{"id":53471,"date":"2019-06-11T03:40:53","date_gmt":"2019-06-11T08:40:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=53471"},"modified":"2019-06-11T03:40:53","modified_gmt":"2019-06-11T08:40:53","slug":"gevorg-vardanyanin-osmanli-imparatorlugunda-yunan-nufusu-ve-kucuk-asya-felaketi-1914-1923-kitabi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=53471","title":{"rendered":"Gevorg Vardanyan\u2019\u0131n \u201cOsmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda Yunan n\u00fcfusu ve K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya felaketi (1914-1923)\u201d kitab\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Meline Anumyan<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkolog, Tarih bilimleri doktoru <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin ve Kemalistlerin soyk\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 siyaseti Ermenilerin haricinde, di\u011fer H\u0131ristiyan halklar, \u00f6zellikle de Yunanl\u0131lar ve S\u00fcryanilere y\u00f6nelik tezah\u00fcr etmi\u015ftir. J\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler ve onlar\u0131n varisleri olan Kemalistlerin Ermeni katli siyaseti ile ilgili genel bir fikir edinme imk\u00e2n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak olan, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda ve Kemalist T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Yunanl\u0131lar ile S\u00fcryanilerin imha edilme siyasetinin incelenmesi, modern soyk\u0131r\u0131m ve \u00f6zellikle de Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nem kazanmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0 Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019ndaki H\u0131ristiyan tebaaya y\u00f6nelik takibatlar, bask\u0131lar ve soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yeterince ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f olan di\u011fer soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n eksik kalm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu belirtmek gerekir. Benzer konularda Ermeni yazarlar taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f olan her bir makale veya belge derlemesi de, bu ba\u011flamda Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 konusuna bir yat\u0131r\u0131m olarak \u00f6nem kazanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Dikkat \u00e7ekici benzer bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 M\u00fcze Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan son zamanlarda yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu olan, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 M\u00fcze-Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc ba\u015f ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131s\u0131, tarih bilimleri doktoru Gevorg Vardanyan\u2019\u0131n \u201cOsmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda Yunan n\u00fcfus ve K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya felaketi (1914-1923)\u201d (sorumlu redakt\u00f6r tarih bilimleri doktoru Arsen Avagyan, ele\u015ftirmen tarih bilimleri doktoru Hayk Demoyan, tarih bilimleri doktoru Suren Manukyan, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 M\u00fcze-Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Yerevan, 2012, 196s.) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu de\u011ferli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda Yunan halk\u0131n\u0131n durumu ve T\u00fcrk y\u00f6neticiler taraf\u0131ndan Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n toplu tehciri ve katliamlar\u0131 siyasetine ithaf edilmi\u015ftir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonunda ve XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n durumu ve yerle\u015fim yerleri ile Yunan halk\u0131na y\u00f6nelik s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen cebri tehcir ve katliamlar siyasetini \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc sunmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, Ermeni tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131 alan\u0131ndaki ilk denemelerden biridir.<\/p>\n

Kitap, bir giri\u015f yaz\u0131s\u0131ndan (Hayk Demoyan), \u00f6ns\u00f6zden, \u00fc\u00e7 ba\u015fl\u0131ktan ve sons\u00f6zden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma, kronolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk \u00e7eyre\u011fini kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131n yazar\u0131 G. Vardanyan \u00f6ns\u00f6zde, kitab\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7imini \u015fu \u015fekilde yorumlamaktad\u0131r. \u201c1919-1922 Yunan-T\u00fcrk sava\u015f\u0131nda Yunan ordusunun yenilgisi, 1914-1923 K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya, Pontus ve Do\u011fu Trakya\u2019daki Yunan halk\u0131n\u0131n cebri tehciri ve katliamlar\u0131 ile \u0130zmir 1922 trajedisi, Yunan tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131nda \u201cK\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya felaketi\u201d olarak an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu isim, Yunan varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya\u2019daki \u00fc\u00e7 bin y\u0131ll\u0131k varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na son verildi\u011finden ve Yunan topraklar\u0131n\u0131n kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131 plan\u0131 olan \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck vizyonun\u201d (\u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Yunanistan fikri\u201d) da sonu oldu\u011fundan dolay\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 yazarlar K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya felaketinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131, Konstantinopolis\u2019in T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan 1453 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131 olarak kabul etmektedir\u201d (s.9).<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in kaynak olarak Ermenistan Ulusal Ar\u015fivi, Konstantinopolis Yunan Evrensel Patrikli\u011fi belgeleri (\u00f6zellikle \u201ckara kitaplar\u201d) ile bu d\u00f6nemde di\u011fer \u00fclkelerde bulunan Yunan kurumlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanan raporlar ve belge derlemelerinden faydalan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu arada, Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n toplu tehciri ve katliamlar\u0131 ile ilgili \u00f6nemli veriler sunan bu rapor ve belge derlemeleri, yazar sayesinde ilk defa olarak Ermenistan\u2019da bilimsel dola\u015f\u0131ma sokulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Vardanyan, g\u00f6rg\u00fc tan\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok say\u0131da an\u0131lar\u0131, d\u00f6nemin s\u00fcreli yay\u0131nlar\u0131 ve Ermenice, Rus\u00e7a, \u0130ngilizce, Frans\u0131zca ve Yunanca yay\u0131nlardan faydalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Birinci cildin birinci alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan \u201cXIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131 ve XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019ndaki Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n yerle\u015fim yerleri\u201d alt\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 devletindeki Yunan vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n yerle\u015fim yerleri ve b\u00f6lgelere g\u00f6re say\u0131lar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak bilgi verilmektedir. Yazar\u0131n belirtti\u011fi gibi, Yunanl\u0131lar \u00f6zellikle Balkan yar\u0131madas\u0131nda, Ege adalar\u0131nda, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131nda ve kuzey k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir say\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktayd\u0131 (s.19). Ayn\u0131 alt ba\u015fl\u0131k, yazar\u0131n burada Yunanl\u0131larla mesk\u00fbn b\u00f6lgelerle ilgili okura daha belirgin bir resim \u00e7izebilmek amac\u0131yla sunmu\u015f oldu\u011fu \u00e7ok say\u0131daki tablolar\u0131yla da ilgin\u00e7tir.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7izelgeler sayesinde Osmanl\u0131 vatanda\u015f\u0131 Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 vilayetler ve sancaklara g\u00f6re takdim ettikten sonra, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131ndan \u00f6nce Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 2,5 milyon Yunanl\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu belirtmektedir (s.44).<\/p>\n

Birinci ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u201cXIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131 ve XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n kurtulu\u015f m\u00fccadelesi ile katliamlar\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 ikinci alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n durumunun da Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019ndaki di\u011fer H\u0131ristiyan vatanda\u015flar kadar a\u011f\u0131r oldu\u011fu ve geli\u015fim a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlardan daha y\u00fcksek seviyede bulunan Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n geli\u015fiminin Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6neticileri taraf\u0131ndan m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan her \u015fekilde engellendi\u011fi vurgulanmaktad\u0131r (s.47).<\/p>\n

Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan sonra Osmanl\u0131 \u00fcst tabakas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan, olaylar\u0131n eskisi gibi s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc takdirde, olas\u0131 yeni milli hareketlerin, yeni b\u00f6lge kay\u0131plar\u0131na yol a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131 ve yeni yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n gerekti\u011finin fark\u0131na var\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 vurgulamaktad\u0131r (s.51). Bu yeni yakla\u015f\u0131m, d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle, mensup olduklar\u0131 dine bakmazs\u0131z\u0131n, t\u00fcm Osmanl\u0131 vatanda\u015flar\u0131na e\u015fitlik vaat etmekle birlikte Do\u011fu Sorunu\u2019nu \u00e7\u00f6zememenin haricinde, gericilerin sert direnciyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131p, bu sorunu daha da derinle\u015ftiren Tanzimat reformlar\u0131 sayesinde kendisini ifade etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca, H\u0131ristiyanlar da Tanzimat\u2019\u0131n ger\u00e7ek amac\u0131n\u0131n, t\u00fcm Osmanl\u0131 vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n asimile edilmesi oldu\u011funu fark etmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fu Sorunu, K\u0131r\u0131m sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra da Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ve b\u00fcy\u00fck devletlerin g\u00fcndeminde kal\u0131r (s.57) ve \u00fclkede Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n da aralar\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu yeni ayaklanmalar ba\u015f g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

Birinci ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u201cJ\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin y\u00f6netim y\u0131llar\u0131nda Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n durumu\u201d isimli ikinci alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, 1908 J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk ihtil\u00e2l\u0131 sonras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 meclisindeki 288 milletvekilinden 26\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n Yunanl\u0131 oldu\u011fu (s.68), lakin 1908 ve 1912 y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki meclis se\u00e7imlerinin a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a bask\u0131lar alt\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fip, Yunanl\u0131 milletvekillerinin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n da giderek s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 (s.69) belirtilmektedir.<\/p>\n

1913-14 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n cebri tehciri ve katliamlar\u0131n\u0131n sebeplerini analiz eden yazar, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki motivasyonlar\u0131 \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kartmaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirme siyasetinin bir bile\u015feni olarak, Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n tehciri.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Yazara istinaden, 1913-14 Yunan tehciri bir devlet politikas\u0131 olup, do\u011frudan devlet taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmi\u015f ve J\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen cebri Osmanl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma siyasetinin bile\u015fenlerinden biri olmu\u015ftur. 1913-14 tehcirinin amac\u0131, Ege Denizi\u2019ni Yunan ahaliden yoksun b\u0131rakmakt\u0131r (s.73-74).<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Tehciri olu\u015fturan fakt\u00f6rler.<\/li>\n
    2. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu-Yunanistan ili\u015fkileri ve bu ili\u015fkilerin Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n tehcirine etkisi.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda Atina\u2019da imzalanan Yunan-Osmanl\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131 Ege adalar\u0131n\u0131n ilerideki kaderine karar verememi\u015f oldu\u011fundan dolay\u0131, bu sorun Yunan-Osmanl\u0131 ili\u015fkilerinin en kritik sorununa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr (s.74-75). G. Vardanyan, konuyla ilgili literat\u00fcrde, Yunan tehcirinin Yunanistan h\u00fck\u00fcmeti \u00fczerinde bask\u0131 yarat\u0131p, adalar konusunda taviz elde etme ama\u00e7l\u0131 oldu\u011funun belirtilmi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bunun, ama\u00e7lardan sadece biri olup, ba\u015fl\u0131cas\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

      Tarih\u00e7iye g\u00f6re, yo\u011fun Yunan ahaliye sahip olan b\u00f6lgeleri her an kaybedebileceklerinin bilincinde olan Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6neticileri, imparatorlu\u011fu bu halklardan temizleme i\u015fini h\u0131zland\u0131rma fikrine var\u0131r (s.75).<\/p>\n

      B\u00f6lge kay\u0131plar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n reaya H\u0131ristiyanlara y\u00f6nelik nefreti a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, psikolojik etmene de de\u011finilen kitapta, psikolojik etmenin rol\u00fcn\u00fcn belirgin olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bunun abart\u0131lmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi belirtilmektedir (s.76).<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Ekonomik etmen<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ekonomisinin temel motor g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn T\u00fcrkler veya di\u011fer milletlere ait M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlardan ziyade, Yunanl\u0131lar, Ermeniler ve Yahudilerin oldu\u011fu bilinen bir ger\u00e7ektir. Bu ger\u00e7eklik, T\u00fcrklerin, ticaret ve zanaatlarla u\u011fra\u015fmay\u0131 kendilerine lay\u0131k g\u00f6rmeyip, bu faaliyet alanlar\u0131n\u0131 Gayrim\u00fcslim reayaya b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        Bunun haricinde, imparatorlu\u011fun Ermeni, Yunanl\u0131 ve Yahudilerden olu\u015fan Gayrim\u00fcslim vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n, geli\u015fim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan daha y\u00fcksek bir mertebede bulunmu\u015f olduklar\u0131 ve d\u00fcnyada olup biten b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fimlere, T\u00fcrklerden daha h\u0131zl\u0131 tepki g\u00f6stermi\u015f olduklar\u0131 da \u00f6nemli bir etmen olmu\u015ftur. \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun H\u0131ristiyan vatanda\u015flar\u0131ndan daha ge\u00e7 \u015fekillenmi\u015f olup, XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda olu\u015fan T\u00fcrk burjuvazisi, Gayrim\u00fcslim vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fclkenin ekonomik hayat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli mevkilerinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 kendisine \u015fiar edinmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

        Yazara g\u00f6re, Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019ndaki ekonomik konumlar\u0131n\u0131n zay\u0131flamas\u0131 ve ekonomiden d\u0131\u015flanmalar\u0131, T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirme siyasetinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc olarak, 1913-14 Yunan kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 siyasetin ekonomik y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r (s.78).<\/p>\n

        Birinci ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sonunda, T\u00fcrk ink\u00e2rc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n erken d\u0131\u015favurumlar\u0131, 1913-14 tehciri ile ilgili ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde analiz edilmektedir (bk. 85-87 sayfalar).<\/p>\n

        Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ikinci ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u201cBirinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n toplu tehciri ve katliam\u0131\u201d adl\u0131 birinci alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, belirtilen d\u00f6nemde Yunanl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen takibatlar ve katliamlar\u0131n, 1913-14 y\u0131llar\u0131nda onlara y\u00f6nelik ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f olan ayn\u0131 siyasetin devam\u0131 oldu\u011fu belirtilmekte, fakat bu a\u015famada bu siyasetin ele al\u0131nan \u00f6nlemler ve kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 alan\u0131n \u00e7aplar\u0131yla g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpt\u0131\u011f\u0131, bir \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemde as\u0131l vurgunun tehcir \u00fczerinde olmas\u0131 ve faaliyet alan\u0131n\u0131n sadece Trakya ve K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131 sahilini kapsamas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n toplu katliamlar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm imparatorluk alan\u0131n\u0131 kapsam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu vurgulanmaktad\u0131r (s.90).<\/p>\n

        Sava\u015f ba\u015flad\u0131ktan sonra J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk y\u00f6netimi taraf\u0131ndan, Yunan kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 siyasete belli bir ama\u00e7 sa\u011flayacak baz\u0131 kanun ve kararnameler kabul edilir (s.91).<\/p>\n

        18-45 ya\u015flar\u0131ndaki yabanc\u0131 vatanda\u015f\u0131 Yunanl\u0131 erkekler de Ermeniler gibi amele taburlar\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131r. Yazar, Yunan kaynaklar\u0131ndan elde edilen verilere istinaden, amele taburlar\u0131nda toplanan yakla\u015f\u0131k 200 bin Yunanl\u0131dan 150 bininin \u015fehit edilmi\u015f oldu\u011funu belirtmektedir (s.92).<\/p>\n

        May\u0131s 1915\u2019ten 1918 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar on binlerce Yunanl\u0131 \u201cyeniden isk\u00e2n\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda tehcire maruz kalm\u0131\u015f, onlar\u0131n ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131na ise, Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n mallar\u0131na konan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman g\u00f6\u00e7menler yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcm bunlar ise Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Mahsusa taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir (s.93). Yabanc\u0131 uyruklu Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n kesif olarak ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00f6lgeler oldu\u011fundan dolay\u0131, Yunan kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bu siyaset \u00f6zellikle Trakya, Marmara denizi havzas\u0131, Ayd\u0131n vilayeti ve Pontus\u2019a y\u00f6nelik olmu\u015ftur (s.93).<\/p>\n

        Belirtilen b\u00f6lgelerden her birinden Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n tehciri ve katliamlar\u0131, bu alt ba\u015fl\u0131kta ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde sunulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

        \u201c1919-1922 Yunan-T\u00fcrk sava\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrecinde Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n toplu tehciri ve katliamlar\u0131, \u0130zmir felaketi\u201d isimli ikinci ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ikinci alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda G. Vardanyan, 1919 May\u0131s\u0131nda Yunan ordular\u0131n\u0131n \u0130zmir\u2019e \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 neticesinde Mustafa Kemal liderli\u011findeki hareket \u00fczerinden, Yunan kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 siyaset ve Yunanl\u0131larla mesk\u00fbn b\u00f6lgelerdeki Kemalist birliklerin faaliyetlerine de\u011finmektedir.<\/p>\n

        Kitapta belirtildi\u011fi gibi Kemalistler, Yunan ordusunun ileri hareketine paralel olarak, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya\u2019y\u0131 Yunanl\u0131lardan temizlemeye y\u00f6nelik H\u0131ristiyan takibatlar\u0131na yeni bir ivme sa\u011flamaktayd\u0131 (s.118). Yunan ahalinin imhas\u0131 \u00f6zellikle Samsun-Bafra b\u00f6lgelerinde daha sistematik bir \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmekteydi (s.123). Pontus b\u00f6lgesi ise Yunanl\u0131lardan tamamen temizlenmi\u015fti (s.124).<\/p>\n

        Nurettin pa\u015fa komutas\u0131ndaki T\u00fcrk s\u00fcvari birlikleri 9 Eyl\u00fcl 1922 tarihinde, Yunan ordular\u0131n\u0131n bo\u015faltm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fundan dolay\u0131 savunmas\u0131z kalm\u0131\u015f olan \u0130zmir\u2019e girer (s.126). Kemalistler burada \u00f6ncelikle Ermeni mahallesi \u201cHaynots\u2019a\u201d sald\u0131r\u0131r ve binlerce Ermeni katleder. Ermeni mahallesinden sonra s\u0131ra Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n ve Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n mahallelerine gelir (s.127). Kitapta teess\u00fcrle belirtildi\u011fi gibi, 13-15 Eyl\u00fcl 1922 tarihlerinde \u0130zmir\u2019in T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan bilin\u00e7li olarak kundaklanmas\u0131, m\u00fcteakiben halk\u0131n cebri tehciri ve toplu katliamlar \u201cH\u0131ristiyan unsurun K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya\u2019daki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u201d olmu\u015ftur (s.129).<\/p>\n

        Kitab\u0131n ikinci ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ikinci alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 1914-1923 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Yunan kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131na de\u011finilmekte ve \u00f6zellikle, belirtilen y\u0131llarda fiziki olarak imha edilmi\u015f olan yakla\u015f\u0131k bir milyon Yunanl\u0131 vurgulanmaktad\u0131r (s.132).<\/p>\n

        Kitab\u0131n ikinci ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sonunda, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc alt ba\u015fl\u0131kta XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk \u00e7eyre\u011finde Ermeni-Yunan i\u015fbirli\u011fi denemeleri takdim edilmektedir (bk. 134-145 sayfalar).<\/p>\n

        Sons\u00f6zde, Paris konferans\u0131nda Ermeni ve Yunan delegasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n, kendi taleplerini sunduklar\u0131nda birbirlerini engellemekten ziyade, destek olduklar\u0131 belirtilmektedir (s.176).<\/p>\n

        \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n birinci alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda (\u201cLozan konferans\u0131nda imzalanan \u201cT\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan\u2019daki halk\u0131n takas\u0131yla ilgili\u201d antla\u015fma ve bunun sonu\u00e7lar\u0131\u201d) Lozan konferans\u0131 d\u00e2hilinde imzalanan bu antla\u015fman\u0131n maddeleri ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde analiz edilmekte ve bu antla\u015fma sonucunda bir bu\u00e7uk milyon g\u00f6\u00e7menin Yunanistan\u2019a nakledildi\u011fi belirtilmektedir (s.155). Alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sonunda belirtilmi\u015f oldu\u011fu gibi \u201c\u2026 1453 y\u0131l\u0131nda Konstantinopolis\u2019in d\u00fc\u015fmesinin, Yunan halk\u0131n\u0131n K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya\u2019daki siyasi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na son vermi\u015f oldu\u011fu gibi, Lozan konferans\u0131ndan sonra da fiziki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na son verilmi\u015ftir\u201d (s.156).<\/p>\n

        \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u201cErmenilerin ve Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n toplu tehciri ve katliamlar\u0131nda T\u00fcrk siyasetinin ortak yanlar\u0131 ve farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131\u201d isimli son alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yazar, iki halk\u0131n soyk\u0131r\u0131m \u00f6ncesindeki tarihi, soyk\u0131r\u0131m s\u00fcreci ve i\u015flem mekanizmlerini analiz ederek, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131nda ilk defa olarak Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ve Yunan trajedisi aras\u0131nda paralellikler \u00e7izmektedir. Kitap, bu mukayese a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da de\u011ferlidir.<\/p>\n

        Sons\u00f6zde T\u00fcrk y\u00f6neticilerinin 1914-1923 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Yunanl\u0131lara y\u00f6nelik ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015f olduklar\u0131 soyk\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 siyasetin neticesinde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin genel olarak Yunanl\u0131lardan \u201ctemizlenmi\u015f\u201d oldu\u011fu belirtilmektedir (s.178).<\/p>\n

        \u00c7eviren: Diran Lokmag\u00f6zyan<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

        Akunq.net<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Meline Anumyan T\u00fcrkolog, Tarih bilimleri doktoru J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin ve Kemalistlerin soyk\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 siyaseti Ermenilerin haricinde, di\u011fer H\u0131ristiyan halklar, \u00f6zellikle de Yunanl\u0131lar ve S\u00fcryanilere y\u00f6nelik tezah\u00fcr etmi\u015ftir. J\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler ve onlar\u0131n varisleri olan Kemalistlerin Ermeni katli siyaseti ile ilgili genel bir fikir edinme imk\u00e2n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak olan, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda ve Kemalist T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Yunanl\u0131lar ile S\u00fcryanilerin imha edilme siyasetinin […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":53473,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,54,70,20,53],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-53471","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler","category-kitaplar-elestiriler","category-makaleler","category-tarih-sayfalari","category-turkiyede-azinliklar"],"yoast_head":"\nGevorg Vardanyan\u2019\u0131n \u201cOsmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda Yunan n\u00fcfusu ve K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya felaketi (1914-1923)\u201d kitab\u0131 - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=53471\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Gevorg Vardanyan\u2019\u0131n \u201cOsmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda Yunan n\u00fcfusu ve K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya felaketi (1914-1923)\u201d kitab\u0131 - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Meline Anumyan T\u00fcrkolog, Tarih bilimleri doktoru J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin ve Kemalistlerin soyk\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 siyaseti Ermenilerin haricinde, di\u011fer H\u0131ristiyan halklar, \u00f6zellikle de Yunanl\u0131lar ve S\u00fcryanilere y\u00f6nelik tezah\u00fcr etmi\u015ftir. 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