{"id":53478,"date":"2019-06-12T02:11:35","date_gmt":"2019-06-12T07:11:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=53478"},"modified":"2019-06-12T02:11:35","modified_gmt":"2019-06-12T07:11:35","slug":"istanbullu-rumlarin-55-yildir-bitmeyen-surgunu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=53478","title":{"rendered":"\u0130stanbullu Rumlar\u0131n 55 y\u0131ld\u0131r bitmeyen s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Ferda Balancar<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130lay Romain \u00d6rs\u2019\u00fcn derledi\u011fi \u2018\u0130stanbullu Rumlar ve 1964 S\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri: T\u00fcrk Toplumunun Homojenle\u015fmesinde Bir D\u00f6n\u00fcm Noktas\u0131\u2019 ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 kitap \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Kitap, \u2018S\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn 50. y\u0131l\u0131nda 2014\u2019te \u0130stanbul ve Atina\u2019da<\/em><\/strong> yap\u0131lan iki ayr\u0131 konferansta sunulan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n ve tan\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden olu\u015fuyor.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131n derleyicisi ve ayn\u0131 zamanda giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn yazar\u0131 olan sosyal antropolog \u0130lay Romain \u00d6rs ile kitaptan yola \u00e7\u0131karak, 1964 S\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri\u2019nin Yunanistan\u2019da neler ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 konu\u015ftuk.<\/p>\n

Yunanistan kamuoyunda farkl\u0131 kesimlerin tutumlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131rsak M\u00fcbadele\u2019de Yunanistan\u2019a gitmek zorunda kalanlarla 1964 S\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri\u2019nin ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ne t\u00fcr farkl\u0131l\u0131klar var? Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, M\u00fcbadiller mi yoksa \u20181964 S\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri\u2019 mi Yunanistan\u2019da daha \u00e7ok zorland\u0131lar?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

1964 S\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri dedi\u011fimiz s\u00fcreci 1923-24 N\u00fcfus M\u00fcbadelesi ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmak k\u0131smen do\u011fru, k\u0131smen de yanl\u0131\u015f olur. K\u0131smen do\u011frudur, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc T\u00fcrkiye taraf\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda her ikisi de ulusun homojenle\u015ftirilmesi ba\u011flam\u0131nda at\u0131lan \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlar olarak bu topraklardaki kozmopolit sosyal yap\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesine yol a\u00e7an \u00f6nemli d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktalar\u0131d\u0131rlar. K\u0131smen de yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc N\u00fcfus M\u00fcbadelesi, t\u00fcm sorunlar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, uluslararas\u0131 bir anla\u015fma ile hukuki zemini kurulmu\u015f olan bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir. Fakat 1964 uygulamalar\u0131nda tam tersine Rumlar\u0131n \u0130stanbul\u2019da ya\u015fam haklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen hukuki dayanaklar T\u00fcrk devleti taraf\u0131ndan tek tarafl\u0131 olarak ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yunanistan taraf\u0131ndan bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda ise m\u00fcbadele s\u0131ras\u0131nda say\u0131lar\u0131 milyonlar\u0131 bulan Anadolu Rumlar\u0131n\u0131n n\u00fcfusu neredeyse iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karacak bir yo\u011funlukla geldiklerini g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. M\u00fcbadiller, bir y\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce \u2018B\u00fcy\u00fck Felaket\u2019 ile biten sava\u015ftan ka\u00e7arak gelen s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lar\u0131n devam\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131rlar. Yunanca\u2019da K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya Rumlar\u0131\u2019na \u2018Prosfiges ad\u0131 verilir. Yunanistan\u2019a vard\u0131klar\u0131nda \u00e7ad\u0131rlarda, kamplarda, spor salonu veya opera gibi baz\u0131 binalarda konaklamak durumunda kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Aralar\u0131nda farkl\u0131l\u0131klar bulunmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu tar\u0131m ve bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ile u\u011fra\u015fan k\u00f6y k\u00f6kenli bu grup, ilk d\u00f6nemlerde ge\u00e7im kayna\u011f\u0131 bulmak konusunda b\u00fcy\u00fck zorluk \u00e7ekmi\u015flerdir. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 belli mahallelerde birarada ya\u015famaya devam ederek bir siyasi alt k\u00fclt\u00fcr olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131r. S\u0131n\u0131fsal ve kimliksel kaynakl\u0131 \u00f6tekile\u015ftirme eylemlerine maruz kald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, kendilerine T\u00fcrk tohumu gibi tan\u0131mlarla yakla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 aktar\u0131rlar. 1964 S\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri ise istisnas\u0131z kentli olan, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu ticaret ile u\u011fra\u015fan ve e\u011fitimli bir kesimden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Sava\u015f d\u00f6neminin hengamesinden \u00e7ok sonra, art\u0131k temel dinamikleri yerle\u015fmi\u015f bir toplumdan bir di\u011ferine g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek durumunda kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Say\u0131lar\u0131 onbinleri bulsa da, geldikleri Yunan kentlerinde demografik veya sosyal bir deprem yaratmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla toplumun alg\u0131s\u0131 ve tepkisinin m\u00fcbadillerinkine g\u00f6re daha az \u015fiddetli oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. Tabii bu hem iyi hem k\u00f6t\u00fc say\u0131labilir: \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bir anlamda s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler toplumdan d\u0131\u015flanmam\u0131\u015flar ama ayn\u0131 zamanda pek dikkate de al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Nitekim onlar da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir travma ve kay\u0131p ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, fakat sorunlar\u0131yla kendi kendilerine ba\u015f etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bir s\u00fcre sonra Yunan toplumuna entegre olabilmi\u015flerdir, ancak her zaman \u0130stanbullu olmak kimliklerinin \u00f6nemli bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcne kadar 1964 S\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri hakk\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da da olsa kitap ve makaleler T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olarak yay\u0131mland\u0131. Ancak kitab\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcn y\u00f6nlerinden birisi, 1964 S\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri\u2019nin Yunanistan\u2019da ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131na de\u011finiyor olmas\u0131. Bu anlamda kitap i\u00e7in \u2018bir ilk\u2019 diyebiliriz san\u0131r\u0131m. Yunanistan\u2019da bu alanda yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar hakk\u0131nda bilgi verir misiniz? Bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda edebiyat, sinema gibi alanlarda ne t\u00fcr \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor?\u00a0<\/strong>
\n1964 S\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri T\u00fcrkiye kadar Yunanistan\u2019da da g\u00fcndeme az gelmi\u015f bir olgu. Kitapta bu konuyu i\u015fleyen Stavro Anestidis\u2019in dedi\u011fi gibi, burada bir \u00e7e\u015fit \u2018haf\u0131za kayb\u0131\u2019 oldu\u011fundan s\u00f6z edebiliriz. Genel olarak \u0130stanbullu Rumlar\u2019dan fazla bahis olmam\u0131\u015f; bu konuda istisna olan ba\u015fl\u0131ca edebi yap\u0131t \u2018Loksandra\u2019 1963\u2019te yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerden bahsetmez. Yunanistan\u2019da Rumlar taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ancak pek da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 olmam\u0131\u015f\u00a0 birka\u00e7 an\u0131 kitab\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda 2000\u2019lere kadar ciddi etki yapm\u0131\u015f bir giri\u015fimden bahsetmek pek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil. Ku\u015fkusuz en b\u00fcy\u00fck etkiyi 2004 tarihli \u2018Bir Tutam Baharat\u2019 filmi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. Kendisi de 1964\u2019te s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilmi\u015f bir ailenin \u00e7ocu\u011fu olan Tassos Boulmetis, k\u0131smen otobiyografik anlat\u0131m\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ba\u015far\u0131 yakalayarak yeni nesil Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n \u0130stanbullu Rumlar ile tan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. \u015eimdilerde ise hem bu konudaki yaz\u0131l\u0131 ve g\u00f6rsel yay\u0131nlar\u0131n, hem de okur ve izleyici kitlesinin \u00e7ok daha fazla oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n

‘Neden Oldu?\u2019 ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde; Bask\u0131n Oran, Alper Kaliber, Rita Ender, Yorgos Katsanos, Emilia Themopolou ve Anna Theodorides\u2019in yaz\u0131lar\u0131 yer al\u0131yor. 1964\u2019te tam olarak neler ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlatan \u2018Neler\u00a0Oldu?\u2019 ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ise Alexis Alexandris, Yorgos Katsanos \u2013 El\u00e7in Macar ve Herk\u00fcl Millas\u2019\u0131n yaz\u0131lar\u0131 yer al\u0131yor. Her ne kadar zaman\u0131nda yeterince g\u00fcndeme ta\u015f\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f olsa da 1964 S\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerinin T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan\u2019da yaz\u0131l\u0131 olarak nas\u0131l aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ele alan \u2018Nas\u0131l Aktar\u0131ld\u0131?\u2019 ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ise Stavros Anestidis, Christina Vamvouri \u2013 Vassilis Messis, Emre Can Da\u011fl\u0131o\u011flu ve Koray Ya\u015far\u2019\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yer al\u0131yor. \u0130stanbullu Rumlar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131\u015f\u0131 edilmesinin ard\u0131ndan neler oldu\u011funu konu alan \u2018Ya Sonra?\u2019 ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm ise Emre Metin Bilginer, Hakan Y\u00fccel \u2013 S\u00fcheyla Y\u0131ld\u0131z, Maria Kazantzidou \u2013<\/strong> Eleni \u0130oannidou, Nikolaos Uzuno\u011flu, Cengiz Aktar ve Samim Akg\u00f6n\u00fcl\u2019\u00fcn yaz\u0131lar\u0131ndan olu\u015fuyor.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2018T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den Gelen Yunanistan Vatanda\u015f\u0131 S\u00fcrg\u00fcnler Derne\u011fi\u2019 kitaptaki farkl\u0131 makalelerden anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z kadar\u0131yla \u20181964 S\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri\u2019 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir dayan\u0131\u015fma a\u011f\u0131 i\u015flevi g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f. Bu dernek g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor mu? S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyorsa ne t\u00fcr bir i\u015flevi var?<\/strong>
\nKitapta belirtildi\u011fi gibi, bu dernek \u0130stanbul\u2019da 1958\u2019te kapat\u0131lan Helen Birli\u011fi\u2019nin s\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131\u015f\u0131 edilen \u00fcyeleri taraf\u0131ndan kuruldu ve s\u00f6zkonusu ilk s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerin Yunanistan\u2019da dayan\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7inde kalmalar\u0131nda kilit rol oynad\u0131. Benzer bir dernek de 1964\u2019te Selanik\u2019te \u2018Kuzey Yunanistan S\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131\u015f\u0131 edilmi\u015f \u0130stanbullular Derne\u011fi\u2019 ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda kuruldu. \u0130lk ba\u015flardaki ev ve i\u015f bulma gibi sosyal yard\u0131m i\u015flevlerinden ba\u015fka T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kaybedilen haklar\u0131n\u0131n tanzimi gibi hukuki konularda destek vermek, ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 sorunlar\u0131 kamuoyu g\u00fcndemine ta\u015f\u0131mak gibi giri\u015fimlerde de bulunuldu. Daha sonra bunlara spor kul\u00fcpleri, mezun dernekleri gibi farkl\u0131 organizasyonlar da eklendi; b\u00f6ylece 2000\u2019lere geldi\u011fimizde daha \u00f6ncekilerle de birlikte \u0130stanbullu Rum derneklerinin say\u0131s\u0131 d\u00fczinelerle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen \u00f6nemli bir giri\u015fimle, \u2018\u0130stanbullu Rumlar\u0131n Evrensel Federasyonu\u2019 kurularak kurumsal koordinasyonun yerle\u015fmesi sa\u011fland\u0131. Bu dernekler \u00e7ok etkin bir \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam ediyorlar: k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerinde, ar\u015fivlerinde, toplant\u0131 salonlar\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok etkinlik i\u00e7in s\u0131k s\u0131k biraraya geliyorlar. \u0130htiyac\u0131 olanlar i\u00e7in para, yemek ve bar\u0131nak deste\u011fi, ya\u015fl\u0131lar i\u00e7in huzurevi, \u00f6\u011frenciler i\u00e7in burs gibi sosyal yard\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriliyor. Kitap tan\u0131t\u0131mlar\u0131, dergi ve gazete yay\u0131nlar\u0131, konferanslar, sergiler, festivaller, geziler, sanat g\u00f6sterileri, spor kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmalar\u0131 ve d\u00fczenli toplant\u0131lar yap\u0131l\u0131yor. Bu \u015fekilde hem \u0130stanbul ile, hem de birbirleriyle ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde devam ettiriyorlar.<\/p>\n

Kitapta yer alan giri\u015f yaz\u0131s\u0131nda 1922, 1955 (6-7 Eyl\u00fcl) ve 1964\u2019\u00fcn \u0130stanbullu Rumlar i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131n\u0131 ifade etti\u011fini, her \u00fc\u00e7 tarihin de ayr\u0131 birer kelimeyle tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyorsunuz. Varl\u0131k Vergisi\u2019nin \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 1942 y\u0131l\u0131 da Rumlar i\u00e7in b\u00f6yle bir tarih midir? 1942 i\u00e7in de bu ba\u011flamda bir tan\u0131m s\u00f6z konusu mu?
\n<\/strong>Bu anlat\u0131mda bir \u00fc\u00e7lemeden \u00e7ok, \u00f6ncesi olan ve devam eden bir s\u00fcrecin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren baz\u0131\u00a0 k\u0131r\u0131lma noktalar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmek istedim. Bu tarihsel olaylar\u0131n hepsi kendi i\u00e7inde travmatik deneyimlerdir ve her birinin \u00f6zg\u00fcn boyutlar\u0131 ile ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekir ancak birbirleriyle ili\u015fkili olduklar\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131rmamak \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. T\u00fcrk toplumunun \u00e7okk\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc imparatorluk miras\u0131ndan uzakla\u015farak homojenle\u015fmi\u015f bir ulus devlete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi \u00e7abalar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\u011ferlendirirsek, bu m\u00fcnferit gibi g\u00f6z\u00fcken olaylar\u0131n ba\u011flam\u0131n\u0131 daha do\u011fru anlayabiliriz. Varl\u0131k Vergisi de ku\u015fkusuz ekonominin T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesinde en \u00f6nemli mihenk ta\u015flar\u0131ndan biridir. Sava\u015f d\u00f6nemi ekonomik siyasetine dair bir uygulama gibi g\u00f6sterilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lsa bile, gayrim\u00fcslim burjuvazinin\u00a0 erimesine yol a\u00e7mas\u0131yla \u0130stanbul\u2019un ekonomik ve sosyolojik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 derinden sarsan bir etkisi olmu\u015ftur. Belki sadece Rumlara y\u00f6nelik olmamas\u0131 ve 1964\u2019teki gibi kitlesel bir g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgas\u0131 ya\u015fanmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 nedeniyle art\u0131k \u00e7ok fazla an\u0131lm\u0131yor olabilir ancak sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 son derece y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 olmu\u015f ve Rumlar\u0131n \u0130stanbul\u2019daki ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 ciddi \u015fekilde etkilemi\u015ftir. Bug\u00fcn hemen her Rum ailesinde mutlaka bir \u2018varlikia\u2019 anlat\u0131s\u0131 dinlenebilir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye kamuoyunda zaman zaman 1964 S\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri\u2019ne ve onlar\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na, torunlar\u0131na vatanda\u015fl\u0131k verilmesi g\u00fcndeme geliyor. Bunun hem \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Rum n\u00fcfusun h\u0131zla azalmas\u0131na s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 da olsa bir \u00e7are olabilece\u011fi, hem de ge\u00e7mi\u015fle y\u00fczle\u015fme ad\u0131na \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m olaca\u011f\u0131 iddia ediliyor. Siz bu konuda ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorsunuz? B\u00f6yle bir ad\u0131m at\u0131l\u0131rsa, 1964 S\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri ve onlar\u0131n akrabalar\u0131 ile Yunanistan kamuoyunda bunun nas\u0131l bir etkisi olur?\u00a0<\/strong>
\nTC vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusu s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerin \u00f6nemli sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biridir. 1964 kararlar\u0131 teorik olarak sadece Yunan vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131\u015f\u0131 edilmesini hedef alm\u0131\u015f olsa da, uygulamada bir\u00e7ok T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131 da s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilmi\u015ftir. Bunlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 ileriki senelerde ba\u015fta askerlik hizmeti olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok sorundan dolay\u0131 vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130stanbullu Rumlar\u0131n Evrensel Federasyonu Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Nikolaos Uzuno\u011flu kitaptaki makalesinde konuyla ilgili ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgiler veriyor, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nerilerini ve bu konuda yapt\u0131klar\u0131 giri\u015fimleri s\u0131ral\u0131yor. TC vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n geri al\u0131nmas\u0131, s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilen Rumlar i\u00e7in kaybettikleri haklar\u0131n\u0131 aramak yolunda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m olacakt\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan T\u00fcrk devletinin daha \u00f6nce ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f insan haklar\u0131 ihlallerini tan\u0131mak ve k\u0131smen de olsa telafi etmek yoluna gitmesi, bug\u00fcn toplumlar\u0131n birbirlerini \u00f6tekile\u015ftirmeden ve d\u0131\u015flamadan birarada ya\u015fama pratiklerini destekleyecek bir nitelik ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da hayatidir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda Rum toplumunun \u0130stanbul ile ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi ve yeni nesillere aktar\u0131lmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok olumlu sonu\u00e7lara yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131r. Rumlar \u0130stanbul\u2019un kadim halklar\u0131ndan olarak kozmopolit kentin en \u00f6nemli yap\u0131ta\u015flar\u0131ndan birini olu\u015ftururlar. Rumlar olmadan \u0130stanbul,\u00a0 \u0130stanbul\u2019a benzemez.<\/p>\n

Apelassis, Katastrofi, Septemvriana ve Poli<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rumlar 1964 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flayan s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7in \u2018Apelassis\u2019 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kullan\u0131rlar. S\u00f6zc\u00fck anlam\u0131yla kovulma, evinden ayr\u0131lmaya zorlanma, s\u00fcr\u00fclme, s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilme demektir. 1964 Rumlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tek yerinden edilme tarihi de\u011fildir; ancak \u2018Apelassis\u2019 tek ba\u015f\u0131na kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z \u015fekilde bu s\u00fcrece i\u015faret eder. Buna benzer ba\u015fka s\u00f6zc\u00fckler de bulunur ve bilinmelidir: 1922 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye yak\u0131n tarihinde anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekliyle Kurtulu\u015f ordusunun kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 B\u00fcy\u00fck Zafer ard\u0131ndan Yunan ordusu kontrol\u00fcnde bulunan Ege sahillerini ele ge\u00e7iri\u015fi s\u0131ras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan yang\u0131n, ya\u011fma ve kay\u0131plar, Yunanistan tarih yaz\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u2018Katastrofi\u2019, yani \u2018B\u00fcy\u00fck Felaket\u2019 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. \u00c7ok felaketler ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan Anadolu halklar\u0131ndan K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya Rumlar\u0131, 1922 Eyl\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019nde g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri hezimete \u2018Katastrofi\u2019 diyerek bu b\u00fcy\u00fck travmay\u0131 toplumsal bellkelerine kaz\u0131m\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bir ba\u015fka Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de ge\u00e7en bir ba\u015fka travma ise \u2018Septemvriana\u2019 ad\u0131yla an\u0131l\u0131r ve bu s\u00f6zc\u00fck kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hemen 6 \u2013 7 Eyl\u00fcl 1955 gecesi \u0130stanbul\u2019da ya\u015fanan b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131y\u0131mdan bahsedildi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Bunlar hen\u00fcz ad\u0131 konamayacak kadar dillendirilmemi\u015f olan bir\u00e7ok ba\u015fka ya\u015fant\u0131dan sadece birka\u00e7\u0131d\u0131r. Di\u011fer an\u0131lar s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerini aramakta, s\u00f6zlerinin edilece\u011fi f\u0131rsatlar\u0131 kollamaktad\u0131r.
\nAncak Rumlar i\u00e7in bir s\u00f6zc\u00fck vard\u0131r ki i\u015fte o en \u00f6zel olan\u0131d\u0131r. Varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n sebebi, kimliklerinin belirleyicisi, k\u00f6kenlerinin par\u00e7as\u0131 olan \u015fehirleri \u0130stanbul yani \u2018Poli\u2019, Rumlar i\u00e7in \u00e7ok ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131r. \u2018Poli\u2019 sadece \u0130stanbul anlam\u0131ndaki \u2018Konstantinupoli\u2019nin k\u0131saltmas\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ba\u015fka \u015fehirler, \u00f6rne\u011fin \u2018Alexandrupoli\u2019, bu \u015fekilde k\u0131salt\u0131lmazlar. \u2018Poli\u2019 genel anlam\u0131yla \u015fehir demektir; fakat belirleyici artikel ile ve ilk harfi b\u00fcy\u00fck olarak yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u2018i Poli\u2019 diye s\u00f6ylendi\u011finde her zamn ve sadece \u0130stanbul anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130stanbul, Rum kozmolojisinde bin y\u0131llard\u0131r oldu\u011fu gibi h\u00e2l\u00e2 en \u00f6nemli, en merkezi \u015fehirdir. \u015eehirleriyle gurur duyan \u0130stanbullular kendilerine \u2018Polites\u2019 derler. Bug\u00fcn de Yunanistan\u2019da \u2018Polites\u2019 diye tan\u0131n\u0131rlar. \u2018Polites\u2019 hem \u0130stanbullu demektir hem de \u015fehirli, ek\u00e2bir, uygar, sofistike gibi anlamlar \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 ile ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 br kimli\u011fin de i\u015faretidir.
\nRumlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir\u00e7ok felaket vard\u0131r ama 1922\u2019deki \u2018Katastrofi\u2019 en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc say\u0131l\u0131r. Ba\u015fka Eyl\u00fcller vard\u0131r ancak 1955\u2019teki \u2018Septemvriana\u2019 s\u0131ras\u0131nda bamba\u015fka bir y\u0131k\u0131m ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7ler ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerle eriyen \u0130stanbullu Rumlar i\u00e7in 1964\u2019teki \u2018Apelassis\u2019 aralar\u0131nda en travmatik olan\u0131d\u0131r. Ve bir \u015fehir vard\u0131r ki o \u015fehre ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k onun k\u00fclt\u00fcrel zenginili\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k demektir. \u2018Polites\u2019 i\u00e7in o \u015fehirlilik kimli\u011fi, \u015fehrin o kozmopolit ki\u015fili\u011fi, bazen o \u015fehirde ya\u015fanan ac\u0131lar\u0131 dindirebilecek bir panzehir olur. G\u00fcn gelir, o travmalarla y\u00fczle\u015fmek i\u00e7in tekrar o \u015fehirde bulu\u015fulur.
\n(\u0130lay Romain \u00d6rs\u2019\u00fcn kitaba yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Giri\u015f\u2019ten )<\/p>\n

1964\u2019te ne oldu?
\n<\/strong>16 Mart 1964 tarihinde T\u00fcrkiye, 30 Ekim 1930\u2019da Yunanistan\u2019la yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2018\u0130k\u00e2met, Ticaret ve Seyrisefain Mukavelenamesi\u2019ni tek tarafl\u0131 olark feshetti. Bu fesih karar\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131na antla\u015fman\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine g\u00f6re alt\u0131 ay sonra ba\u015flanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi halde, T. C. H\u00fck\u00fcmeti iki ayr\u0131 maddeye dayanarak uygulamay\u0131 hemen devreye soktu. Bunlardan biri olan Madde 2\u2019ye g\u00f6re, \u2018zararl\u0131 faaliyet\u2019 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren 997 ki\u015fi derhal s\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131\u015f\u0131 edildi. Ayr\u0131ca Fener\u2019den 2 metropolit vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131larak s\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131\u015f\u0131 edildi.
\nFesih karar\u0131n\u0131 derhal uygulaman\u0131n dayand\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Madde 16 ise \u015fu \u015fekildeydi: \u201c\u00dclke savunmas\u0131 ve genel g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ilgilendiren konularda ithalat ve ihracatta iki \u00fclkenin birbirlerine tan\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar kald\u0131r\u0131labilir.\u201d
\nUygulamadan ma\u011fdur olanlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda 12. 724 Yunanistan vatanda\u015f\u0131 Rum vard\u0131. Bunlar Yunanistan\u2019dan gelmemi\u015f olan \u0130stanbullulard\u0131. \u0130stanbul\u2019u kurmu\u015f, en az \u00fc\u00e7 bin y\u0131ld\u0131r burada ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131yd\u0131lar. Sadece uyrukluklar\u0131 Yunan idi.
\nToplam 7. 603 ki\u015fi, ikamet s\u00fcreleri uzat\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00fclkeyi terke zorland\u0131. Bunlara sonradan vize de verilmedi. Sadece 1. 134 ki\u015finin ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131k, hastal\u0131k veya e\u011fitim nedenleriyle bir s\u00fcre daha T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kalmalar\u0131na izin verildi. S\u00fcrg\u00fcn karar\u0131ndan, Yunan uyru\u011fu olan Levantenler de etkilendi.
\n2 Kas\u0131m 1964 g\u00fcn\u00fc bir Gizli Kararname \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Buna tabi olan ki\u015filerin ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki her t\u00fcrl\u00fc tapu i\u015flemi durduruldu ve gelirleri bloke edildi (1988\u2019de Turgut \u00d6zal taraf\u0131ndan \u2018Davos Ruhu\u2019 atmosferi i\u00e7inde kald\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r). 2. 902 adet gayimenkule el kondu. De\u011ferleri hakk\u0131nda tahminler, T\u00fcrk taraf\u0131na g\u00f6re 200 milyon dolar, Yuann taraf\u0131na g\u00f6re 500 milyon dolar, bas\u0131na g\u00f6re de 2 milyar dolar civar\u0131ndayd\u0131.
\n1964 S\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri sonucunda yakla\u015f\u0131k 12. 000 Yunan vatanda\u015f\u0131 Rum ile birlikte onlar\u0131n yak\u0131n akrabas\u0131 olan 30. 000 T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131 Rum da ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Yanlar\u0131nda sadece ki\u015fisel e\u015fya olarak 20 kiloluk birer valiz ve yasaya g\u00f6re 200 TL\u2019lik d\u00f6viz (o g\u00fcnk\u00fc kura g\u00f6re 22,2 dolar) g\u00f6t\u00fcrmelerine izin verildi.
\n(Bask\u0131n Oran\u2019\u0131n yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u20181964 S\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri: K\u0131br\u0131s Meselesi mi, Prensip Meselesi mi?\u2019 ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmden)<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.agos.com.tr\/tr\/yazi\/22520\/istanbullu-rumlarin-55-yildir-bitmeyen-surgunu<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ferda Balancar\u00a0 \u0130lay Romain \u00d6rs\u2019\u00fcn derledi\u011fi \u2018\u0130stanbullu Rumlar ve 1964 S\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri: T\u00fcrk Toplumunun Homojenle\u015fmesinde Bir D\u00f6n\u00fcm Noktas\u0131\u2019 ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 kitap \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Kitap, \u2018S\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn 50. y\u0131l\u0131nda 2014\u2019te \u0130stanbul ve Atina\u2019da yap\u0131lan iki ayr\u0131 konferansta sunulan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n ve tan\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden olu\u015fuyor. Kitab\u0131n derleyicisi ve ayn\u0131 zamanda giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn yazar\u0131 olan sosyal antropolog \u0130lay Romain \u00d6rs […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":53479,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,54,71,53],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-53478","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler","category-kitaplar-elestiriler","category-mulakatlar","category-turkiyede-azinliklar"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0130stanbullu Rumlar\u0131n 55 y\u0131ld\u0131r bitmeyen s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=53478\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0130stanbullu Rumlar\u0131n 55 y\u0131ld\u0131r bitmeyen s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ferda Balancar\u00a0 \u0130lay Romain \u00d6rs\u2019\u00fcn derledi\u011fi \u2018\u0130stanbullu Rumlar ve 1964 S\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri: T\u00fcrk Toplumunun Homojenle\u015fmesinde Bir D\u00f6n\u00fcm Noktas\u0131\u2019 ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 kitap \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. 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