{"id":54027,"date":"2019-07-18T02:59:59","date_gmt":"2019-07-18T07:59:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=54027"},"modified":"2019-07-18T02:59:59","modified_gmt":"2019-07-18T07:59:59","slug":"sait-cetinoglu-utancin-olumden-daha-beter-oldugu-bir-surec-1895-96-ermeni-katliamlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=54027","title":{"rendered":"Sait \u00c7etino\u011flu: Utanc\u0131n \u00d6l\u00fcmden Daha Beter Oldu\u011fu Bir S\u00fcre\u00e7: 1895-96 ERMEN\u0130 KATL\u0130AMLARI"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sait \u00c7etino\u011flu<\/a> \"\"<\/p>\n

\u00dcz\u00fcnt\u00fc ve korkudan \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131na d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f erkek, kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuklar s\u00fcr\u00fc s\u00fcr\u00fc s\u0131\u011f\u0131nak olarak kiliselere dolu\u015furken orada kurban edilmeyeceklerini san\u0131yorlar. Ba\u015fka da yapacak ne var ki zaten? Fakat y\u00fczlerce kilise ve manast\u0131r\u0131n k\u00fcle d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve bu Hristiyan g\u00e2vurlu\u011funun k\u00f6k\u00fc kaz\u0131nmak isteniyorsa geriye kalanlar teferruattan ibarettir. Kilise ve manast\u0131rlara s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan y\u00fczlerce insan varsa n\u2018olmu\u015f yani?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Lepsius<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u0131z\u0131l Sultan<\/em>\u00a0lakapl\u0131 Sultan Abd\u00fclhamid d\u00f6neminin en b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131y\u0131mlar\u0131ndan biri olan,1894 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki Sason Katliamlar\u0131 akabinde, Saray taraf\u0131ndan koordine edildi\u011finden ku\u015fku duyulmayan, zincirleme olarak yay\u0131lan katliamlar ve pogromlar d\u00fczenlendi. 1895\u2019in yakla\u015f\u0131k son \u00fc\u00e7 ay\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan s\u00fcre boyunca ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen kitlesel sald\u0131r\u0131lar alt\u0131nda.Tarihsel Bat\u0131 Ermenistan, Kilikya, Pontos ve Kapadokya b\u00f6lgelerinde ya\u015fayan Ermeni halk\u0131na muazzam bir kan banyosu yapt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Dev\u00adletin g\u00fcvenlik g\u00fc\u00e7leri kimi yerde sald\u0131r\u0131lara kat\u0131l\u0131p, kimi yerde g\u00f6z yumma ve m\u00fcdahale etmeme yoluyla kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flad\u0131.Toplam 11 vilayet s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde irili ufakl\u0131 2.500 yerle\u015fim alan\u0131n\u0131 etkileyen ve s\u0131\u00e7ramak \u015fekilde bir nevi \u201ccihat\u201d gibi cereyan eden olaylar, say\u0131s\u0131z mahalle, k\u00f6y, manast\u0131r ve kiliseyi harabeye \u00e7evirdi.<\/em>[i]<\/em><\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>1896 y\u0131l\u0131nda da devam eden, tarihe\u00a01895 \u2013 1896 Ermeni Katliamlar\u0131<\/em>\u00a0olarak ge\u00e7en, Ermeni vilayetlerinde 300 bin Ermeni\u2019nin yok edilmesi, \u00a0kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak Ermeni mallar\u0131na el konulmas\u0131, Kitlesel M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131rma kiliselerin camiye \u00e7evrilmesi, a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6l\u00fcmler\u2026 \u0130htiyatl\u0131 g\u00f6zlemciler taraf\u0131ndan dahi 1896 yaz\u0131nda, kitle katliamlar\u0131 sonras\u0131ndan kalan on iki ya\u015f\u00a0alt\u0131nda en az elli bin yetim\u2026 gibi korkun\u00e7 bir tablo ile sonu\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Katliamlar, \u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve Rusya\u2019n\u0131n, Sultan Hamid\u2019e, 1878 Berlin Anla\u015fmas\u0131 ile verdi\u011fi s\u00f6zleri yerine getirmesinin hat\u0131rlat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n(!) ard\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesine ra\u011fmen, Hamid\u2019in r\u00fc\u015fveti ile Katliamlar B\u00fcy\u00fck devletlerin g\u00fcndeminden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclerek unutturulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Contemporary Review\u2019in<\/em>\u00a0a\u011fustos 1895 say\u0131s\u0131nda Emile J. Dillon bu ger\u00e7e\u011fi dile getirerek \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yor: \u201c1878 Y\u0131l\u0131nda Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z m\u00fcdahalenin en a\u00e7\u0131k ve kesin sonucu, Ermeni vilayetlerinde insani noktadan ve devaml\u0131 olu\u015fu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bir ter\u00f6r sisteminin uygulanmaya devam edi\u015fidir. \u00d6yle ki; imparatorluktaki Ermenilerin durumunu ABD\u2019nin g\u00fcney devletlerindeki k\u00f6le zencilerin \u00e7ektikleri zul\u00fcmlerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rsak arada fazla bir fark g\u00f6remeyiz. \u015ea\u015faa ile ac\u0131lara son verdi\u011fimizi s\u00f6yledik ama sonunda ortal\u0131\u011f\u0131n cehenneme \u00e7evrildi\u011fini kabullenmek noktas\u0131na geldik. \u0130stismarlar\u0131, k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckleri kesin \u015fekilde ve derhal kald\u0131rmay\u0131 g\u00f6revimiz olarak \u00fcstlendik ama sonras\u0131nda \u00f6zg\u00fcr irademizle daha \u00f6nce y\u00fcklenmi\u015f oldu\u011fumuz g\u00f6revimizi savsaklamakla kalmay\u0131p daha \u00f6nce k\u00f6t\u00fc ve istikrars\u0131z dedi\u011fimiz bir halk\u0131 yok etmeyi g\u00f6rev edinmi\u015f bir emperyalist y\u00f6netimi destekledik. Ne g\u00fcc\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc g\u00f6sterme ne de zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 kabullenme cesaretinde bulunamad\u0131k. G\u00fcc\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc duyurmaya veya zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 kabullenmeye cesaret etmedik.\u201d<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131n\u0131n tavr\u0131n\u0131 Van sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz Konsoloslu\u011funun tavr\u0131nda cisimle\u015fmi\u015ftir: kay\u0131ts\u0131zl\u0131k ve can korkusu \u0130ngiliz konsolosu korkudan titrer halde ba\u015f\u0131na bir T\u00fcrk fesi ge\u00e7irmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

K\u0131saca, Ermenilerin feryad\u0131, ba\u015f ba\u015fa kald\u0131klar\u0131 katliamlar\u0131 d\u00fcnyaya duyurmaya yetmemi\u015f adalet istemleri i\u015fitilmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

1915 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6lgesinde kalan Hamidiye Katliamlar\u0131, 1915 Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ile do\u011frudan ili\u015fkilidir. Katliamlarda erkek n\u00fcfus hedef al\u0131narak katledilmi\u015f, korumas\u0131z kalan kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuklar M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rnek olsun; Kayseri\u2019deki katliam b\u00f6yle bir\u00a0 fetva \u00fczerine ba\u015flad\u0131. \u201cErkekleri \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcn! Onlar\u0131n mal ve m\u00fclkleri, kad\u0131n ve k\u0131zlar\u0131 bize aittir, helald\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n

Hamidiye Katliamlar\u0131 Trabzon\u2019da ba\u015flay\u0131p, Sultan Hamid\u2019in reform s\u00f6z\u00fc verdi\u011fi 6 vilayet ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmad\u0131. \u0130stanbul\u2019un yan\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131ndaki \u0130zmit Vilayeti\u2019nin Akhisar [g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Pamukova] il\u00e7esinde 3 Ekimde bir katliam yap\u0131ld\u0131. 50 Ermeni \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc, maddi zarar 15.000 T\u00fcrk liras\u0131n\u0131 buldu. (345.000 Frank). Ankara, Halep (Antep, Urfa, Birecik ve Mara\u015f ) ve Adana gibi kom\u015fu vilayetlere de s\u0131\u00e7rad\u0131. Bu \u015fehirler de katliamlardan muaf tutulmad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Amerika ve Fransa gemilerinin Adana\u2019da bulunmas\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Kilikya\u2019n\u0131n Mersin, Tarsus ve Adana \u015fehir merkezlerini Hamidiye katliamlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6rece d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tutmu\u015ftur. \u00dc\u00e7 defa katliama ba\u015flanmas\u0131 i\u015fareti verildi fakat vali, gemi komutanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fahsen yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flardan korktu\u011fu i\u00e7in katliam yap\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gereken emri veremedi. Yine de b\u00f6lgede k\u0131rsal Ermeni yerle\u015fimleri tamam\u0131yla y\u0131k\u0131lamad\u0131ysa da olduk\u00e7a maddi zarar s\u00f6z konusudur.<\/p>\n

Kilikya\u2019da eksik kalan b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn tamamlamas\u0131na,1909\u00a0 Nisan\u2019\u0131nda yerel \u0130TC \u00fcyeleri ile\u00a0Harekat Ordusu<\/em>\u2019nun par\u00e7as\u0131\u00a0Dedea\u011fa\u00e7 Taburu<\/em>g\u00f6revlendirilecektir. Bu bak\u0131mdan \u0130TC d\u00f6nemindeki 1909 Kilikya katliamlar\u0131n\u0131 da, Hamid\u2019in Ermenilerin yok edilmesi politikas\u0131n\u0131n bir uzant\u0131s\u0131 olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek gerekir.<\/p>\n

Kilikya Katliamlar\u0131nda, \u00c7ukurova\u2019ya gelen Ermenistanl\u0131 tar\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7ileri en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00a0hedeflerden biri olarak al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, Kilikya Katliamlar\u0131 da Ermeni Erkek n\u00fcfusun t\u00fcketilmesi ile sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durum, Katliamlar s\u00fcrecinde Ermeni Halk\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131z kalmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda 20 sene sonras\u0131ndaki \u0130TC d\u00f6nemindeki 1915 Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 etmenlerinden biridir.<\/p>\n

Katliamlarda en etkin ve yetkin, k\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc, hali vakti yerinde olan Ermenilerin en \u00f6nce \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesine \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterildi ki \u00f6nderlik yok edilsin.<\/p>\n

Katliamlar ve pogromlar, programl\u0131 ve planl\u0131d\u0131r. Bir i\u015faret ile ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, ayn\u0131 i\u015faret ile katliamlara son verilmi\u015ftir.\u00a0Bir borazan sesi ile ba\u015fl\u0131yor, mollalar\u0131n minarelerden yap\u0131lan insan k\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in Allah\u2019a \u015f\u00fckretmesinden sonra k\u0131l\u0131nan namaz ile bitiyordu. Katliam \u00f6nceden haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f programlara g\u00f6re hayranl\u0131k uyand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir d\u00fczen i\u00e7inde devam ediyor ve \u00f6nceden belirlenen zamanda bitiyordu. Redifler (yedek asker), zaptiyeler (jandarma), \u015fimdiki sultan ad\u0131na az \u00f6nceleri kurulan Hamidiye alaylar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczensiz K\u00fcrt birlikleri yan yana karde\u015f karde\u015f y\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. Yetkililerin tepeden t\u0131rna\u011fa silahland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu ayak tak\u0131m\u0131 g\u00fcruh bir bayrama gider gibi katliam yapmaya gidiyordu. T\u00fcrk\u00a0<\/em>[M\u00fcsl\u00fcman anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r]\u00a0kad\u0131nlar\u0131 cesur dinda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 \u201cz\u0131lg\u0131t\u201d \u00e7ekerek cesaretlendiriyorlard\u0131.\u00a0<\/em>Yetkililer hi\u00e7bir yerde olaylara m\u00fcdahale etmemi\u015ftir. Ya\u011fma ve yak\u0131p y\u0131kmaya, talana, katliama askerler de kat\u0131ld\u0131lar. Herhangi bir nedenle sa\u011f kalan her taraftaki Ermeniler de M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmaya zorland\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Dadrian, 1895-1896 katliamlar\u0131ndan sonra, Anado\u00adlu\u2019daki Osmanl\u0131 Ermenilerinin \u00e7o\u011funun deh\u015fet i\u00e7inde ya\u00ad\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ku\u015fku olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6rneklerle alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmi\u015ftir. Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Osmanl\u0131 Ar\u015fivi\u2019nin Zaptiye Naz\u0131r\u0131 H\u00fcseyin Naz\u0131m Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n resmi evrak\u0131na da\u00adyanarak yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belgelerde bile, her iki taraftan \u00f6lenle\u00adrin say\u0131s\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar durumu ele verir. \u00d6len M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve Ermenilerin say\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki muazzam fark, T\u00fcrk sav\u0131n\u0131, yani olanlar\u0131n Ermeni \u201cter\u00f6rizmi\u201dne kar\u015f\u0131 me\u015fru savunma oldu\u00ad\u011funu g\u00f6stermek \u00fczere dikkatle se\u00e7ilmi\u015f resmi belgelerin bile gizleyemedi\u011fi bir \u015feydir: Trabzon\u2019da\u00adki 13 Eyl\u00fcl 1895 \u201ci\u011fti\u015fa\u015fat\u2019\u0131nda [kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k, kalk\u0131\u015fma] M\u00fcs\u00adl\u00fcman \u00f6l\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131 11, Ermeni \u00f6l\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131 ise 182\u2019ydi. Erzu\u00adrum\u2019da, 23 Ekim\u2019de, \u00f6len be\u015f M\u00fcsl\u00fcmana kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k 50 Erme\u00adni \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, Bitlis\u2019te, 26 Ekim\u2019de, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlardan 38\u2019i \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f, 135\u2019i yaralanm\u0131\u015f, Ermenilerin 132\u2019si \u00f6l\u00adm\u00fc\u015f, 40\u2019\u0131 yaralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Katliamlarda\u00a0 hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybedenlerin say\u0131s\u0131 yaral\u0131lardan kat be kat fazlad\u0131r. Bu durumu, sald\u0131r\u0131larda hedefin Ermenilerin do\u011frudan can\u0131na kast edildi\u011finin, canl\u0131 ermeni erkek b\u0131rak\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131n ama\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kan\u0131t\u0131 olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek gerekir. \u00d6len Ermenilerin yaralananlardan \u00e7ok daha fazla olu\u015fu ayn\u0131 zamanda \u201cm\u00fcca\u00addelenin\u201d e\u015fitsiz ko\u015fullarda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6sterir. Diyarba\u00adk\u0131r\u2019da, 10 Ekim\u2019de polis komiserli\u011fi 70 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, 80\u2019inin yaraland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, oysa 300\u2019\u00fc a\u015fk\u0131n Ermeni\u2019nin \u00f6ld\u00fc\u00ad\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve 100\u2019\u00fcn\u00fcn yaraland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirmi\u015ftir. Bayburt\u2019ta, 4 Kas\u0131m\u2019da, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlardan 8 \u00f6l\u00fc ve 11 yaral\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, Ermenilerden 170 \u00f6l\u00fc ve 35 yaral\u0131 vard\u0131.[ii]<\/a><\/p>\n

Sason, Bitlis, Van ve Mu\u015f\u2019ta,kendini savunabilen bir avu\u00e7 silahl\u0131 fedainin haricinde, Ermenilerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu tepki veremeyecek kadar \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nd\u0131r. On\u00a0binlercesi Arap topraklar\u0131na, Avrupa\u2019ya ve ABD\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 etti.\u00a0Siyasi g\u00f6steriler bir anda\u00a0siliniverdi.<\/em>[iii]<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Zeytun; bu \u00e7ok geni\u015f b\u00f6lgenin t\u00fcm\u00fcne yay\u0131lan ve ortal\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131p ge\u00e7iren katliam, ya\u011fma ve yak\u0131p y\u0131kmalara kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn k\u0131\u015f boyu direnen tek yerdir. Bu, umutsuz ama sonu\u00e7ta ba\u015far\u0131yla ta\u00e7lanan bir direni\u015ftir. Zeytun\u2019a 20.000 ki\u015fi s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve almak i\u00e7in oraya devaml\u0131 olarak g\u00f6nderilen \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda T\u00fcrk askeri birliklerine ra\u011fmen \u015fehir teslim al\u0131namad\u0131. Avrupa \u00fclkeleri konsoloslar\u0131 sonu\u00e7ta m\u00fcdahalede bulundular ve Zeytun Ermenileri i\u00e7in genel bir af \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Ku\u015fatma boyunca a\u00e7l\u0131ktan veya \u015fehir \u00e7evresindeki \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalarda 6.000 Ermeni \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Ternon, Katliamlar\u0131n bilan\u00e7osunu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rken 1895\u2019te \u015fiddet\u2019in , hi\u00e7bir yerde Ermeni halk\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015fla\u00adt\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, halk\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmete kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k isyan\u0131 hi\u00e7bir zaman s\u00f6z konusu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, Ermeniler y\u00f6n\u00fcnden gelebilecek herhangi bir bask\u0131n\u0131n dahi s\u00f6z konusu olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izer ve ya\u015fananlar\u0131 soyk\u0131r\u0131m olarak niteler:\u00a0Ermeni siyasal partileri daha hen\u00fcz haz\u0131rl\u0131k d\u00f6nemini ya\u015famaktad\u0131rlar. Alt\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 boyun\u00adduru\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131n, \u00e7o\u011funluk en az on sekiz y\u0131ld\u0131r vaat edileduran reformlar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir talep \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fcyor\u00addu. Bu anlamda, hi\u00e7bir bask\u0131 hakl\u0131l\u0131k kazanm\u0131yordu. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu olaylara yol a\u00e7an, yaln\u0131zca bir halk\u0131 yok etmeyi g\u00fcden ze\u00adncirlerinden bo\u015falm\u0131\u015f istektir ve ya\u015fananlar\u0131 soyk\u0131r\u0131m olarak nitelememizin nedeni de budur.<\/em>[iv]<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Katliamlarla ilgili B\u00fcy\u00fck Devletler d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir tepki gelmemi\u015ftir. S\u00fcre\u00e7te, \u0130ngiliz poltikac\u0131 Gladstone\u2019un 29 Aral\u0131k 1894\u2019de, \u0130ngiliz Ermeni Derne\u011fi\u2019nde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fma[v]<\/a>\u00a0ve\u00a0 Frans\u0131z Sosyalisti Jean Jaur\u00e9s\u2019in \u00a0giri\u015fimleri ile Parlamentoda 3 Kas\u0131m 1896 tarihli uzun konu\u015fmas\u0131 d\u0131\u015far\u0131da b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131rsa politikac\u0131lardan bir ses gelmedi\u011fini,[vi]<\/a>\u00a0Kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131nan durumun vahameti kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, B\u00fcy\u00fck devletler \u00a0ve \u00a0\u00a0H\u0131ristiyan d\u00fcnya, Ermenilerin feryad\u0131n\u0131 umursamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve duymazdan geldi\u011fini s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Ya\u011fmalarla ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc ellerinden al\u0131nan Ermeni\u00a0 halk\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirebilmesi i\u00e7in gerekli yard\u0131m esirgenmi\u015f, Ermeni halk\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcmden sonra, yurdunda\u00a0 a\u00e7l\u0131kla ve salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klarla ba\u015f ba\u015fa kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin tavr\u0131 nedir? sorusunu sorarsak, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6be\u011findeki\u00a0 J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin Paris Kanad\u0131, 1894 yaz\u0131nda Sasun\u2019da [Sason] Ermenilere kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan son katliamlardan sonra al\u0131nacak \u00f6n\u00adlemler ve Avrupal\u0131 konsoloslardan olu\u015fan ara\u015ft\u0131rma komisyonunun raporundan sonra Parisli J\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler ilk defa, Bat\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na \u201cdayatma\u00adya\u201d \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 me\u015fhur \u201creformlar\u201d meselesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131rlar. Bu sorunla bir\u00adlikte, J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne, ve onun i\u00e7indeki gayrim\u00fcslim unsurlar\u0131n yeri ve stat\u00fcs\u00fcne ili\u015fkin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri de tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130stanbul\u2019da g\u00f6revli b\u00fcy\u00fck devlet B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ileri taraf\u0131ndan 1878 Berlin Anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n, Ermenilerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011fu vilayetleri i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 \u00f6zerklik \u00f6ng\u00f6ren 61. mad\u00addesine dayanarak haz\u0131rlanan ve 11 May\u0131s\u2019ta kamuoyuna duyurulan reform plan\u0131 hakk\u0131nda \u00a0Paris\u2019te \u00e7\u0131kan\u00a0Le Figaro<\/em>\u00a0gazetesin\u00adde bir makalenin yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131, Paris\u2019te\u00adki Sosyal Demokrat Hin\u00e7ak Partisi (SDHP) eylemcileriyle Osmanl\u0131 \u0130ttihad ve Terakki Cemiyeti kurucusu R\u0131za ve \u0130TC\u2019nin mali i\u015fler sorumlulu\u011funa se\u00e7ilmi\u015f olan Dr. N\u00e2\u00adz\u0131m ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki J\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda bir toplant\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sabah-G\u00fclyan\u2019\u0131n bu toplant\u0131yla ilgili aktard\u0131klar\u0131, iki T\u00fcrk liderinin bu reform plan\u0131\u00adna kesinlikle kar\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.\u00a0<\/sup>bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle iki lider hem Os\u00admanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bir i\u00e7 meselesi olarak de\u011ferlendirdikleri bir konuya Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n m\u00fcdahil olmas\u0131na hem de imparatorlu\u011fun baz\u0131 vilayetlerine \u00f6zel bir stat\u00fc verilmesine kar\u00ad\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. J\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler, a\u015firet sistemine ve do\u011fu illerinde h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren \u015fidde\u00adte itiraz eden ve Sasun katliamlar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131nayan H\u0131n\u00e7aklar\u0131n aksine, merkezi bir poli\u00adtikay\u0131 savunmaya devam ederler.<\/p>\n

Dahas\u0131 J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk hareketinin resmi lideri Ahmed R\u0131za, Abd\u00fclhamid kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 mu\u00adhalefetin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn benimsedi\u011fi devrimci y\u00f6ntemleri reddediyor ve daha zi\u00adyade, Sultan\u2019\u0131n uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 politikadan pek farkl\u0131 olmayan muhafazak\u00e2r bir politi\u00adka savunur.<\/p>\n

1895 sonbahar\u0131nda \u201cParis\u2019teki Ermeni \u00d6\u011frenciler\u201d Grand Orient\u2019te bir konfe\u00adrans d\u00fczenler. Davet edilen konu\u015fmac\u0131 Sosyal Demokrat H\u0131n\u00e7ak Partisi (SDHP) kurucular\u0131ndan biri olan ve Lond\u00adra\u2019dan gelen Avetis Nazarbekyan\u2019d\u0131r. Bu konferans bize Osmanl\u0131 Ermeni milletine yap\u0131lan son zul\u00fcmler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Parisli J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tutumu de\u011ferlendirme f\u0131rsat\u0131m verir. Nazarbekyan, Hamid\u2019in politikalar\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6zellikle de yayg\u0131n hale gelen Ekim-Kas\u0131m katliamlar\u0131n\u0131 ve Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n bu katliamlar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki ilgisizli\u011fini k\u0131\u00adnar. Nazarbekyan konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131, \u201cE\u011fer Ermenilerin \u00f6lmeleri gerekiyorsa \u00f6lecekler\u00addir ama k\u00f6le olarak de\u011fil \u00f6zg\u00fcr insanlar olarak\u201d diye bitirir. Nazarbekyan\u2019\u0131n konu\u015f\u00admas\u0131nda J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk izleyicileri rahats\u0131z eden \u015fey katliamlar\u0131n kendisinden ziyade, B\u00e2b\u0131\u00e2li\u2019nin topraklar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netme yetene\u011fini sorgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131m olmu\u015ftur. Sabah-G\u00fclyan daha sonra, J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk s\u0131ralar\u0131nda oturan bir\u00e7ok Ermeni \u00f6\u011frencinin M\u00fcsl\u00fcman arka\u00adda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi bu olumsuz tepki kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u015fa\u015f\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir.[vii]<\/a><\/p>\n

J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin\u00a0 \u0130stanbul kanad\u0131 olarak niteleyebilece\u011fimiz Osmanl\u0131 \u0130ttihad ve terakki Cemiyetinin\u00a0 ilk eyleminin SDHP taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fczenlenen Kumkap\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 bildiri kaleme al\u0131p da\u011f\u0131tmakt\u0131r. Bildiri \u015fu s\u00f6zlerle ba\u015flar:<\/p>\n

M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar ve ey sevgili vatanda\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z T\u00fcrkler!<\/em><\/p>\n

Ermeniler devletimizin en b\u00fcy\u00fck makam\u0131 olan ve b\u00fct\u00fcn Avrupal\u0131larca tan\u0131l\u0131p h\u00fcrmet g\u00f6ren Babialiyi basma\u011fa kadar c\u00fcr\u2019et ettiler. Payitaht\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 sarst\u0131lar. Ermeni vatanda\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n bu k\u00fcstahane hareketleri mucibi teess\u00fcf\u00fcm\u00fczd\u00fcr\u2026<\/em>[viii]<\/em><\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi \u0130TC\u2019nin her iki kanad\u0131n\u0131n duyarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ermeni Katliamlar\u0131 de\u011fil, Ermenilerin Osmanl\u0131 iktidar\u0131n\u0131 sorgulamas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu bak\u0131mdan Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yani nihai \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00a0<\/em>J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk y\u00f6netimince ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019den miras kalan bir sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc, bir s\u00fcreklili\u011fi i\u015faret etmekte oldu\u011funun s\u00f6ylenmesinde sak\u0131nca yoktur.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zel olarak 1895-96 Katliamlar\u0131yla ilgili \u00a0T\u00fcrk\u00e7edeki literat\u00fcr de yok denecek kadar azd\u0131r. Sadece 1895-96 katliamlar\u0131n\u0131n incelendi\u011fi tek eser, \u00a0Alt\u0131 B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ilik \u00f6nderli\u011finde Do\u011fu Eserleri genel m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Charmetant taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan\u00a0\u00a0Rapor<\/em>[ix]<\/em><\/strong><\/a>. Di\u011ferlerinde, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m s\u00fcrecinde bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm olarak kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r: Dadrian\u2019\u0131n\u00a0Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 Tarihi\u2019<\/em>nin[x]<\/a>\u00a0\u0130lk Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Politikas\u0131n\u0131n Ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131<\/em>\u00a0ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, Kieser\u2019in\u00a0\u0130skalanm\u0131\u015f Bar\u0131\u015f<\/em>\u00a0ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131, Misyoner kaynaklar\u0131ndan soyk\u0131r\u0131ma giden s\u00fcreci, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ve sonras\u0131n\u0131n incelendi\u011fi 100 y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nemde Harput, Van ve Urfa\u2019da 1895-96 Katliamlar\u0131 olay\u00a0yeri olarak<\/em>\u00a0mercek alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[xi]<\/a>. Kevorkian\u2019\u0131n\u00a0Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131<\/em>[xii]<\/em><\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda K\u0131y\u0131mlar\u0131n Avrupa\u2019daki yank\u0131lar\u0131 ve Avrupa\u2019daki J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin Katliamlara kar\u015f\u0131 tav\u0131rlar\u0131 ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Deringil\u2019in\u00a0\u0130htida ve \u0130rtidat<\/em>[xiii]<\/em><\/strong><\/a>\u00a0adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndaki,\u00a0Can\u0131n\u0131 kurtarmak \u0130\u00e7in \u0130htida, Ermenilerin Kitlesel \u0130htidas\u0131 (1895-1897)<\/em>\u00a0ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 Hamidiye Katliamlar\u0131 s\u00fcrecinde din de\u011fi\u015ftirmelerin ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 incelendi\u011fi Be\u015finci B\u00f6l\u00fcm. Hayreni\u2019nin Yukar\u0131 F\u0131rat Ermenileri 1915 ve Dersim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda da 1895-96 Katliamlar\u0131na geni\u015f\u00e7e yer verilmi\u015ftir. Charmetant raporu d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6zel olarak Katliamlarla ilgili bu uzun s\u00fcrecin incelendi\u011fi bir kaynak yoktur. T\u00fcrk\u00e7edeki\u00a0 kaynaklar, Hamidiye Katliamlar\u0131 s\u00fcrecine genel Ermeni Tarihi yada Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Tarihi s\u00fcreci i\u00e7inde de\u011finmekle yetinmektedirler.[xiv]<\/a>Resmi yay\u0131nlar\u0131 Naz\u0131m Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Ermeni Olaylar\u0131 Tarihi resmi tarihin en \u00f6nemli arg\u00fcman\u0131d\u0131r. Bu konuya de\u011finen di\u011fer resmi yay\u0131nlar Naz\u0131m Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n tekrar\u0131ndan \u00f6teye gitmezler.<\/p>\n

Bu bak\u0131mdan Alman din adam\u0131 M. Lepsius\u2019un\u00a0G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc H\u0131ristiyan Devletlerine Kar\u015f\u0131 Bir Su\u00e7lama Metni<\/em>\u00a0 Olarak,\u00a0Ermenistan ve Avrupa<\/em>\u00a0ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 1895-96 Ermeni Katliamlar\u0131na dair \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, Hamidi D\u00f6nem katliamlar\u0131n\u0131n ve Katliam s\u00fcrecinin \u00a0\u00a0Avrupa kamuoyunda, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00a0duyurulmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r. Lepsius\u2019un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, Ermeniler hakk\u0131nda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ilk ve en ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 yay\u0131n olarak nitelendirilmi\u015f, Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda Ermeni Sorununu anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kitab\u0131n \u00a05 ay \u00a0i\u00e7inde 7. Bask\u0131ya ula\u015fmas\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

Lepsius\u2019un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7e okuyucuya ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda\u00a0 kaybetti\u011fimiz de\u011ferli Ermeni ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 Tomas \u00c7erme[yan]\u2019\u0131n \u0131srarl\u0131 \u00e7abalar\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Onun \u00e7abalar\u0131\u00a0 Lepsius\u2019un ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle Tomas \u00c7erme[yan]\u2019\u0131 burada anmasak olmazd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca \u015funa da i\u015faret etmeden ge\u00e7memek gerekir: Tomas \u00c7erme[yan] ile \u00e7evirmen Mehmet Baytimur i\u015fbirli\u011fi, Ermeni tarihi ile ilgili \u00f6nemli eserlerin T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede okuyanlarla bulu\u015fturulmas\u0131na, Ermeni Tarihinin bilinmesine ve tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na \u00f6nayak olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Lepsius, Rakamlar\u0131 cans\u0131z ve duyars\u0131z olarak nitelenir:Okuyucunun bu nedenle g\u00f6z\u00fc 100 veya 1.000 \u00f6l\u00fcde kal\u0131r; 10.000 veya 100.000 zavall\u0131 insan bir rakam olarak kal\u0131r akl\u0131nda. Ortadaki sonu\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu rakamlardan bir 0 eksiltmek veya bir s\u0131f\u0131r daha eklemek fazla bir \u015fey ifade etmez<\/em>. S\u00f6zleriyle istatistik tablolar\u0131, yani kuru istatistikten ziyade, ya\u015fanan ac\u0131lara odaklan\u0131r:\u00a0O halde anlat\u0131m\u0131 canland\u0131rmak, ona hayat vermek i\u00e7in baz\u0131 \u00f6rnekler vererek bu cans\u0131z rakamlar\u0131n kat\u0131, ac\u0131mas\u0131z ya\u015famda neyi ifade ettiklerini g\u00f6stermek gerekmektedir. I\u015f\u0131k tuttu\u011fumuz baz\u0131 olaylar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda muhtemeldir ki baz\u0131 okurlar k\u0131zacak, sinirlenecek ve \u201cyeter\u201d gibisinden g\u00f6zlerini s\u0131ms\u0131k\u0131 kapatacakt\u0131r ama biz daha da korkun\u00e7 vah\u015fetleri tasvire devam edece\u011fiz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc okuyucular\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ruhlar\u0131n\u0131 teskin i\u00e7in tercih ve tavsiye edece\u011fimiz yol onlara kanl\u0131 insan k\u0131y\u0131mlar\u0131, i\u015fkenceler, \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131klar ve g\u00f6zya\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fe uygun olarak anlatt\u0131ktan sonra sinir sistemlerini oynatmakt\u0131r. B\u00f6ylelikle amac\u0131m\u0131z y\u00fcz binlerce insan\u0131n \u00e7ekti\u011fi ac\u0131lar\u0131 okuyucuya ger\u00e7e\u011fe uygun olarak duyuracak s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 zorlamakt\u0131r.\u00a0<\/em>S\u00f6zleriyle de okuyucunun dikkatini ya\u015fanan ac\u0131lara \u00e7evirmeden \u00f6nce durumun vahameti kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda okuyucuyu uyarmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Olaylar, Trabzon valisi Bahri Pa\u015fa\u2019ya 1895\u2019te bir Ermeni genci taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan suikast giri\u015fimi bahane edilerek ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir anda y\u00f6neltilen \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc ve planl\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar \u00a0Pontuslu Ermeniler i\u00e7in feci sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furdu. Ermeni sivillere kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6fke, Mu\u011fam\u2019\u0131n sokaklar\u0131n\u0131 doldurdu ve Hamidiye katliamlar\u0131 olarak bilinen \u015feyin i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir can kayb\u0131, uzuv ve m\u00fclk kayb\u0131yla sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Rahip Edwin Bliss\u2019e g\u00f6re, suikast giri\u015fimi tamamen ki\u015fisel bir mesele idi, zira sald\u0131rgan, Van\u2019da ailesine ve kendisine yap\u0131lan haks\u0131zl\u0131klar i\u00e7in intikam pe\u015finde ko\u015farken, Bahri buradaki valiydi.[xv]<\/a><\/p>\n

Lepsius, yetkililer taraf\u0131ndan cesaretlendirilen ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman din adamlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131lan organize g\u00fc\u00e7ler taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen katliamlar\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 verir; Netice korkun\u00e7tur. Lepsius ara bilan\u00e7oyu,\u00a0Bu rakamlar sadece elimizin yeti\u015febildi\u011fi, bilgi toplayabildi\u011fimiz alanlarla ilgili sonu\u00e7lard\u0131r.<\/em>\u00a0s\u00f6zleriyle ihtiyatla verirken, sundu\u011fu rakamlar\u0131n tam ger\u00e7e\u011fi yans\u0131tmaktan uzak oldu\u011funun da alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izer. [Z]orla ve ter\u00f6rize edilerek a\u00e7\u0131k veya gizli \u015fekilde din de\u011fi\u015ftirtilenlerin say\u0131s\u0131 100.000 i ge\u00e7mi\u015f olmal\u0131. Ve e\u011fer Hristiyan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devletlerin politikalar\u0131n\u0131n yetersizli\u011fi ile Muhammet fanatizmi geli\u015fmeye devam ederse bu say\u0131 200.000\u2019e ula\u015facakt\u0131r. Elimizde sakinlerinden katliamlardan arta kalanlar\u0131n ate\u015f ve demirle \u0130slama d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, 568 kilisenin soyulup so\u011fana \u00e7evrildikten sonra yak\u0131l\u0131p y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu kiliselerden 282 sinin camiye \u00e7evrildi\u011fi 559 k\u00f6ye ait listeler var. Bu k\u00f6ylerde 21 Protestan vaiz ve 170 Gregorien rahip dinlerinden d\u00f6nmeyi reddettikleri i\u00e7in s\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f usullerle i\u015fkence edildikten sonra katledilmi\u015flerdir.<\/em><\/p>\n

Lepsius, Katliam organizasyonunun kapsam\u0131na al\u0131nan 8 B\u00fcy\u00fck ilde, katliamlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda Talan\u0131n hemen hemen t\u00fcm\u00fcyle ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu ve bir Hristiyan halk\u0131n tamam\u0131na zorla din de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyle de ta\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rnekler. \u00dcstelik b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar a\u00e7\u0131k bir sava\u015f\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, tamamen bir bar\u0131\u015f ortam\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve \u00fcstelik yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f \u015feklinin gizli kalmas\u0131 ve izlerinin en k\u0131sa zaman i\u00e7inde silinmesini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lacak bi\u00e7imde planlanmas\u0131 ve uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00a0bu hareketin\u00a0bir haydut\u00e7a icraat oldu\u011funu ispatlamakta<\/em>\u00a0oldu\u011funu ekler:\u00a0B\u00f6yle geni\u015f boyutlu bir hareketin sonuca ula\u015fmas\u0131 onun inceden inceye hesaplanmas\u0131n\u0131, tedbirli olunmas\u0131n\u0131 ve yap\u0131lacak her \u015feyin bir sava\u015ftaym\u0131\u015f gibi y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesini gerektiren b\u00fcy\u00fck bir organizasyon yetene\u011fiyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Ermeni katliamlar\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 ve sahneye koyanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in bu ne b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kapasiteye sahip olduklar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6z kama\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 parlakl\u0131ktaki bir kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ayn\u0131 zamanda tarihte ve T\u00fcrk imparatorlu\u011funda emsali olmayan bir k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck dehas\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

Katliamlar\u0131 Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcndemine Hristiyan yay\u0131n organlar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ciddi yay\u0131n olarak m\u00fclahaza edilen Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n kitle gazeteleri Ermeni devrimi hik\u00e2yesini veya katliamlar\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 topraklarda buna Ermeni provokasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu gibi palavralarla kapl\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar Katliamlar\u0131 g\u00f6lgelemekte katliamlar\u0131n metodik olarak, otoritelerce titizlikle haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zden uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Diplomasi de bu gazetelerden a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 kalmamaktad\u0131r. Avrupa diplomasisi korumas\u0131 alt\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Hristiyan bir toplumun katliam\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda hareketsiz ve sessiz kal\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 gerek\u00e7elendirir. Bahanesi de; Bu Hristiyan Ermeni n\u00fcfus g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devletler taraf\u0131ndan korunma hakk\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc T\u00fcrk H\u00fck\u00fbmetine kar\u015f\u0131 devrimci tutum i\u00e7erisindedir.<\/p>\n

Lepsius,\u00a0 bir ba\u015fka noktadan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye davet eder: Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletler,\u00a0<\/em>[E]\u011fer Ermenilerin ger\u00e7ekten isyan etmeleri istenseydi ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Hristiyan devletler taraf\u0131ndan desteklenseydiler demek ki ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015facak ve B\u00e2b-\u0131 \u00c2li\u2019den istediklerini s\u00f6ke s\u00f6ke alacaklard\u0131.<\/em>\u00a0Buna \u00f6rnek olarak\u00a0 Zeytun\u2019daki ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 direni\u015fi \u00f6rnekler.\u00a0Kalan binlerce yerdeki direni\u015flerin ba\u015far\u0131laca\u011f\u0131ndan umut kesilince Ermeniler uslu uslu d\u00fc\u015fman k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131na boyun e\u011fdiler. Yard\u0131m \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n hepsi reddedildi ve onlara halen de lay\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 buldular, m\u00fcstahakt\u0131r muamelesi yap\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/em>\u00a0S\u00f6zleri Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n iki y\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne i\u015faret eder. Lepsius, insani de\u011ferlere sahip olmayan T\u00fcrk y\u00f6netiminin devrimci hareketler do\u011furmaya \u00e7ok yatk\u0131n oldu\u011funun ve as\u0131l \u015fa\u015f\u0131lacak durumun b\u00f6ylesine bozuk bir y\u00f6netim alan\u0131ndaki devrimci hareketlerin bu derece az say\u0131da ve devrimci hareketlerin bu derece \u00f6nemsiz oldu\u011fudur. Bir diplomat\u0131n s\u00f6zleri tam da bu olguyu i\u015faret etmektedir: \u201cTanr\u0131\u2019ya \u015f\u00fck\u00fcr ki \u015fu yak\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fin bize \u00f6\u011fretti\u011fi kadar\u0131yla Ermeniler art\u0131k bir isyana kalk\u0131\u015fmaya yeterli de\u011filler. Zira bir isyan\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in iki \u015fey gerek: Yiyecek ve silah. Allaha \u015f\u00fck\u00fcr ki onlarda bu ikisi de yok.\u201d<\/p>\n

Lepsius\u2019un tan\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u00a0 b\u00f6lgenin t\u00fcm konsoloslar\u0131d\u0131r:\u00a0T\u00fcm vilayetlerde g\u00f6revli konsolos raporlar\u0131nda ortakla\u015fa belirtildi\u011fi gibi; katliam olaylar\u0131nda Ermenilerin neden olduklar\u0131 hi\u00e7bir k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtma sebebi yoktur. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde ne bir devrimci ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131 ne de bir haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 isyan olmu\u015ftur.\u00a0<\/em>Zeytun olay\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0 \u00f6zel bir karakter arz etti\u011fini\u00a0 ama orada da e\u011fer i\u015fin esas\u0131na inilirse Zeytun olay\u0131nda da Ermenilerden\u00a0 do\u011fan bir neden bulunamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in yetkililerin tutumlar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 Ermenilerden \u00f6z\u00fcr dilemek zorunda oldu\u011funun gere\u011fini yerine getirmesini ister.\u00a0Lepsius i\u00e7inErmeni katliamlar\u0131 yumu\u015fak ba\u015fl\u0131, kendi halinde ve savunmas\u0131z bir halk\u0131n hak etmedi\u011fi bir \u015fiddettir.<\/p>\n

Kald\u0131 ki, Ermenilerin ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 savunmalar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda sald\u0131rganlar\u0131n zay\u0131f kald\u0131klar\u0131 hallerde de d\u00fczenli askeri birlikler devreye girmek i\u00e7in haz\u0131r g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak kenarda beklemektedir.<\/p>\n

Lepsius, verdi\u011fi\u00a0 bir \u00f6rnek ile Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fbmetiyle Hristiyan g\u00fc\u00e7ler ve Hristiyan tebaa aras\u0131ndaki\u00a0\u0130li\u015fkiyi bundan daha iyi tarif etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil s\u00f6zleriyle<\/em>\u00a0nakleder:\u00a0Ge\u00e7en y\u0131l, Erzurum\u2019da g\u00f6revli konsoloslar apa\u00e7\u0131k, ayan beyan bir adaletsizlik hakk\u0131nda bilgi verirlerken vali onlara \u015fu cevab\u0131 verdi: \u201cT\u00fcrk H\u00fck\u00fbmetiyle Ermeni halk\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler kar\u0131-koca aras\u0131ndaki gibidir; e\u011fer \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slar sahibi ve kocas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan cezaland\u0131r\u0131lan kad\u0131na ac\u0131rlarsa onlara nasihat edilecek tek \u015fey kal\u0131r; sizi ilgilendirmeyen i\u015flere burnunuzu sokmay\u0131n.<\/em>\u00a0Bu konuda j\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler ile ayn\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n

Ermeni halk\u0131 bu organize g\u00fc\u00e7 ve kitlesel sald\u0131r\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda her b\u00f6lgede zor durumda kalm\u0131\u015f ve iki se\u00e7enek aras\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Ya islam! Ya \u00f6l\u00fcm! Ancak bunlar \u00f6yle hemen de\u011fi\u015fecek ve ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecek \u015feyler de\u011fildir. Fanatik M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar Ermenileri\u00a0 \u0130slama zorlarken, y\u00f6netimin toplu din de\u011fi\u015ftirmeleri kabul etmemeleri nedeniyle Ermeni kurbanlar arafta\/ortada kalarak katliamlara s\u00fcrekli a\u00e7\u0131k halde kalmaktad\u0131rlar. H\u00fck\u00fbmet islama d\u00f6nenler i\u00e7in yasal olarak zorunlu kay\u0131tlar\u0131 hi\u00e7bir zaman i\u00e7in tutmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; bunun nedeni bu din de\u011fi\u015ftirmelere taraftar oldu\u011funu belgelemi\u015f olmamakt\u0131r.\u00a0Bir\u00e7ok halde de din de\u011fi\u015ftirtmelere zorlama katliam esnas\u0131nda yap\u0131l\u0131yordu. Daha da s\u0131k\u00e7a; bu zorlamalar ortam ve niyete uygun olan kasap d\u00fckk\u00e2nlar\u0131nda uygulan\u0131yordu<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u00d6l\u00fcm de kolay de\u011fildir. \u00d6l\u00fcmlere akla hayale gelmeyen i\u015fkenceler e\u015flik etmektedir. Ermeni kurbanlar, i\u015fkencecilerinden istedikleri \u201cBa\u011f\u0131\u015flay\u0131c\u0131 Tanr\u0131 ad\u0131na; \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcn beni art\u0131k.\u201d S\u00f6zleri\u00a0 insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda tam bir \u00e7aresizli\u011fin ifadesidir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zel bir zalimlili\u011fe ve k\u00f6k\u00fcn\u00fc kaz\u0131ma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerine dair \u00f6rnekler, A\u011fustos 1896 Mardin \u015fubesi kaynakl\u0131, \u201cSilvan Y\u00f6resi Hakk\u0131nda\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir derleme\u00adde bulunmaktad\u0131r. Yazar genel olarak S\u00fcni-K\u00fcrt failler hakk\u0131nda yazmakta\u00add\u0131r: \u201c\u2026 zalim K\u00fcrtler. Mesele, sadece ya\u011fma ve katliam de\u011fil, ger\u00e7i kurban ve ma\u011fdurlar masum ve savunmas\u0131z insanlar oldu\u011fu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bunlar korkun\u00e7 g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir; tahrip edilen ba\u015fka b\u00f6lgelerde oldu\u011fu gibi her ya\u015f, cins ve durumdan canl\u0131 bin bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc barbarca zulme maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kan i\u00e7me karnaval\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fanmas\u0131 ve cesetler \u00fczerinde en utan\u00e7 verici ve i\u011fren\u00e7 hareketlerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131.\u201d Pek \u00e7oklar\u0131n\u0131n aras\u0131ndan bir \u00f6rnek: Katliamlardan, ya\u011fmalardan, esir almalardan, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n erkek akrabalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fc \u00f6n\u00fcnde tecav\u00fcze u\u011framas\u0131ndan sonra, hem erkeklerin hem de kad\u0131nlar\u0131n mahrem organlar\u0131 kesilip k\u00f6peklere at\u0131ld\u0131, \u2018\u015eimdi becerebiliyorsan\u0131z \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131n bakal\u0131m; gelecek \u00fcmidinizi k\u00f6k\u00fcnden kestik\u2019 dendi.\u201d\u00a0[xvi]<\/a><\/p>\n

Katliamlar planl\u0131 ve organizedir. \u0130pu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 sultan\u0131n s\u00f6zlerinin sat\u0131r aralar\u0131nda bulmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. reform program\u0131na imza atma zorunlulu\u011funu ba\u015f\u0131ndan savmak, b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ileri sindirmek, y\u0131ld\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla Sultan\u0131n bizzat b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ilere\u00a0reformlar\u0131 imza etmenin \u00fclkede kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131<\/em>\u00a0 s\u00f6ylemesi, Sultan olacaklar\u0131 \u00f6nceden biliyormu\u015f oldu\u011funun ifadesi okumakta sak\u0131nca yoktur.<\/p>\n

Katliamlar Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in kay\u0131nbiraderi ve Sasun k\u0131r\u0131m\u0131yla tan\u0131nan, Hamidiye Alaylar\u0131n\u0131n kurucusu Zeki Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan organize edilmi\u015f ve onun koordinasyonunda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ermeniler\u00a0 K\u00fcrtlerin itaatini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in bir yemdir.[xvii]<\/a><\/p>\n

Arapkir\u2019in yetkilileri taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f emir bu konuda son derece a\u00e7\u0131k, net \u00a0ve ac\u0131mas\u0131zd\u0131r. Ermenilerin zay\u0131f zimmi \u201ckoruma\u201d kalkan\u0131 da kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cHz. Muhammet evlatlar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fimdi Ermenilerin hepsini \u00f6ld\u00fcrerek, onlar\u0131n mallar\u0131n\u0131 ya\u011fma ederek ve evlerini ate\u015fe vererek g\u00f6revlerini ifa etmelerinin zaman\u0131d\u0131r. Hi\u00e7bir Ermeni katliamdan ayr\u0131k tutulmayacakt\u0131r. Saray\u0131n emri b\u00f6yledir. Emre itaat etmeyenlere Ermeni say\u0131lacak ver onlar gibi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcleceklerdir. T\u00fcm Muhammet \u00fcmmetinin daha \u00f6nce dostluk ili\u015fkisi kurdu\u011fu Hristiyanlar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmekle ba\u015flayarak h\u00fck\u00fbmete sadakatlerini ispat etmelidirler.\u201d Tahrik\u00a0 olmaya te\u015fne M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n harekete ge\u00e7irilmesi i\u00e7in yalanlar uyduruldu ve yay\u0131ld\u0131 \u2013 Biliyoruz ki Falih R\u0131fk\u0131\u2019n\u0131n da dedi\u011fi gibi \u015farkta yalan ay\u0131p de\u011fildir-. Muhammed\u00ee\u2019ler her yerde \u015feriat hukukunun ilahi emir olarak uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 istiyorlar; Zira, isyank\u00e2r reayan\u0131n mal ve can\u0131n\u0131n helal oldu\u011fu inanc\u0131 ile katliam ve talan g\u00fcn\u00fcne haz\u0131rlanmaktad\u0131rlar. Lepsius, bu g\u00fcruhu\u00a0 katliam esnas\u0131nda vah\u015fi bir ruh, bir yamyaml\u0131k duygusunun ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemeden ge\u00e7emez.<\/p>\n

Lepsius, askeri ve sivil yetkililer ve halk aras\u0131ndaki kusursuz koordinasyon kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Katliam emrinin Sultan\u2019\u0131n \u015fahsi inisiyatifi ile verilip verilmedi\u011finin fazla bir \u00f6nemi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n at\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izer: Zira,\u00a0Askeri otoriteler sivil yetkililerce konmu\u015f kural ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclere biribirleri ile uygunluk i\u00e7inde kesin olarak itaat ettiler. Seraskerlik (sava\u015f bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131) taraf\u0131ndan do\u011frudan verilen emirler olmasayd\u0131 bu ortak davran\u0131\u015f kesinlikle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmazd\u0131. \u015eunu da ekleyelim ki askeri depolar her tarafta K\u00fcrt ve \u00c7erkez ve Laz \u00e7etelerin silahland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in hizmete sunuldu<\/em>. Devlet yard\u0131m\u0131 olmadan bu serseri ve ba\u015f\u0131bo\u015f g\u00fcruhun g\u00fcc\u00fc ile bu \u00e7apta bir katliam ve talan ba\u015far\u0131lamazd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Tabii ki cezas\u0131zl\u0131k olaylara e\u015flik eden en \u00f6nemli kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Olaylar\u0131n fitilinin ate\u015flendi\u011fi Trabzon\u2019dan\u00a0 \u00f6rneklersek; 8 Ekimde i\u015flenen su\u00e7lar\u0131n faillerini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmak ve cezaland\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla Trabzon\u2019da olu\u015fturulan mahkeme \u0130slam fanatizmi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda onlar\u0131 korumak bahanesiyle Ermenileri tutuklat\u0131rken M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara nasihat vermekle yetindi. Tutuklanan bu 33 Ermeni\u2019den 8\u2019i \u00f6l\u00fcme, kalan 25\u2019i \u00e7e\u015fitli hapis cezas\u0131na \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Katliamlar s\u0131ras\u0131nda Ermeni halk\u0131 izole edilmi\u015ftir. Telgraf hatlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanmak yasakt\u0131r, haber g\u00f6ndermek i\u00e7in yollanan ulaklar da isyana te\u015fvikten tutuklanarak idam edilmektedirler.<\/p>\n

Katliamlardan sonra s\u0131ra ya\u011fmaya geliyordu. Lepsius Trabzon\u2019dan \u00f6rnekler:\u00a0Trabzon Katliam bittikten sonra bu vali Ermenilere ait d\u00fckk\u00e2n ve evlerin bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131 emrini verdi ve heyecanla \u015f\u00f6yle hayk\u0131rd\u0131:\u201c- Hele \u015f\u00fck\u00fcr, tamam i\u015fte benim sad\u0131k sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131m, \u015fimdi de b\u00fcy\u00fck talan ba\u015fl\u0131yor; haydi ganimete ko\u015fun.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Ganimet katliamc\u0131lar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan\u00a0 \u00e7ok cazip bir \u00f6d\u00fcld\u00fcr. Katliamc\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6zlerinin \u00f6n\u00fcnde; her g\u00fcn imrenerek bakt\u0131klar\u0131 Ermeni t\u00fcccarlara ait ma\u011fazalardaki \u00fcst \u00fcste y\u0131\u011f\u0131l\u0131 mallar ve evlerindeki servetler. Bunlar\u0131n hepsi kendileri taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131n\u0131p g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmeyi bekliyordu. Katliam bunlar\u0131n hepsine sahip olmaya de\u011fmez miydi yani? \u00dcst\u00fcne \u00fcstl\u00fck; yapabilecekleri kadar insan k\u0131y\u0131m\u0131 yapabilirlerdi, nas\u0131l olsa en yetkililer taraf\u0131ndan kesin olarak cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmama teminat\u0131 veriliyordu. Katliamc\u0131lar\u0131n \u00a0koruyucusu h\u00fck\u00fbmetti, onlar\u0131 bo\u015funa m\u0131 kanatlar\u0131 alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131? Bu katliamc\u0131lar\u0131n muhtemel en ufak bir cezay\u0131 bile almamalar\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli tedbirlerin hepsi al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ermeniler i\u00e7in her hangi bir tedbire gerek yoktu \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc onlar mezbahada bo\u011fazlanmay\u0131 bekleyen koyunlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Katliamlar\u0131 kitleselle\u015ftirmek ve su\u00e7 ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 per\u00e7inlemek i\u00e7in,\u00a0 Katliamlar\u00a0 bilerek\u00a0Pazar kurulan g\u00fcn se\u00e7iliyordu. Bundan ama\u00e7 k\u0131rsal alandaki T\u00fcrkler\u00a0<\/em>[M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar<\/em>]\u00a0o g\u00fcn toplu halde Pazar yerinde olaca\u011f\u0131ndan onlar\u0131n da talana kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakt\u0131. K\u00fcrt ve \u00c7erkes a\u015firetleri ise zaten zaman\u0131nda haberdar ediliyorlard\u0131.<\/em>E\u011fer sald\u0131r\u0131 pazar\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli ve ayr\u0131 noktalar\u0131nda ve Hristiyan mahallelerinde ayn\u0131 zamanda yap\u0131lacaksa e\u015fg\u00fcd\u00fcm\u00fc sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in sald\u0131r\u0131 i\u015fareti borazanla veriliyordu. Trabzon, Bitlis, G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane, Erzurum, Harput gibi bir seri ilde b\u00f6yle yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Urfa\u2019da minare tepesinden ye\u015fil renkte bir bayrak salland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kad\u0131nlara ve gen\u00e7 k\u0131zlara el koymak yayg\u0131n uygulamalar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda gelmektedir. K\u00f6le olarak sat\u0131lmak \u00fczere pazarlara g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclme olaylar\u0131na da rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ran\u2019a g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclen kad\u0131nlar ve gen\u00e7 k\u0131zlardan 150 tanesi \u0130ran pazarlar\u0131nda k\u00f6le olarak tanesi 8\u00a0gram<\/em>(6 frank) fiyatla sat\u0131\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n

Katliam Bizzat\u00a0 Ermenilere y\u00f6nelikti; Ermenilerde Protestan, gregoryen ve Katolik Romen ay\u0131rt edilmedi. Urfa\u2019da oldu\u011fu gibi Katolik-Romen kilisesi tamam\u0131yla ya\u011fmaland\u0131. Di\u011fer Hristiyan halklar da bu katliamlardan nasiplerini ald\u0131lar. Urfa\u2019daki Sadece 300 Jakobit aileden 40 ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Ayr\u0131ca \u00f6lenler aras\u0131nda bir de Katolik-Rum vard\u0131. Rahip Salvatore toplu Ermeni katliamlar\u0131na dahil edilen tek Avrupal\u0131 oldu. Burnaz mezras\u0131 ( Yukar\u0131\/A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Burnaz-erzin] ya\u011fmalanmas\u0131\u00a0 ve yak\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00d6lenler aras\u0131nda bir Rum da vard\u0131. Katliamlar s\u0131ras\u0131nda Yabanc\u0131 misyon \u015fefleri de deh\u015fet i\u00e7inde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0Diyarbak\u0131r\u2019da Frans\u0131z konsolos Gustave Meyrier, el\u00e7isi Paul Cambon\u2019a \u015fu telgraf\u0131 \u00e7ekmi\u015fti: \u201c \u015fehir alevler ve kana bo\u011fuldu. Bizi Kurtar\u0131n.<\/em>[xviii]<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Alman D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 memuru ve T\u00fcrk dostu yazar, E. Jackh\u2019\u0131n, Ermenilerin toplam kurbanlar\u0131na dair tahminleri \u015f\u00f6yleydi: 200.000 \u00f6l\u00fc, 50.000 s\u00fcrg\u00fcn ve bir milyon ya\u011fmalan\u0131p talana u\u011frayan\u2026 Frans\u0131z tarih\u00e7i Pierre Renouvin, do\u011frulanan belgelere dayanarak, s\u00f6z konusu katliamlarda Ermeni kurbanlar\u0131n toplam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 250.000 rakam\u0131n\u0131 buldu\u011funu ortaya koymu\u015ftur.[xix]<\/a><\/p>\n

1894-96 katliamlar\u0131 kadar felaket anlam\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan herhangi bir olayda, sadece k\u0131y\u0131m esnas\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclenlerin say\u0131s\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kald\u0131k\u00e7a, kurbanlar\u0131n bilan\u00e7osu eksiktir. Ad\u0131m ad\u0131m \u00f6l\u00fcme y\u00fcr\u00fcyen, gecikmi\u015f \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc tadacak kurbanlar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu kategoriler de s\u00f6z konusudur\u2026 Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019e politik dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k yapan Alman General Kolmar von der Goltz, Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Viyana B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Prens Philipp zu Eulenburg\u2019e dan\u0131\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra, Fransa\u2019n\u0131n ayn\u0131 ba\u015fkentteki B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Loz\u00e9\u2019ye Ermeni kurbanlar\u0131n toplam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 200.000 oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Durumun \u201ckorkutucu\u201d oldu\u011funu ilan eden Loz\u00e9, 2 Ocak 1896\u2019da 150.000 \u00e7ocuk, ya\u015fl\u0131 erkek ve kad\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131\u015f\u0131n a\u00e7l\u0131k ve so\u011fuktan \u00f6lmeye mahk\u00fbm oldu\u011funu tahmin ediyordu<\/em>[xx]<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Katliam s\u00fcrecinde B\u00f6lgedeki misyon g\u00f6revlileri de olaylar\u0131 raporlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00fcn\u00fcne tutulan raporlar olaylar\u0131n g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131nda en \u00f6nemli etkenlerdir. Kieser\u2019in derledi\u011fi misyon raporlar\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgiler i\u00e7erir. Katliam s\u00fcresince K\u00fcrtlerin Zeki Pa\u015fadan izin ald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylediklerinin tan\u0131klar\u0131d\u0131rlar:\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cDersim\u2019de ko\u015fullar \u00e7ok k\u00f6t\u00fc. K\u00fcrtler, Zeki Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n kendilerine, Ermenilere iste\u00addiklerini yapmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in izin verdi\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorlar,\u201d diye yaz\u0131\u00adyordu Herman Barnum 10 Ekim g\u00fcn\u00fc\u00a0Bible House\u2019<\/em>a. \u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclke karga\u015fa i\u00e7inde g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor,\u201d diye bildiriyordu\u00a0F\u0131rat Koleji\u00a0<\/em>ba\u015fkan\u0131 Caleb F. Gates 4 Kas\u0131m 1995 g\u00fcn\u00fc Peet\u2019e.\u201cO zamana dek Harput ve civar\u0131nda, F\u0131rat\u2019\u0131n bu yakas\u0131nda ya\u00ad\u015fayan Dersim K\u00fcrtleri taraf\u0131ndan alt\u0131 k\u00f6y\u00fcn ya\u011fmalanmas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir olay ya\u015fanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ya\u011fmalanan mallar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mak i\u00e7in K\u00fcrtler kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 da yanlar\u0131nda getir\u00admi\u015flerdi. S\u00f6z konusu k\u00f6ylerden ka\u00e7an Ermeniler, misyon ara\u00adzilerine ak\u0131n etmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n

[\u2026]istis\u00adnas\u0131z her yerde K\u00fcrtler b\u00fct\u00fcn yapt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in devletin onay\u0131\u00adn\u0131n ve otoritesinin arkalar\u0131nda oldu\u011funu iddia ediyorlar. K\u00fcrtlerin d\u00f6rt bir tarafta e\u015fzamanl\u0131 olarak ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 ve idare kararl\u0131 bir tav\u0131r sergiledi\u011fi anda kolayca kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131nmalar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131klayabilirsiniz. Ben bunu a\u00e7\u0131klamak iste\u00admiyorum. Y\u00fcre\u011fim kald\u0131rm\u0131yor.\u201dMisyonerler raporlar\u0131nda i\u015fbirli\u011fi ve koordinasyonun da tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yaparlar:<\/p>\n

Kom\u015fu k\u00f6y ve \u015fehirlerden gelen S\u00fcnni K\u00fcrtler ve T\u00fcrkler, Ermenilere sal\u00add\u0131rmak ve mallar\u0131n\u0131 ya\u011fmalamak i\u00e7in Harputlu T\u00fcrklerle bir\u00adle\u015ftiler. Askerler sald\u0131rganlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131lar ve d\u00f6rt y\u00fcz s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131y\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131ran misyon \u015fubesini korumak i\u00e7in hi\u00e7\u00adbir \u015fey yapmad\u0131lar. Sald\u0131r\u0131 ve kundak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fck zarara neden oldu.<\/em>[xxi]<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Misyonerlerden biri, muhtemelen Gates, kas\u0131m ay\u0131nda \u00f6\u011fre\u00adnebildi\u011fi kadar\u0131yla b\u00f6lgenin genelinde olu\u015fan zarar\u0131 derledi\u011fi ve tek tek y\u00f6relerin durumunu tespit etti\u011fi bir liste haz\u0131rlar . Listeyi \u015fu c\u00fcmlelerle sonu\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131yordu:\u00a0A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tablo ya\u011fma edilen 176 yeri g\u00f6steriyor. H\u0131ristiyanlara ait 15.359 evin 8054\u2019\u00fc yak\u0131ld\u0131, 15.845 ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Bunlar asl\u0131nda ger\u00ad\u00e7ek say\u0131lardan daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc g\u00fcvenilir haber alamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m yerlerde \u00f6l\u00fcmleri saymad\u0131m, oysa buralarda da pek \u00e7ok ki\u015fi\u00adnin hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti\u011fini biliyorum\u2026 Harput Misyonu verilerine de dayanan Harput Vilayeti Toplu \u0130statisti\u011fi, ate\u015fe verilen 28.562 evden, 5.530 tecav\u00fcz vakas\u0131ndan, 15.179 cebren \u0130sl\u00e2mla\u015ft\u0131rma vakas\u0131ndan 39.234 \u00f6l\u00fcden s\u00f6z etmektedir.<\/em>\u00a0Misyonerler Ermenilerin isyan \u00e7\u0131karaca\u011f\u0131 fikri sa\u00e7ma bulurlar \u00a0Ermeniler anlar\u0131n\u0131 kurtarma derdine d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f durumdad\u0131rlar. Misyonerlerin raporlar\u0131nda \u00c7emi\u015fgezek vakas\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi kurbanlar\u0131 koruyan Dersim K\u00fcrtleri\u2019yle ilgili bilgiler de i\u00e7ermektedir. \u201c[\u00c7emi\u015fgezek] 13 Kas\u0131m\u2019da ya\u011fmalanacakt\u0131, ama Dersim\u2019in K\u00fcrt a\u011falar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc Mustafa, Diyab ve Gaki a\u011falar kasabaya gelip T\u00fcrklere \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6ylediler: \u2018K\u00f6yler T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan ya\u011fmaland\u0131, ama biz K\u00fcrtlerin ad\u0131 hep bu i\u015flerle an\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, bizim yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z s\u00f6yleniyor. Bu kasaba bizim ticaretimiz a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli, e\u011fer kasabay\u0131 ya\u011fmalarsan\u0131z, biz de sizin mal\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 ya\u011fmalar\u0131z. 15 Kas\u0131m\u2019da kom\u015fu T\u00fcrkler kasabaya geldi, ama K\u00fcrtler kasa\u00adbay\u0131 korudular.\u201d \u00c7emi\u015fgezek, iki bin s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u0131\u011f\u0131nacak bir yer olmu\u015ftu. Arapkir civar\u0131ndaki k\u00f6ylerin ya\u011fmalanmas\u0131y\u00adla ilgili yorum \u015f\u00f6yle demektedir: \u201cArapkir civar\u0131ndaki k\u00f6yler alt\u0131 defa ya\u011fmaland\u0131 \u2013 bir keresinde sald\u0131ranlar, pek ender ola\u00adrak insan \u00f6ld\u00fcren veya kad\u0131nlara tacizde bulunan Dersim K\u00fcrtleriydi. Katliama giri\u015fenler civardaki T\u00fcrkler ve K\u00fcrtlerdi; son derece ac\u0131mas\u0131zca hareket etmi\u015flerdi\u2026 Dersim K\u00fcrtleri\u2019ni harekete ge\u00e7iren d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce salt maddi oldu\u011funun at\u0131 \u00e7izilir[xxii]<\/a><\/p>\n

Zincirleme katliam ve pogromlarda i\u015fbirli\u011fi cesaretlendirme, y\u00f6nlendirme ve her b\u00f6lgede e\u015fg\u00fcd\u00fcm mevcuttur. Van \u00f6rne\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi \u00a0K\u00fcrtler, \u00a0Ermeni topra\u011f\u0131na ve m\u00fclk\u00fc\u00adne el koymalar\u0131 i\u00e7in devlet taraf\u0131ndan cesaretlendiriliyordu; ar\u00adkalar\u0131nda Ermeni k\u00f6ylerini s\u0131k s\u0131k tehdit eden\u00a0Hamidiye Alay\u00adlar\u0131<\/em>\u00a0gibi bir m\u00fcttefik vard\u0131. Bu arada yerel beyler de geleneksel vergilerini toplamaktan geri durmuyor ve n\u00fcfuz alanlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00advenlik alt\u0131na almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bu nedenle Abd\u00fclhamit d\u00f6\u00adneminde Van\u2019da, devlet taraf\u0131ndan te\u015fvik edilen, yerel K\u00fcrt beyleri taraf\u0131ndan uygulamaya konulan ve fakir K\u00fcrt k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri taraf\u0131ndan co\u015fkuyla desteklenen bir K\u00fcrtle\u015ftirme politikas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc izleri g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.[xxiii]<\/a><\/p>\n

Mamuret-ul-Aziz Vilayeti\u2019nden \u00f6rnekler veren Lepsius, Katliamdan arta kalan vahameti resmeder. Tablo korkun\u00e7tur ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc de \u00e7ok zordur.\u00a0\u00d6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmeyerek yard\u0131m edilmeden yani ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan mahrum \u015fartlar i\u00e7inde serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lan talihsizlerse daha ac\u0131mas\u0131z bir sefaletin i\u00e7ine b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131lar. A\u00e7l\u0131kla ba\u015f ba\u015fa kalanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 100.000 den a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 de\u011fildir. Mart ay\u0131na kadar Avrupa yard\u0131m komiteleri 60.000 ki\u015fiye yetecek kadar yiyecek yard\u0131m paras\u0131 toplay\u0131p ayn\u0131 tarihe kadar bu 11.000 T\u00fcrk liras\u0131n\u0131 (253.000 frank.) da\u011f\u0131tt\u0131lar. Ya\u011fmalarla ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc ellerinden al\u0131nan bu halk\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirebilmesi i\u00e7in k\u0131\u015fa kadar en az\u0131ndan 100.000 T\u00fcrk liras\u0131 daha (2.300.000 frank) gerekmektedir. Yine belirtmek gerekir ki bu vilayette halen ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc yeni katliamlardan sak\u0131nmak i\u00e7in \u0130slamiyet\u2019e ge\u00e7mek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

Urfa \u00f6zeli, ayr\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir katliam platosudur. Urfa\u2019da Katliamlara K\u00fcrtlerin yan\u0131nda Araplar da kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Lepsius Urfa katliamlar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131kl\u0131klarla ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak raporlar.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131l\u0131 temsilcilerin g\u00f6z\u00fc \u00f6n\u00fcnde \u0130stanbul\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 Bankas\u0131 Bask\u0131n\u0131 sonras\u0131nda 48 saat i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen vah\u015fet, 1893- 1899 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Avusturya-Macaristan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu askeri ate\u015fe olarak istanbul\u2019da bulunan Wladimir Giesl 26 A\u011fustos 1896 sonras\u0131 atmosferi an\u0131lar\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrklerin ayak tak\u0131m\u0131ndan, Ermenileri \u00f6ld\u00fcresiye d\u00f6vece\u011fine yemin edenlere ve K\u00fcrtlere demir sopalar ve topuzlar da\u011f\u0131tm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Talimat yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak \u015f\u00f6yle idi: \u201c\u0130\u015faret verilince, 48 saat i\u00e7erisinde ya\u015f\u0131na ve cinsine bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n her Ermeni \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclebilir. Kim Ermeni olmayan birini veya ba\u015fka bir ecnebiyi yaralarsa on sene hapisle, kim b\u00f6yle birini \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcrse o da idamla cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.\u201d \u2026 El\u00e7imiz, B\u00fcy\u00fckdere\u2019deki yazl\u0131k evde idi. Ben hemen d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p Galata \u00fczeri Osmanl\u0131 Bankas\u0131\u2019na ula\u015fmaya niyetlendim. Hen\u00fcz silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma sesleri yoktu ama \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131k atan \u00e7apulcular her taraf\u0131 doldurmu\u015ftu. N\u00f6bet tutan polisler, hamallar, tersane i\u015f\u00e7ileri ve merak eden halk Tophane\u2019ye kadar o geni\u015f caddeyi doldurmu\u015ftu. Kanl\u0131 olaylar ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Polisler, topuzlu adamlar ve askerler, insanlar\u0131 birer birer evlerinden al\u0131p \u00f6nlerine kat\u0131yor ve arkadan topuzlarla kafalar\u0131na vurup, yeni kurban aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na giriyorlard\u0131. Bu korkun\u00e7 hareket, g\u00f6zlerimin \u00f6n\u00fcnde s\u00fcrekli tekrarlan\u0131yordu. Tophane\u2019ye ininceye kadar 70 \u00f6l\u00fc saym\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Ermeni katliam\u0131 gece boyu ve m\u00fcteakip iki g\u00fcn devam etti. \u00d6l\u00fcm mangalar\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn mahalle ve varo\u015flar\u0131 arad\u0131lar. \u00d6nce evin i\u00e7inde olanlar \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyor sonra ev h\u0131zl\u0131ca ya\u011fmalan\u0131yordu. Yahudiler, saklanm\u0131\u015f olan Ermenileri ihbar ediyor ve gasp edilmi\u015f e\u015fyalar\u0131 sat\u0131yorlard\u0131. Caddede bir \u015fi\u015fe \u015fampanyan\u0131n fiyat\u0131 1 Mark, bir piyanonun fiyat\u0131 20 Mark\u2019t\u0131. En m\u00fctevaz\u0131 tahminle, 48 saat devam eden bu katliamda 12.000 ki\u015fi \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u00d6l\u00fcler, onbe\u015fer yirmi\u015fer, y\u00fck arabalar\u0131na doldurulup kabristanlarda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7ukurlara kire\u00e7le birlikte doldurulup \u00fcstleri \u00f6rt\u00fcld\u00fc. Bu t\u00fcyler \u00fcrperten transport benim yan\u0131mdan ge\u00e7erdi ve insan cesetler i\u00e7erisinde hala hareket eden eller ve ayaklar g\u00f6r\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bir \u0130ngiliz sekreteri, Ferik\u00f6y mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda g\u00f6m\u00fclenlerin i\u00e7inde canl\u0131 ki\u015filerin oldu\u011funa dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015fti. Bunu s\u00f6ylemekteki gayesi sadece, bunlar\u0131, \u00f6l\u00fcleri g\u00f6menlerin ellerindeki aletlerle \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fcklerini ifade etmek i\u00e7indi<\/em>.[xxiv]<\/a><\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyan\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fc \u00f6n\u00fcnde bu derece vah\u015fet pervas\u0131zca ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilirken, tanr\u0131n\u0131n unuttu\u011fu Ermeni Platosunda Ermenilerin kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131klar\u0131 vah\u015fete-in insan havsalas\u0131n\u0131n almas\u0131 imkans\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Misyoner raporlar\u0131nda da Ermenilerin tarihsel topraklar\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131klar\u0131 vah\u015fet, insan\u0131n i\u00e7inin kald\u0131ramayaca\u011f\u0131 i\u011fren\u00e7likler raporlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n

Urfa y\u00f6re\u00adsinde de Ermeni erkeklerini katletmenin din\u00ee bir vecibe oldu\u00ad\u011fu yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Cel\u00e2l isimli bir \u015feyhin din\u00ee vecibe oldu\u00ad\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle y\u00fcz erkek Ermeni \u00e7ocu\u011funu kesmesi nedeniy\u00adle, Urfa\u2019da din\u00ee boyut \u00f6zel bir anlam kazand\u0131. Di\u011fer failler gibi cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bilincinde olan bu adam, sonradan uzun s\u00fcre bu yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u00f6v\u00fcnd\u00fc. Molla Said Ahmet de, 28 Aral\u0131k g\u00fcn\u00fc konuya uygun bir fetva vermek ve herkesin g\u00f6z\u00fc \u00f6n\u00fcnde kendi elleriyle bir Ermeni\u2019nin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kesmek suretiyle katliam\u0131 \u201cme\u015frula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r\u201d.[xxv]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ermeniler kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131klar\u0131 a\u00e7l\u0131k\u00a0 ve salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k yetmezmi\u015f gibi, Ermenileri bekleyen bir ba\u015fka se\u00e7enek\/tehlike yeni katliamlardan sak\u0131nmak i\u00e7in, dindar Ermeni halk\u0131 i\u00e7in ruhunu satma diyece\u011fimiz \u0130slamiyete ge\u00e7mektir.<\/p>\n

Hamidiye katliamlar\u0131,\u00a0 ayn\u0131 zamanda Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n \u2018K\u00fcrdistan\u2019a d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesinde kilometre ta\u015flar\u0131ndan biridir. 1908 sonras\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli tart\u0131\u015fma konular\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Tarihi Ermenistan\u2019da el konulan topraklar ve m\u00fclklerin olmas\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Dahas\u0131, \u00e7ok say\u0131da M\u00fcsl\u00fcman, \u00f6zellikle de k\u00f6yl\u00fcler \u015fehirlerdeki Ermeni esnafa b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda bor\u00e7luydular. Bug\u00fcn art\u0131k kimse onlardan bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6demelerini isteyemez\u2026 Asl\u0131na bakarsan\u0131z son katliamlar\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri de t\u00fcm M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n Hristiyanlara olan bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n hepsinin s\u0131f\u0131rlanmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Katliamlar s\u0131ras\u0131nda failler kurbanlara zorla Sultana mektuplar yazd\u0131rmaya mecbur b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131rlar. Mektuplarda kurbanlar kendilerini su\u00e7lamaktad\u0131rlar. \u00d6rnek olsun: Bir\u00e7ok ba\u015fka yerlerde oldu\u011fu gibi Urfa\u2019da da Ekim olaylar\u0131ndan sonra Ermeni \u00f6nderleri, katliamlara Ermeni sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ne\u00adden oldu\u011funu belirten bir a\u00e7\u0131klama imzalamak zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131lar\u2026Van\u2019da 60 kadar Ermeni, af talebi, ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k yemini ve u\u011fursuz devrimci derhal da\u011f\u0131tma garantisi i\u00e7eren dilek\u00e7eyi imzalad\u0131lar.\u00ad<\/p>\n

Bunu yapmak istemeyen papazlar\u0131n ve kanaat \u00f6nderleri i\u015fkencelerden ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f, \u00f6l\u00fcmle ve hatta yeni katliam yapmakla tehdit edilmi\u015flerdir. Soruldu\u011funda \u00a0zorla \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 dile getirmemeleri, aksi halde \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclecekleri, Ermenilerin birbirlerine yazd\u0131klar\u0131 mektuplardan veya yabanc\u0131 misyon \u015feflerinin mektuplar\u0131ndan al\u0131nt\u0131lan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer halklar\u0131n temsilcileri de \u00a0toplu dilek\u00e7eler imzalayarak Saraya g\u00f6nderdiler. S\u00fcryani Ortodoks Patri\u011fi, rahipler ve e\u015fraftan ki\u015filerin imzas\u0131yla 19 Aral\u0131k 1895\u2019te Saraya g\u00f6nderilen\u00a0te\u015fekk\u00fcr notu<\/strong>nda:<\/p>\n

Bu duac\u0131 hizmetkarlar, islam h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin \u00fcnl\u00fc fatihi halife \u00f6mer d\u00f6neminden beri ve huzur i\u00e7inde ya\u015famam\u0131z i\u00e7in gerekli himayeyi sa\u011flayan ebed\u00ee Osmanl\u0131<\/em><\/p>\n

[devletinin]<\/p>\n

kanatlar\u0131 alt\u0131nda ge\u00e7en be\u015f y\u00fcz y\u0131l i\u00e7in \u015f\u00fckran doludur.<\/p>\n

Dinimiz, mezhebimiz, dilimiz, mal\/m\u00fclk\u00fcm\u00fcz ve emniyet ve onurumuz y\u00fcce h\u00fck\u00fcmetin himayesi alt\u0131nda ve yurtta\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z ve sevgili kom\u015fular\u0131m\u0131z olarak bizi her t\u00fcrl\u00fc sald\u0131r\u0131 ve husumetten koruyan islam halk\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7aba ve insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla emniyete al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f durumda.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0Bu vesileyle, devlet idaresi ve h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u015f\u00fckran duydu\u011fumuz hilafetin [halifenin] \u015fanl\u0131 s\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ihti\u015fam\u0131 ve hayat\u0131n devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in imparatorluk hazretlerine duac\u0131y\u0131z.<\/em><\/p>\n

Son zamanlarda Diyarbak\u0131r\u2019da ve civar\u0131m\u0131zda, Osmanl\u0131 devletinin bu sad\u0131k ve eski tebaalar\u0131 olan biz hizmetkarlara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00a0Ermeni huzur bozucular\u0131n \u00a0yaratt\u0131klar\u0131 her \u015feyin tamamen fark\u0131nday\u0131z.<\/em><\/p>\n

Onlara kat\u0131lmaya zorland\u0131k ve tehdit edildik ve her ne kadar bizi, her zaman minnettar oldu\u011fumuz babalar\u0131m\u0131zdan ve dedelerimizden bize kalan en de\u011ferli miras\u0131m\u0131z olan hizmet yolundan ay\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fsalar da bizler hizmet ve ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fck.<\/em><\/p>\n

Cehaletten musdarip olanlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 sadakat ihsan\u0131n\u0131 takdir etti\u011fimiz sultan hazretlerinin bize bah\u015fetti\u011fi sevginin fark\u0131ndal\u0131\u011f\u0131yla velinimetimize kar\u015f\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015ftan uzak tuttuk, engelledik ve uyard\u0131k.<\/em><\/p>\n

Emniyeti tercih ederek her t\u00fcrl\u00fc tats\u0131zl\u0131ktan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131yor; fesat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n niyetlerini reddediyor ve eski mezhebimize itaat ve sadakati onaylam\u0131yor\u2026 ve ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fumuzu ve b\u00f6yle de devam etti\u011fimizi size bildirmek istiyoruz. . .<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0[Bizler] krallar kral\u0131 ekselanslar\u0131n\u0131 tercih ediyoruz. . . .<\/em><\/p>\n

Tahkikat komitesine sunulan bu te\u015fekk\u00fcr notuyla da sadakatimizi beyan ediyoruz.<\/em><\/p>\n

Neticede Ermenilerin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc s\u0131rt\u0131ndakiler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda her \u015feylerini kaybettiler.<\/p>\n

Son olarak, Lepsius sanki Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n habercisidir:\u00a0M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kibri art\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131r tan\u0131mamakta ve Sultan\u2019\u0131n h\u00e2kimiyeti alt\u0131ndaki Hristiyanlardan kurtulmay\u0131 olmas\u0131 gereken ilk i\u015f olarak hayal etmektedir.<\/em>\u00a0Lepsius\u2019un feryatlar\u0131na ra\u011fmen Bat\u0131 1895-96 Katliamlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmek istemedi. Bu k\u00f6rl\u00fck 1915 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131na d\u00f6\u015fenen ta\u015flar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fcklerinden biridir.<\/p>\n

[i]<\/em><\/a>\u00a0Hovsep Hayreni, Yukar\u0131 F\u0131rat Ermenileri 1915 ve Dersim, Belge Y. 2015, s 156<\/em><\/p>\n

[ii]<\/em><\/a>\u00a0Selim Deringil, 19 y\u00fczy\u0131l Osmanl\u0131 Devletinde \u0130htida ve \u0130rtidad, \u00e7ev. Ay\u015fen Anadol-Taciser Ula\u015f Belge, \u0130leti\u015fim, 2017. S 304-305<\/em><\/p>\n

[iii]<\/em><\/a>\u00a0George A.\u00a0Bournoution, Ermeni Tarihi, Ermeni halk\u0131n\u0131n Tarihine K\u0131sa bir\u00a0Bak\u0131\u015f, \u00e7ev. E.\u00a0Abado\u011flu, O. K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7da\u011f\u0131, Aras Y. 2011, s 220<\/em><\/p>\n

[iv]<\/em><\/a>\u00a0Yves Ternon,Bir Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Tarihi, y. Haz. Rag\u0131p Zarakolu, Belge Y. 2012, s 159<\/em><\/p>\n

[v]<\/em><\/a>\u00a0Gladstone, konu\u015fmas\u0131nda, katliamlar\u0131 sert s\u00f6zlerle k\u0131nar. K\u0131naman\u0131n dozaj\u0131 Osmanl\u0131da da ses getirmi\u015ftir:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cErmenilere bu zulm\u00fc yapan Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmetinin icraatlar\u0131, onlar\u0131n ilk peygamberi i\u00e7in bir rez\u00e2let, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u0130sl\u00e2m medeniyeti i\u00e7in bir al\u00e7akl\u0131k ve de bu medeniyetin b\u00fct\u00fcn insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in bir lanet oldu\u011fu sonucunu do\u011furur. Kelimelerimin \u00e7ok sert oldu\u011funu biliyorum. Ancak b\u00fcy\u00fck vah\u015fetler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bu sert kelimeler normaldir\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

[vi]<\/em><\/a>\u00a0H\u0131n\u00e7ak Komitesi sonunda Ermeni kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 e\u011filimi tersine d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in bir \u2018a\u011f\u0131r topa\u2019 y\u00f6nelmeye karar verir. Komite Ermenilerin Abd\u00fclhamid rejimine kar\u015f\u0131 verdi\u011fi m\u00fccadeleyi savunan Jean Jaur\u00e9s\u2019e bir memorandum g\u00f6nderir ve ondan Frans\u0131z bas\u0131n\u0131ndaki Ermeni kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 propaganda ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 durdurmak \u00fczere kamuoyu \u00f6n\u00fcnde bir duru\u015f sergilemesini ister. Sabah-G\u00fclyan, sosyalist liderin bu talebi daha \u00f6nce \u2018Ermeni milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi\u2019 ile ilgili kayg\u0131lar\u0131 nedeniyle reddetti\u011fini belirtir. J. Jaur\u00e9s, Sabah-G\u00fclyan ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeden sonra bu m\u00fccadeleye at\u0131lmaya karar verir. J. jaur\u00e9s ayn\u0131 zamanda, Fransa\u2019 da Ermeni yanl\u0131s\u0131 baz\u0131 muhafazakar \u00e7evrelerle ayn\u0131 pozisyonda bulunmaktan kayg\u0131 duydu\u011funu da itiraf eder. Jaur\u00e9s\u2019in ilk giri\u015fimi 3 Kas\u0131m 1896\u2019da, tamamen dolu olan Frans\u0131z Parlamentosu\u2019nun k\u00fcrs\u00fcs\u00fcnde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Oturum Denis Cochin taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r ancak Jaur\u00e9s, muhafazakarlar\u0131n konu\u015fmalar\u0131 bitene kadar s\u00f6z almaz. Konu\u015fmac\u0131 olarak s\u0131raya girmesi bir s\u00fcrpriz olmu\u015ftur \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc hi\u00e7 kimse ondan bir d\u0131\u015f politika meselesi hakk\u0131nda konu\u015fma yapmas\u0131n\u0131 beklemiyordur. Oturuma kat\u0131lanlar ve kamuoyu \u00fczerinde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir etki yarat\u0131r; \u00f6zellikle Frans\u0131z h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin son d\u00f6rt y\u0131ld\u0131r T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de izledi\u011fi politikay\u0131 su\u00e7lar. Jaur\u00e9s\u2019in bir bu\u00e7uk saat s\u00fcren konu\u015fmas\u0131 Fransa\u2019da Ermeni yanl\u0131s\u0131 hareketi hakiki anlamda ba\u015flat\u0131r. Herkes taraf\u0131ndan bilindi\u011fi gibi Osmanl\u0131 Sultan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ajanlar\u0131ndan c\u00f6mert destekler alan Paris gazeteleri art\u0131k farkl\u0131 sesler \u00e7\u0131karmaya ba\u015flarlar.<\/em><\/p>\n

[vii]<\/em><\/a>\u00a0Raymond Kevorkian, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131, \u00c7ev. Ay\u015fen Ta\u015fkent Ekmek\u00e7i, \u0130leti\u015fim, 2015.\u00a0 s.31-32<\/em><\/p>\n

[viii]<\/em><\/a>\u00a0\u0130brahim Temo\u2019nun \u0130ttihad ve Terakki An\u0131lar\u0131, Arba, 1987 s 42<\/em><\/p>\n

[ix]<\/em><\/a>\u00a0Ermeni Katliamlar\u0131 Raporu, Haz. P.F. Charmetant, \u00c7ev. Mehmet Baytimur, Peri Y.\u00a02012<\/em><\/p>\n

[x]<\/em><\/a>\u00a0Vahakn Dadrian, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 Tarihi, \u00e7ev. A. \u00c7ak\u0131ro\u011flu, C.D. Zarakolu, Belge Y. 2008.<\/em><\/p>\n

[xi]<\/em><\/a>\u00a0Hans-Lukas Kieser, Iskalanm\u0131\u015f Bar\u0131\u015f,\u00a0 \u00c7ev. Etilla Dirim, \u0130leti\u015fim, 2005.<\/em><\/p>\n

[xii]<\/em><\/a>\u00a0Raymond Kevorkian, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131, \u00c7ev. Ay\u015fen Ta\u015fkent Ekmek\u00e7i, \u0130leti\u015fim, 2015<\/em><\/p>\n

[xiii]<\/em><\/a>\u00a0Selim Deringil, 19 y\u00fczy\u0131l Osmanl\u0131 Devletinde \u0130htida ve \u0130rtidad, \u00e7ev. Ay\u015fen Anadol-Taciser Ula\u015f Belge, \u0130leti\u015fim, 2017<\/em><\/p>\n

[xiv]<\/em><\/a>\u00a0Di\u011fer kaynaklar: Sait \u00c7etino\u011flu, 1894-96 Ermeni Katliamlar\u0131 ve\u00a0Charmetant raporu. https:\/\/tr.scribd.com\/document\/100423101\/1894-96-Ermeni-Katliamlar%C4%B1-ve-Charmetant-raporu\u00a0(10.06.2018)<\/em><\/p>\n

[xv]<\/em><\/a>\u00a0Edwin Bliss, Turkey and the Armenian Atrocities (repr., Fresno, CA: Mshag Publishing, 1983), pp. 406-08. For more information about the Hamidian massacres in Trebizond, see Christopher Walker, Armenia: The Survival of a Nation (New York: St. Martin\u2019s Press, 1980), pp. 156-59; akt. Bedross Der Matossian, The Pontic Armenian Communities in the Nineteenth Century https:\/\/digitalcommons.unl.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1184&context=historyfacpub<\/em><\/p>\n

[xvi]<\/em><\/a>\u00a0Hans-Lukas Kieser, Iskalanm\u0131\u015f Bar\u0131\u015f\u2026 s 288<\/em><\/p>\n

[xvii]<\/em><\/a>\u00a0Selim Deringil, 19 y\u00fczy\u0131l Osmanl\u0131 Devletinde \u0130htida ve \u0130rtidad\u2026 s 290<\/em><\/p>\n

[xviii]<\/em><\/a>\u00a0Selim Deringil, 19 y\u00fczy\u0131l Osmanl\u0131 Devletinde \u0130htida ve \u0130rtidad\u2026 s 305<\/em><\/p>\n

[xix]<\/em><\/a>\u00a0Vahakn Dadrian, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 Tarihi\u2026 s 243<\/em><\/p>\n

[xx]<\/em><\/a>\u00a0Vahakn Dadrian, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 Tarihi\u2026 s 244<\/em><\/p>\n

[xxi]<\/em><\/a>\u00a0Hans-Lukas Kieser, Iskalanm\u0131\u015f Bar\u0131\u015f\u2026 s 284-286<\/em><\/p>\n

[xxii]<\/em><\/a>\u00a0Hans-Lukas Kieser, Iskalanm\u0131\u015f Bar\u0131\u015f\u2026 s 288<\/em><\/p>\n

[xxiii]<\/em><\/a>\u00a0Hans-Lukas Kieser, Iskalanm\u0131\u015f Bar\u0131\u015f\u2026 s 332<\/em><\/p>\n

[xxiv]<\/em><\/a>\u00a0Wladimir G\u0131esl, Zwei Jahrzehnte im Nahen Osten, Berlin 1927, s.118-120, Akt. Ramazan Y\u0131ld\u0131z. Ermeni Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 say\u0131 49, 2014.<\/em><\/p>\n

[xxv]<\/em><\/a>. Hans-Lukas Kieser, Iskalanm\u0131\u015f Bar\u0131\u015f\u2026 s 336<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

https:\/\/ermenistan.de\/sait-cetinoglu-yazi-utancin-olumden-daha-beter-oldugu-bir-surec-1895-96-ermeni-katliamlari\/?fbclid=IwAR1ijViA9wup6X3Nl_zOZ7qDlP_3gd3g-29lTANExwowqRHKEpoQsPnV3rI<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sait \u00c7etino\u011flu \u00dcz\u00fcnt\u00fc ve korkudan \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131na d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f erkek, kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuklar s\u00fcr\u00fc s\u00fcr\u00fc s\u0131\u011f\u0131nak olarak kiliselere dolu\u015furken orada kurban edilmeyeceklerini san\u0131yorlar. Ba\u015fka da yapacak ne var ki zaten? Fakat y\u00fczlerce kilise ve manast\u0131r\u0131n k\u00fcle d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve bu Hristiyan g\u00e2vurlu\u011funun k\u00f6k\u00fc kaz\u0131nmak isteniyorsa geriye kalanlar teferruattan ibarettir. Kilise ve manast\u0131rlara s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan y\u00fczlerce insan varsa n\u2018olmu\u015f yani? […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":54029,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[44,1,70,20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-54027","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ermeni-soykirimi","category-haberler","category-makaleler","category-tarih-sayfalari"],"yoast_head":"\nSait \u00c7etino\u011flu: Utanc\u0131n \u00d6l\u00fcmden Daha Beter Oldu\u011fu Bir S\u00fcre\u00e7: 1895-96 ERMEN\u0130 KATL\u0130AMLARI - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=54027\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Sait \u00c7etino\u011flu: Utanc\u0131n \u00d6l\u00fcmden Daha Beter Oldu\u011fu Bir S\u00fcre\u00e7: 1895-96 ERMEN\u0130 KATL\u0130AMLARI - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Sait \u00c7etino\u011flu \u00dcz\u00fcnt\u00fc ve korkudan \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131na d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f erkek, kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuklar s\u00fcr\u00fc s\u00fcr\u00fc s\u0131\u011f\u0131nak olarak kiliselere dolu\u015furken orada kurban edilmeyeceklerini san\u0131yorlar. Ba\u015fka da yapacak ne var ki zaten? Fakat y\u00fczlerce kilise ve manast\u0131r\u0131n k\u00fcle d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve bu Hristiyan g\u00e2vurlu\u011funun k\u00f6k\u00fc kaz\u0131nmak isteniyorsa geriye kalanlar teferruattan ibarettir. Kilise ve manast\u0131rlara s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan y\u00fczlerce insan varsa n\u2018olmu\u015f yani? 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