ard\u0131ndan Dersim\u2019e vali-askeri komutan idare sistemi tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131. Birinci Umumi M\u00fcfetti\u015f \u0130brahim Tali\u2019nin 21 Aral\u0131k 1931 tarihli raporundaki, \u201cDersim\u2019de bir m\u00fcddet y\u00fcksek bir askeri makam veya bir m\u00fcddet i\u00e7in vali ve hatta umumi m\u00fcfetti\u015f Hozat\u2019ta bulunmal\u0131 ve Dersim\u2019le yak\u0131ndan alakadar olmal\u0131d\u0131r\u201d \u00f6nerisi[6] ne yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n habercisiydi. Be\u015f y\u0131l sonra yaz\u0131lan oldu. Ba\u015fvekil \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc de, \u0130brahim Tali ile \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fan \u00f6neride bulundu. \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc, 1935 yaz\u0131ndaki gezisinin ard\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 raporun Dersim\u2019le ilgili k\u0131sm\u0131nda, vilayet dairesinin bir kolordu kararg\u00e2h\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131 ve \u201cidama kadar infaz\u0131n valilikte\u201d bitece\u011fi yaz\u0131ld\u0131.[7] Yap\u0131lan haz\u0131rl\u0131k, 21 Ekim 1935\u2019te Cumhuriyet gazetesinde[8] aynen yer ald\u0131. Buna g\u00f6re, Munzur vilayeti ve 4. Umumi M\u00fcfetti\u015flik kurulacak, m\u00fcfetti\u015fe geni\u015f yetki verilecek ve Korgeneral Abdullah Alpdo\u011fan da 4. Umumi M\u00fcfetti\u015flik\u2019e tayin edilecekti. Haberde belirlenen di\u011fer d\u00fczenlemeler de aktar\u0131ld\u0131. Cumhuriyet, iyi bilgilenmi\u015fti ve Korgeneral Abdullah Alpdo\u011fan\u2019\u0131n m\u00fcfetti\u015fli\u011fe atanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dahi yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n General Abdullah Alpdo\u011fan, Dersim\u2019de k\u00f6yl\u00fclerle konu\u015fuyor Kaynak: Nevzat Onaran<\/p>\n Munzur vilayetinin kurulmas\u0131 ve idaresiyle ilgili tasar\u0131 7 Kas\u0131m 1935\u2019te Meclis\u2019e sunuldu. Ba\u015fvekil \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc tasar\u0131 gerek\u00e7esinde, \u201cMahallin ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 yak\u0131ndan g\u00f6rerek ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tedbirleri derhal tatbik edebilecek ve vekillerin [bakanlar\u0131n] haiz oldu\u011fu sal\u00e2hiyetlerle m\u00fccehhez y\u00fcksek bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet m\u00fcmessillerinin orada vali olmas\u0131 ve zat\u0131n askeri bak\u0131mdan da vaziyeti idare edebilmesi i\u00e7in komutan s\u0131fat\u0131n\u0131 da \u00fczerinde birle\u015ftirmi\u015f bulunmas\u0131 gerekli g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u201d de\u011ferlendirmesini yapt\u0131.[9] Tasar\u0131yla ilgili Dahiliye ve Mill\u00ee M\u00fcdafaa enc\u00fcmenlerinin mazbatalar\u0131nda vilayet ve \u00f6zel idarenin kurulmas\u0131 talebi yerinde bulundu. Fakat Adliye Enc\u00fcmeni mazbatas\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015fma konusu ise idam cezas\u0131n\u0131n infaz\u0131yd\u0131.[10]<\/p>\n B\u00fct\u00e7e Enc\u00fcmeni mazbatas\u0131nda, Dahiliye Vekili\u2019nin teklifi \u00fczerine vilayetin Munzur olan ad\u0131 Tun\u00e7eli olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirildi. H\u00fck\u00fcmet tasar\u0131s\u0131nda madde 1\u2019de vilayet ad\u0131, Munzur\u2019du. Vilayet ad\u0131n\u0131 Dahiliye, Mill\u00ee M\u00fcdafaa ile Adliye enc\u00fcmenleri Munzur\u2019u ve B\u00fct\u00e7e Enc\u00fcmeni de Tun\u00e7eli\u2019yi kabul etti. Ayr\u0131ca tasar\u0131da idam cezas\u0131n\u0131 infaz yetkisinin vali ve kumandanda oldu\u011fu h\u00fckm\u00fc enc\u00fcmen raporlar\u0131nda aynen yer ald\u0131.[11] Vilayet ad\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi resmile\u015ftiren Dahiliye Vekili (\u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakan\u0131) \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Kaya\u2019d\u0131r; Ba\u015fvek\u00e2let\u2019e g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi 13 Aral\u0131k 1935 tarihli yaz\u0131s\u0131nda vilayet ad\u0131n\u0131 aynen Tun\u00e7eli olarak yazd\u0131.[12] Anla\u015f\u0131lan bu isim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi karar\u0131n\u0131 alan \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019d\u0131r. Vilayetle ilgili tasar\u0131 25 Aral\u0131k 1935\u2019te Meclis\u2019te g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcld\u00fc ve kabul edilmesi sonras\u0131nda Tun\u00e7eli vilayeti 4 Ocak 1936\u2019da kuruldu.[13] B\u00f6ylece Devletin \u2018Tun\u00e7 eli\u2019nin gerekeni yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ifadesi olarak vilayet ad\u0131 Tun\u00e7eli olarak yasala\u015ft\u0131. Fakat sonras\u0131nda resmi evrakta Tunceli olarak da yaz\u0131ld\u0131, tashih hatas\u0131 gibi g\u00f6sterilerek, \u00f6yle yaz\u0131ma devam edildi, d\u00fczeltilmesiyle ilgili yasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi dahi yap\u0131lmad\u0131.<\/p>\n Cumhuriyet\u2019in kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llarda \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn 15 y\u0131l Cumhurreisi, \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn 13 y\u0131l 8 ay 14 g\u00fcn Ba\u015fbakan ve \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 Fevzi \u00c7akmak\u2019\u0131n da 12 Ocak 1944\u2019e kadar 20 y\u0131l Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkan\u0131 olmas\u0131 gibi, \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Kaya da, \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 olarak benzer rekor sahibidir. 1 Kas\u0131m 1927-11 Kas\u0131m 1938 d\u00f6neminin de\u011fi\u015fmez \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Kaya, 11 y\u0131l 10 g\u00fcn g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131. Anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ki, Cumhuriyet\u2019i kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131ran politik ve idari kadro \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lard\u0131. \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Kaya, hayli deneyimlidir, Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 d\u00f6neminde de \u0130sk\u00e2n-\u0131 A\u015f\u00e2ir Muh\u00e2cirin M\u00fcd\u00fcri Umumisi (Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc) idi. \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Kaya\u2019n\u0131n[14] ilk icraat\u0131, \u0130sl\u00e2m muhacirlerin Trakya\u2019dan ve Ege\u2019den kovulan Rumlar\u0131n evine-bark\u0131na isk\u00e2n edilmesiydi. D\u00f6nemin bir di\u011fer politik akt\u00f6r\u00fc \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 Cel\u00e2l Bayar da, 1938\u2019de Dersim soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 planlayan ve icra eden Ba\u015fbakand\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Kaya\u2019n\u0131n bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k resmen kanunlarda dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131 ve yaz\u0131ld\u0131. 14 Haziran 1934 tarihli \u0130sk\u00e2n Kanunu[15] ile \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k kriterine g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye haritas\u0131, T\u00fcrkler ile asimile edileceklerin isk\u00e2n edilece\u011fi ve yasak b\u00f6lgeler olarak \u00fc\u00e7e b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc. Bu kanunla, T\u00fcrk \u0131rk\u0131ndan olan-olmayan (madde 7, 12 ve 13), T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131 [S\u00fcnni-\u0130sl\u00e2m] olan-olmayan (madde 10, 11), anadili T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olan-olmayan (madde 11) ve soyca T\u00fcrk olan-olmayan (madde 12) gibi \u0131rk, din ve anadil kriterine g\u00f6re ayr\u0131m esas al\u0131nd\u0131. Amac\u0131 \u2018dilde, kanda, k\u00fclt\u00fcrde birlik\u2019 olarak belirlenen kanun, \u2018\u00f6teki\u2019nin demografik yap\u0131dan tasfiyesine y\u00f6nelik politikalar\u0131n icras\u0131na temel olu\u015fturdu. Kanunun ilk icraat sahas\u0131 Dersim\u2019di. Haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Dersim raporunda, Dersim\u2019in \u0131slah\u0131 i\u00e7in askeri harek\u00e2t\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve ahalinin s\u00fcr\u00fclmesini \u00f6neren[16] bakan \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Kaya, n\u00fcfusa iki \u00e7ocu\u011funun kayd\u0131n\u0131 bile yapt\u0131rmam\u0131\u015fken[17] \u201cDersimliye niye \u00e7ocu\u011funu n\u00fcfusa kay\u0131t ettirmiyorsun veya niye askere g\u00f6ndermiyorsun?\u201d diye hesap sormas\u0131, aranan bahane de\u011filse nedir?<\/p>\n T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn detayl\u0131 program\u0131n\u0131n belirlendi\u011fi ve icra edildi\u011fi y\u0131llar\u0131n bakan\u0131 \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Kaya ifade etmi\u015ftir ki, Cumhuriyet vatanda\u015f\u0131 \u2018T\u00fcrk\u2019 olacakt\u0131r. \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Kaya, \u201cEfendiler, memleketin halk\u0131, Te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131 Esasiye Kanunu mucibince T\u00fcrkt\u00fcr ve hepsinin T\u00fcrk olmas\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fmalar\u0131, kendi menfaatleri iktizas\u0131dand\u0131r (gere\u011fidir)\u201d ve \u201cZaten insanl\u0131k tarihi T\u00fcrklerle ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, T\u00fcrk olmasayd\u0131 belki tarih de olmazd\u0131 [\u2026] Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn vaz\u2019etti\u011fi prensipler T\u00fcrkt\u00fcr\u201d ve \u201cAna dili T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019den ba\u015fka dil konu\u015fan T\u00fcrkler\u2019in hars\u00ee ve i\u00e7tima\u00ee sahada di\u011fer T\u00fcrk karde\u015flerinin mevkiine gelmeleri i\u00e7in esasl\u0131 bir program alt\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 takarr\u00fcr etmi\u015ftir\u201d gibi de\u011ferlendirmelerde bulundu.[18] \u0130\u015fte bu zihniyetin Dersim\u2019deki icras\u0131yla on binlerce Dersimli \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ve s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Kaya, Dersim 1938 soyk\u0131r\u0131m harek\u00e2t\u0131n\u0131, Cumhurreisi Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn g\u00f6revlendirmesiyle Ba\u015fbakan Cel\u00e2l Bayar ve Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Orgeneral Fevzi \u00c7akmak\u2019la birlikte haz\u0131rlad\u0131. Harek\u00e2t\u0131n sahadaki icras\u0131n\u0131 3. Ordu M\u00fcfetti\u015fi Orgeneral K\u00e2z\u0131m Orbay ile Tun\u00e7eli Valisi ve Komutan\u0131 ve 4. Umumi M\u00fcfetti\u015f Korgeneral Abdullah Alpdo\u011fan yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n TUN\u00c7EL\u0130-M\u00dcFETT\u0130\u015eL\u0130K S\u0130STEM\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n 1935 sonunda Meclis\u2019in g\u00fcndeminde vali-komutan idare sistemiyle Dersim\u2019i m\u00fcfetti\u015fe teslim edecek tasar\u0131 vard\u0131. \u0130stanbul ve Ankara\u2019dan ayr\u0131 Dersim\u2019e \u00f6zel hukukun icras\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7layan Munzur Vil\u00e2yeti Te\u015fkilat ve \u0130daresi Hakk\u0131nda Kanun Layihas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fczakeresi 25 Aral\u0131k 1935\u2019te yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bir g\u00fcn \u00f6ncesinde Cumhuriyet gazetesi, vali ve kumandana idam infaz yetkisinin verildi\u011fini haberle\u015ftirdi.[19] Tasar\u0131da vilayet ad\u0131 Munzur olarak yaz\u0131lsa da \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Kaya, s\u00f6z\u00fcne Tun\u00e7eli diyerek ba\u015flad\u0131. Bakan Kaya, burada Cumhuriyet idaresiyle medeni tedbirler d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve Cumhuriyet\u2019in feyzlerinden istifa etmesinin hedeflendi\u011fini anlatt\u0131. Tasar\u0131 maddeleri okundu ve kabul edildi.<\/p>\n Bundan evvel 16 Aral\u0131k 1935\u2019te kabul edilen kanunla[20] 4. Umumi M\u00fcfetti\u015flik te\u015fkilat\u0131 ve kadrosu hakk\u0131nda d\u00fczenleme yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Oysa 4. Umumi M\u00fcfetti\u015flik 6 Ocak 1936 tarihli kararnameyle kuruldu ve m\u00fcfetti\u015flik Tun\u00e7eli, Bing\u00f6l, Elaz\u0131\u011f ve Erzincan\u2019\u0131 kaps\u0131yordu.[21] M\u00fcfetti\u015flik\u2019in kurulmas\u0131ndan d\u00f6rt g\u00fcn sonra \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan kararnameyle de, \u00fc\u00e7 ay \u00f6ncesinde Cumhuriyet gazetesinin yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi Korgeneral Abdullah Alpdo\u011fan[22] m\u00fcfetti\u015f olarak atand\u0131.<\/p>\n Dersim\u2019e \u00f6zel hukuk icras\u0131n\u0131 hedefleyen tasar\u0131da m\u00fcfetti\u015fin yarg\u0131 yetkisi tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. 32\u2019nci madde, \u201cVali ve kumandan herhangi bir \u015fah\u0131s hakk\u0131ndaki takibat\u0131n tehirine ve cezalar\u0131n teciline sal\u00e2hiyetlidir. Bu tehir veya tecil m\u00fcr\u00fcr\u00fc zaman\u0131n i\u015flemesine m\u00e2ni olmaz\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fcnde olup ve devam\u0131 33. maddede de, idam cezas\u0131n\u0131n infaz yetkisi, vali ve kumandana veriliyordu. Mu\u011fla Mebusu H\u00fcsn\u00fc Kitabc\u0131, maddelerin bu haline itiraz etti ve 1924 Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 26\u2019nc\u0131 maddesi gere\u011fi, idam cezas\u0131 infaz\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan do\u011fruya Meclis\u2019in sal\u00e2hiyetinde bulundu\u011funu hat\u0131rlatt\u0131. H\u00fcsn\u00fc Kitabc\u0131, 33\u2019\u00fcnc\u00fc maddenin bu haliyle kabul\u00fcn\u00fcn, ancak anayasan\u0131n 26\u2019nc\u0131 maddesinin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesiyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilece\u011fini vurgulad\u0131. Bunun \u00fczerine Adliye Enc\u00fcmeni K\u00e2tibi ve Trabzon Mebusu Raif Karadeniz, maddeyi nas\u0131l m\u00fcdafaa edece\u011finin soruldu\u011funu ifade ettikten sonra, de\u011ferlendirmesini \u015f\u00f6yle s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc:<\/p>\n \u201cYaln\u0131z, memleketin y\u00fcksek menfaat\u0131n\u0131 bir tarafa koyduk ve di\u011fer tarafa da kanuni mevzuat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 koyduk ve Te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131 Esasiye Kanunu\u2019na kar\u015f\u0131 beslenmesi laz\u0131m gelen peresti\u015f ve h\u00fcrmeti de g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fck ve bu neticeye vas\u0131l olduk. Mazbatada \u2018filhakika, Te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131 Esasiye Kanunu\u2019nun 26\u2019nc\u0131 maddesi sarihtir\u2019 demekten maksat, yani bu madde yerindedir [\u2026] Biz Adliye Enc\u00fcmeninde bu i\u015fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrken sureti umumiyede dedik ki, bir memleket i\u00e7in, muayyen bir m\u0131nt\u0131kada, memleketin di\u011fer taraf\u0131nda tatbik edilen kanunlardan ayr\u0131 bir kanun yap\u0131labilir mi? Biz, muayyen bir m\u0131nt\u0131kada hususi bir kanun yap\u0131yoruz. Orada ya\u015fayan vatanda\u015flar ancak bu kanun dairesinde devletle m\u00fcnasebete giri\u015feceklerdir. Bunun manas\u0131 fevkal\u00e2deliktir. Dahiliye Vekili fevkal\u00e2delik yoktur, dediler. Bunu \u015fu manada anlamak laz\u0131md\u0131r. Evet orada muharebe yoktur, top sesleri i\u015fitilmiyor. Fakat h\u00fck\u00fcmeti tan\u0131mayan, yaln\u0131z a\u015firet reislerini tan\u0131yan bir z\u00fcmre vard\u0131r. Medeni bir memlekette en b\u00fcy\u00fck kuvvet h\u00fck\u00fcmettir, devlettir. Bunun yerine en b\u00fcy\u00fck kuvvet olarak a\u015firet reisini veya bir a\u011fay\u0131 tan\u0131mak ne demektir. [\u2026] Bu itibarla biz gayet samimi olarak bu yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z kanunun Te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131 Esasiye Kanunu\u2019na, onun ruh ve manas\u0131na hi\u00e7bir suretle muhalif olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 neticesine vard\u0131k.\u201d[23]<\/p>\n Bakan \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Kaya\u2019n\u0131n Dersim\u2019in \u00f6zel durumu \u00fczerinde durarak Raif Karadeniz\u2019e destek veren konu\u015fmas\u0131ndan sonra maddeler aynen kabul edildi. \u0130dam\u0131 infaz yetkisi m\u00fcfetti\u015fe verildi. H\u00fcsn\u00fc Kitabc\u0131 ile Raif Karadeniz aras\u0131nda idam cezas\u0131n\u0131n infaz\u0131yla ilgili tart\u0131\u015fma, ertesi g\u00fcnk\u00fc Cumhuriyet gazetesinin[24] haberidir. M\u00fczakerenin ard\u0131ndan kabul edilen 2884 say\u0131l\u0131 Tun\u00e7eli Vil\u00e2yetinin \u0130daresi Hakk\u0131nda Kanun 38 madde olup, b\u00f6ylece Tun\u00e7eli\u2019ne \u00f6zel hukuk sistemi ve idaresi olu\u015fturuldu.[25] Kanunla Tun\u00e7eli\u2019de kurulan koloni idaresinin ba\u015f\u0131ndaki vali ve komutana, \u015fah\u0131s hakk\u0131ndaki takibat\u0131n tehirine ve cezalar\u0131 tecil etme (madde 32) ve idam\u0131n infaz\u0131n\u0131 ertelemezse yerine getirme yetkisi (madde 33) verildi.<\/p>\n B\u00f6ylece 1924 Anayasas\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re Meclis\u2019te olan idam cezas\u0131n\u0131n infaz yetkisi ve di\u011fer adli hususlar Dersim \u00f6zelinde vali ve kumandana devredildi. Bunun gerek\u00e7elendirilmesi, Dersim\u2019in \u00f6zel haline dikkat \u00e7ekilerek, Raif Karadeniz\u2019in ifadesiyle, \u201cmemleketin y\u00fcksek menfaatini bir tarafa koyduk ve di\u011fer tarafa da kanuni mevzuat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 koyduk\u201d denilerek, keyfi bir kararla a\u011f\u0131r basan Ankara\u2019n\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc menfaati olmu\u015ftur. Hukuki yakla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda s\u00f6ylenecek olan da, kanunla anayasan\u0131n ilgili h\u00fckm\u00fc ilga edilmi\u015ftir. Bu, nas\u0131l bir Cumhuriyet kuruldu\u011funu anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. 10 y\u0131l \u00f6nce de benzer uygulama yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1925\u2019te Takrir-i S\u00fck\u00fbn icraat\u0131nda idam\u0131 infaz yetkisi s\u0131k\u0131y\u00f6netim komutanlar\u0131 ve Ankara ile Diyarbak\u0131r \u0130stikl\u00e2l Mahkemelerine[26] verilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n Dersim\u2019de resmi ad\u0131yla Tun\u00e7eli vilayetinin kurulmas\u0131yla, sava\u015f hukukuna g\u00f6re \u00f6zel bir sistem olu\u015fturuldu. Tek yetkili bir askerdi; o hem vali hem de 4. Umumi M\u00fcfetti\u015f ve vilayet komutan\u0131yd\u0131. Bunun gere\u011fi Tun\u00e7eli\u2019nin yani Dersim\u2019in tek yetkilisi Korgeneral Abdullah Alpdo\u011fan\u2019d\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda h\u00fck\u00fcmetin Dersim\u2019deki tek otoritesiydi. B\u00f6ylece M\u00fcfetti\u015f Alpdo\u011fan, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki meri mevzuattan farkl\u0131, asl\u0131nda Dersim\u2019de keyfine g\u00f6re idare etmekle yetkilendirildi. Hatta o denli yetkiliydi ki, resmen Dersimlinin K\u00fcrt\/Zaza olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na h\u00fckmedildi; Dersimliye Da\u011f T\u00fcrk\u00fc ve diline de Da\u011f T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi denildi.<\/p>\n Dersim\u2019de tek yetkili Alpdo\u011fan, 1915\u2019ten beri bizzat sahada hayli tecr\u00fcbeliydi; Ko\u00e7giri\u2019nin 1915\u2019te Ermenilerden[27] ve 1921\u2019de K\u00fcrt Alevi-K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015flardan ve 1921\u2019de Karadeniz\u2019in Rumlardan temizlenmesinin[28] de komutan\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n Da\u011f T\u00fcrk\u00fc ve Da\u011f T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi gibi tuhaf analizlerle Cumhuriyet\u2019in Tun\u00e7eli-M\u00fcfetti\u015flik sistemiyle, g\u00fcya K\u00fcrt\/Zaza ve Alevi-K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f Dersimli, \u2018medenile\u015fecekti\u2019. B\u00f6ylece \u2018medenile\u015fen\u2019 Dersimli de, T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131 olacakt\u0131. Harek\u00e2t\u0131n sonunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ki, asl\u0131nda Tun\u00e7eli-M\u00fcfetti\u015flik sisteminin icras\u0131yla \u2018medenile\u015fme\u2019, on binlerce Dersimlinin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve s\u00fcr\u00fclmesiydi.<\/p>\n \u0130MHA HAREKATI<\/p>\n D\u00f6nemin Son Posta gazetesi Kaynak: Nevzat Onaran<\/p>\n Dersim vilayetinin ismen ilga edilmesi basit bir icra de\u011fildi. Dersim\u2019de ne yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilk i\u015faretiydi. \u0130smin ilgas\u0131, bir T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirme faaliyeti olarak sadece vilayetlerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmad\u0131, binlerce k\u00f6y\u00fcn ve da\u011f\u0131n-ta\u015f\u0131n ad\u0131 da de\u011fi\u015ftirildi. 1959-1968 d\u00f6neminde 12 bin k\u00f6y ad\u0131[29] T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirildi. B\u00f6ylesi isim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi asl\u0131nda, bir T\u00fcrk N\u00fcfus M\u00fchendisli\u011fi[30] faaliyetiydi. M\u00fchendislik kapsam\u0131nda \u00f6nce ad\u0131 ilga edilen Dersim\u2019de imha ve asimilasyon program\u0131 haz\u0131rland\u0131 ve icra edildi. \u00d6zel idare sistemi olu\u015fturulan Dersim\u2019de icran\u0131n tek yetkilisi ve Ankara\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6zel g\u00f6revli ki\u015fisi, Tun\u00e7eli Valisi ve Komutan\u0131 ve M\u00fcfetti\u015fi Korgeneral Abdullah Alpdo\u011fan\u2019d\u0131.<\/p>\n Dersim\u2019e askeri harek\u00e2t politi\u011fi asl\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan Cumhuriyet\u2019e mirast\u0131\u20261938\u2019de Dersim\u2019de devletin d\u00e2hili harbiyle[31] Dersimlinin can ve mal g\u00fcvenli\u011fi berhava edildi\u2026<\/p>\n Dersim\u2019de muhtarlarla haber sal\u0131nd\u0131 ve tayyarelerle 1 no\u2019lu, 2 no\u2019lu ve 3 no\u2019lu yasak b\u00f6lgenin da\u011f\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131na bildiri at\u0131ld\u0131; \u201cEvini-bark\u0131n\u0131 terk et\u201d ya da \u201cGel teslim ol\u201d diye\u2026 Teslim olmayan, can derdine d\u00fc\u015fen ve da\u011fa ka\u00e7an Dersimliye de, \u201cisyan etti\u201d denildi.<\/p>\n Asl\u0131nda Dersimlinin isyan edecek veya ayaklanacak ne hali ne de merkezi te\u015fkilat\u0131 ve lojisti\u011fi vard\u0131?<\/p>\n Dersim\u2019de \u00f6nemli bir alan fiilen devletin d\u00e2hili harp sahas\u0131yd\u0131; kaza merkezleriyle belli b\u00f6lgeler hari\u00e7 k\u0131rdaki insanlar, topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve evini-bark\u0131n\u0131 terk etmeye mecbur tutuldu; yerle\u015fim yerleri yak\u0131ld\u0131-bombaland\u0131\u2026 \u0130syan etti denilen Dersim\u2019de resmi a\u00e7\u0131klamaya g\u00f6re sadece 1938 y\u0131l\u0131nda 13.160 Dersimli ve 122 asker-milis \u00f6ld\u00fc\u2026 Oysa T\u00fcrk Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda toplam asker-milis kayb\u0131 9167\u2019dir.[32] Bu mukayese dahi Dersim\u2019de ne yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Dersimliye \u2018d\u00fc\u015fman\u2019 g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 net anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Dersim\u2019de devletin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ne Ba\u015fbakan ne de Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkan\u0131 ink\u00e2r etti. A\u011fzunikli Haydar Kang, TBMM Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na ve Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi d\u00f6rt dilek\u00e7esinde, 1938 A\u011fustos ay\u0131ndaki askeri harek\u00e2tla k\u00f6y\u00fcnde, ailesinden 12 ki\u015fi d\u00e2hil 170 A\u011fzuniklinin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve yak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazd\u0131. Ne Ba\u015fbakan ne de Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkan\u0131 cevaben, Haydar Kang\u2019\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f veya yalan yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia edemedi.[33]<\/p>\n 1935-1945 d\u00f6neminde Tun\u00e7eli n\u00fcfusu, resmi a\u00e7\u0131klamaya g\u00f6re Dersimlinin 14 bininin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi[34] ve 20 bininin s\u00fcr\u00fclmesi[35] sonras\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli azald\u0131.[36] Tun\u00e7eli vilayetini olu\u015fturan \u00c7emi\u015fgezek, Hozat, Kalan, Mazgirt, Naz\u0131miye, Ovac\u0131k, Pertek ve P\u00fcl\u00fcm\u00fcr kazalar\u0131n\u0131n 1927\u2019de 80.230 olan n\u00fcfusu, 1935\u2019te 105.215\u2019e y\u00fckseldi ve 1940\u2019da 94.639\u2019a, 1945\u2019te 90.446\u2019ya geriledi.<\/p>\n Devletin d\u00e2hili harbiyle 1935 say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re n\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde 35\u2019i tasfiye edildi. Bu oran, 10-15 bin veya 15-20 bin askeri g\u00fc\u00e7 ve devlet \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda y\u00fczde 40\u2019\u0131 a\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Vicdans\u0131zca, Dersim\u2019de b\u00f6ylesine imhac\u0131 icraya, medenile\u015ftirme gerek\u00e7esiyle feodalizmin tasfiyesi harek\u00e2t\u0131[37] diyenler de oldu. Oysa 1930\u2019lu y\u0131llarda ilgili kanunlar ve Arazi Talimatnameleri analizinden biliyoruz ki, K\u00fcrt sorunu nedeniyle, tekelci burjuvazinin ve toprak a\u011falar\u0131n\u0131n egemenli\u011finde TC\u2019nin g\u00fcndeminde, feodalizmi tasfiyenin en \u00f6nemli unsuru toprak reformu politi\u011fi hi\u00e7bir zaman olmad\u0131.[38] Bunun i\u00e7in ilgili talimatnameler, 11 Haziran 1945 tarihli \u00c7ift\u00e7iyi Toprakland\u0131rma Kanunu ve GAP\u2019la birlikte toprak reformu giri\u015fimi vs hepsi kad\u00fck kalm\u0131\u015f \u00f6ylesine icraatt\u0131. Feodalizmde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclme ve kapitalistle\u015fme, Ermeni ve Rum m\u00fclk\u00fcn\u00fcn gasp\u0131, pazar\u0131n merkezile\u015fmesi, montaj da olsa sanayile\u015fme ve parasal ekonominin egemenli\u011fiyle bug\u00fcnk\u00fc d\u00fczeye geldi.<\/p>\n Dersim, 23 Kas\u0131m 2011\u2019de d\u00f6nemin Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Recep T. Erdo\u011fan taraf\u0131ndan resmen g\u00fcndeme getirildi. Erdo\u011fan beyan\u0131nda, Dersim\u2019de olanlar\u0131 CHP\u2019nin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlatt\u0131[39] ve \u201cSay\u0131n K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7daro\u011flu nereye ka\u00e7\u0131yorsun? Bunlardan nas\u0131l s\u0131yr\u0131lacaks\u0131n. Ben mi \u00f6z\u00fcr dileyece\u011fim, sen mi dileyeceksin? E\u011fer devlet ad\u0131na \u00f6z\u00fcr dilenecekse, b\u00f6yle bir literat\u00fcr varsa ben \u00f6z\u00fcr dilerim, diliyorum\u201d dedi.<\/p>\n Ba\u015fbakan \u015fahs\u0131nda TC, \u00f6zr\u00fcn gere\u011fini yapsayd\u0131, bug\u00fcne kadar vilayetin ad\u0131 Dersim olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f olur ve belediye meclisinin de b\u00f6ylesi bir karar almas\u0131na gerek kalmazd\u0131. \u00d6zr\u00fcn gere\u011fi yap\u0131lmad\u0131; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, sadece CHP\u2019nin de\u011fil AKP\u2019nin de temel ideolojik k\u0131lavuzudur.<\/p>\n Sonu\u00e7 olarak, 1938\u2019de Dersim\u2019de devletin d\u00e2hili harbini, TC h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve 3. Ordu M\u00fcfetti\u015fli\u011fi planlad\u0131 ve icra etti. Devletin Tun\u00e7 Eli\u2019yle on binlerce Dersimli \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ve s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc, anas\u0131z-babas\u0131z b\u0131rak\u0131lan \u00e7ocuklar da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u2026<\/p>\n Ve devletin \u00f6zr\u00fcn\u00fcn ilk ad\u0131m\u0131, b\u00f6ylesi bir i\u00e7eri\u011fi olan Tun\u00e7eli isminin ilgas\u0131 ve Dersim\u2019in kabul\u00fcd\u00fcr. Devam\u0131nda yap\u0131lacak olan da, resmen Dersimli kimli\u011fini tan\u0131mak, bunun gere\u011fini yapmak ve askeri harek\u00e2t\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu tahribat\u0131 gidermektir!<\/p>\n Dersim\u2019in 1 no\u2019lu, 2 no\u2019lu ve 3 no\u2019lu yasak b\u00f6lgesinde, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin 2\u2019nci maddesindeki[40] t\u00fcm fiiller tek tek icra edildi. 2\u2019nci maddenin \u00f6znesi bir grup mensubu olmakt\u0131r. Belirtilen be\u015f fiilse, \u201c\u00f6ld\u00fcrmek, bedensel ve zihinsel zarar vermek, varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na k\u0131smen veya tamamen son verecek hayat \u015fartlar\u0131na tabi tutmak, do\u011fumu engellemek i\u00e7in tedbir almak ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 al\u0131p ba\u015fkas\u0131na vermek\u201dtir.<\/p>\n K\u00fcrt\/Zaza ve Alevi-K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f Dersimli, topluca \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ve s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc, \u00e7ocuklar ailelerinden kopart\u0131ld\u0131, topra\u011f\u0131 ya\u015fanmaz hale getirildi, bedensel-zihinsel varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na zarar verildi.<\/p>\n T\u00fcmden Dersim\u2019in hedeflendi\u011fi b\u00f6ylesi ko\u015fullarda elbette harp ortam\u0131nda yasak b\u00f6lge d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki Dersimlinin hayat\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvencede s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc iddia edilemez. Bunun i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 yasak b\u00f6lge d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Dersimlinin ya\u015famas\u0131, soyk\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yan\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olmamal\u0131d\u0131r!<\/p>\n Her Dersimli \u015fahittir!..<\/p>\n <\/p>\n