{"id":52892,"date":"2019-05-14T01:41:43","date_gmt":"2019-05-14T06:41:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=52892"},"modified":"2019-05-14T01:46:37","modified_gmt":"2019-05-14T06:46:37","slug":"tarihi-van-sehri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=52892","title":{"rendered":"Tarihi Van \u015eehri"},"content":{"rendered":"

Anjela Sargsyan<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

An\u0131tlar uzman\u0131, T\u00fcrkolog<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Genel bak\u0131\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n

Van veya Vantosp (Tosp-Tu\u015fpa), Ermeni Y\u00fcksek Platosu\u2019nun en eski \u015fehirlerinden biri olup, M.\u00d6. IX. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda, Van veya Urartu krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 egemeni I. Sarturi d\u00f6neminde (M.\u00d6. 835-825), Tu\u015fpa ad\u0131yla bu krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015fkenti olmu\u015ftur. Van \u015fehri, Asur krali\u00e7esinin ad\u0131yla \u015eamiramakert veya \u015eamirama\u015fen (\u015eamiram\u2019\u0131n kurdu\u011fu-\u00e7ev. notu) olarak da an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[1]<\/a>. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Movses Khorenatsi\u2019nin (\u201cErmeni tarihinin babas\u0131\u201d olarak an\u0131lan tarih\u00e7i-\u00e7ev. notu) \u201cErmeni tarihi\u201d \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda bu fikre rastlamaktay\u0131z.<\/em><\/p>\n

Tu\u015fpa veya Tosp ba\u015fkentle ilgili I.Sarturi taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f alt\u0131 benzer i\u00e7erikli kay\u0131t bize ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlardan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fc, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kalenin i\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131nda bulunan bir yap\u0131n\u0131n duvarlar\u0131nda g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu kay\u0131tlarda, yap\u0131n\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131n tarihi tam olarak belirtilmemi\u015f olmakla birlikte, Asur kay\u0131tlar\u0131nda ilk olarak M.\u00d6. 856 tarihinde bu \u015fehirden bahsedilmektedir[2]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Van \u015fehri, Van G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn do\u011fu taraf\u0131nda bulunmaktad\u0131r ve \u015fehrin liman\u0131 olup, g\u00f6l\u00fcn hemen k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan Avan (yeni ismi \u0130skele) K\u00f6y\u00fc \u00fczerinden g\u00f6lle ba\u011flanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Urartu krallar\u0131n\u0131n siyasi, askeri ve ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan uygun konumunu hesaba katarak ba\u015fkenti buraya kurmu\u015f oldu\u011fu, Van\u2019\u0131n, antik d\u00f6nemin ele ge\u00e7irilmez \u015fehirlerinden oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlamaktad\u0131r. \u015eehir, bat\u0131 cihetinden Van G\u00f6l\u00fc ve g\u00fcney taraf\u0131ndan Ermeni Toroslar\u0131 s\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fu k\u0131sm\u0131yla korunmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u015eehrin merkezi k\u0131sm\u0131ndan y\u00fckselen ve \u00e7evresine egemen bir konumda bulunan bir da\u011f\u0131n \u00fczerinde kurulu ba\u015fkentin, kayalara oyulmu\u015f i\u00e7 kalesi Amar\u0131stan, kayalara oyulmu\u015f silah depolar\u0131na, garnizon, depolar, g\u00f6zetleme yerleri, ah\u0131rlar ve geni\u015f meydanlara sahip olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Kalenin alt\u0131ndan da, ek savunma yap\u0131lar\u0131na sahip sa\u011flam yap\u0131l\u0131 surlar uzanmaktayd\u0131. Van \u015fehrinin co\u011frafi konumu, ekonomi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da m\u00fcsait olup, Asur ve Hitit gibi zaman\u0131n en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devletleri ile ticari ili\u015fkiler i\u00e7inde olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Metal i\u015flemecili\u011fi, silah yap\u0131m\u0131, dokumac\u0131l\u0131k, \u00e7\u00f6mlek\u00e7ilik ve daha ba\u015fka zanaatlar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan geli\u015fmi\u015f olan Van, \u00f6nemli bir zanaat merkezi olarak kabul edilmekteydi. \u015eehir n\u00fcfusunun b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k, bostanc\u0131l\u0131k ve bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kla i\u015ftigal etmekteydi.<\/p>\n

Urartu kral\u0131 Menua taraf\u0131ndan in\u015fa edilen, Ermeni Toroslar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kuzey yama\u00e7lar\u0131ndan ba\u015flay\u0131p, \u015fehrin surlar\u0131na kadar 80 km. uzayan kanal, geli\u015fmi\u015f bir devleeti i\u015faret etmektedir.<\/p>\n

Kanal\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131, baz\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan Asur kral\u0131 \u015eamiram\u2019a atfedildi\u011finden dolay\u0131, \u015eamiram Kanal\u0131 olarak da an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Urartular\u0131n, geni\u015f ba\u011flar\u0131 ve tarlalar\u0131 sulamak amac\u0131yla, Menua kanal\u0131n\u0131n haricinde, \u015fehrin do\u011fu k\u0131sm\u0131nda olu\u015fturmu\u015f olduklar\u0131 suni g\u00f6l, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de vard\u0131r ve \u201cKe\u015fi\u015f G\u00f6l\u00fc\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Kral \u0130\u015fbuini d\u00f6neminde (M.\u00d6. 825-810) ba\u015flayan ve Menua d\u00f6neminde (M.\u00d6. 810-786) s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen reformlar sayesinde Van krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir devlete, hatta bir imparatorlu\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Bu reformlardan biri de, \u00fcnl\u00fc \u201cM\u0131her kap\u0131s\u0131\u201d (Agravakar) olarak an\u0131lan kayaya kaydedilmi\u015f olan, ortak bir panteon olu\u015fturulmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Urartu panteonu, ba\u015f\u0131nda Khald (g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc ve yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131, tanr\u0131lar\u0131n babas\u0131), Tey\u015feba (g\u00f6kg\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcs\u00fc, sava\u015f ve cesaret tanr\u0131s\u0131) ve \u015eivini (g\u00fcne\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131) \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn bulundu\u011fu 70 tanr\u0131dan olu\u015fmu\u015ftu[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Van\u2019\u0131n siyasi tarihini belirtirken, bu \u015fehrin, ilk darbeyi Urartu devletinin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f d\u00f6neminde (M.\u00d6. VII-VI y\u00fczy\u0131llar) Asur\u2019dan alm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu belirtmek gerekir.<\/p>\n

Bu g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devletin ba\u015fkenti, eski g\u00f6rkemini yitirerek, ikinci s\u0131n\u0131f bir \u015fehre d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Van, Ermenistan krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Arta\u015fesyan hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde, \u00f6zellikle de kral II. Tigran zaman\u0131nda (M.\u00d6. 95-55) yeniden geli\u015fir. II. Tigran, Helenistik \u015fehirlerden getirmi\u015f oldu\u011fu \u0130brani, Yunan ve Asurlu esir zanaatk\u00e2rlar\u0131 ve t\u00fcccarlar\u0131 Van\u2019a yerle\u015ftirerek, \u015fehrin ekonomik hayat\u0131na, \u00f6zellikle de ticaret ve zanaat\u0131n geli\u015fmesine katk\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

Van \u015fehri, I-II y\u00fczy\u0131llarda da Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerinden biri olmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekteydi. Arap egemenli\u011fi d\u00f6neminde (VIII-IX yy.) di\u011fer \u015fehirlerle birlikte, Van da gerileyip, i\u015ftigal alanlar\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak zanaatlardan tar\u0131msala kayarak, basit bir feodal \u015fehre d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Van, IX-XI. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda, Ermenistan\u2019da feodalizmin geli\u015fme d\u00f6neminde, yeniden g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir geli\u015fim ivmesi kazan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Derenik Ardsruni (857-868) ve o\u011flu kral I. Gagik Ardsruni (908-943) d\u00f6neminde \u015fehrin surlar\u0131 yeniden in\u015fa edildi\u011finde, kayalara oyulan merdivenler sayesinde i\u00e7 kale ile ba\u011flant\u0131 kurulur ve Varak Da\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n y\u00fckseklerinden \u015fehre su \u00e7ekilir[6]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Van \u015fehri, X-XI y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Vaspurakan krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti olarak zanaatlar\u0131n, \u00fclke i\u00e7i ve hatta uluslar aras\u0131 ticaret ile k\u00fclt\u00fcr hayat\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesi sayesinde, Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerinden birine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren geli\u015fen olumsuz siyasi \u015fartlar, Van\u2019\u0131n ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hayat\u0131na da damgas\u0131n\u0131 vurur, daha sonraki as\u0131rlar s\u00fcresince ise \u015fehir, farkl\u0131 a\u015firetler, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ve Pers krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131nda anla\u015fmazl\u0131k konusu olur.<\/p>\n

\u015eehir s\u0131k-s\u0131k tekrarlanan depremlerden de zarar g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Kaynaklar 1276, 1441, 1646, 1701 ve 1715 y\u0131llar\u0131 depremleri ve bu depremlerin \u015fehre ve \u00e7evresine vermi\u015f oldu\u011fu zararlardan bahsetmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zellikle, sonucunda b\u00fct\u00fcn mahallelerin tamamen y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00e7ok say\u0131da kilise ve camiler ile farkl\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerden kalma an\u0131tlar\u0131n tahrip oldu\u011fu 1648 depremi y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\u015eehrin ticari binalar\u0131 ve ah\u015fap d\u00fckk\u00e2nlar\u0131 ise, 1876 yang\u0131n\u0131nda tahrip olmu\u015ftur. T\u00fcm bunlara ra\u011fmen Van, XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ve XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131nda Ermeni k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6nemli bir merkezi olarak kalmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekteydi. \u0130\u00e7lerinden en tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n Portugalyan merkezi okulu ve S. Minasyan ile Yeremyan okullar\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu farkl\u0131 okullar faaliyet g\u00f6stermekteydi.<\/p>\n

Van tarihinin en \u00f6nemli sayfalar\u0131ndan biri, T\u00fcrk istibdad\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 1915 y\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6z savunmas\u0131nda s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen kahramanca \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalard\u0131r. XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131nda Van\u2019\u0131n 5.500 hanesinden 3.000\u2019i Ermenilere aitti. \u015eehir, savunma duvarlar\u0131yla \u00e7evrili as\u0131l \u015fehir ve geni\u015f bir alana yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan Aygestan olarak iki k\u0131s\u0131mdan olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn Van kalesinin g\u00fcney surlar\u0131ndan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya bakarak, yukar\u0131da belirtilen ve bir zamanlar\u0131n \u015fen Ermeni mahallesi Ka\u011fakamech\u2019in (\u015fehiri\u00e7i-\u00e7ev. notu) y\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Burada Viktor Hogo\u2019nun (tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f Frans\u0131z \u015fair, romanc\u0131 ve oyun yazar\u0131-\u00e7ev. notu) \u00fcnl\u00fc s\u00f6zlerini hat\u0131rlamak gerekir \u201cBuradan T\u00fcrkler ge\u00e7mi\u015f, d\u00f6rt yanda yas ve y\u0131k\u0131m var\u201d\u2026<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Van \u015fehrinin yap\u0131s\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Van\u2019\u0131n \u015fehir plan\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131 da geleneksel olup, orta\u00e7a\u011f d\u00f6neminde kurulmu\u015f \u015fehirlerin i\u00e7 kale, \u015fahastan (\u015fehir merkezi-\u00e7ev. notu) ve banliy\u00f6lerden olu\u015fan \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc \u015fekle uygundu. Birincisinin rol\u00fcn\u00fc oynayan ula\u015f\u0131lmaz (1300 m. uzunlu\u011funda, orta k\u0131sm\u0131nda 150 m. geni\u015flikte ve g\u00fcney k\u0131sm\u0131nda 80-100 m. y\u00fckseklikte) bir kaya k\u00fctlesinin \u00fczerinde hen\u00fcz Van krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde in\u015fa edilmi\u015f olan ve bir\u00e7ok kez restore edilmi\u015f, sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f i\u00e7 kale, yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,5 hektar kullan\u0131m alan\u0131na sahipti. D\u00fczensiz \u015feklin t\u00fcm kenarlar\u0131 surlarla \u00e7evrelenmi\u015fti. Kuzeyde, nispeten kolay eri\u015filebilir taraflardan i\u00e7 kale do\u011fudan bat\u0131ya uzayan ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,5 km. uzunlu\u011fa sahip ek surlarla \u00e7evrelenmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

surlarla \u00e7evriliydi. 60-65 hektar alan kaplayan iki s\u0131ra surlar\u0131n toplam uzunlu\u011fu iki kilometreden fazlayd\u0131 ve do\u011fudaki (Tavrizyan) 360, g\u00fcneydeki 750, bat\u0131daki kesintili k\u0131s\u0131m ise yakla\u015f\u0131k 1000 metre uzunlu\u011funda olup, g\u00fcneyde ve bat\u0131da iki\u015fer ve do\u011fuda bir olmak \u00fczere, 5 kap\u0131ya sahipti.<\/p>\n

\u015eahastan\u0131n do\u011fusuna ve g\u00fcneydo\u011fusuna d\u00fc\u015fen ve tahminen orta\u00e7a\u011fdan beri geni\u015f meyve bah\u00e7eleriyle donanm\u0131\u015f olan banliy\u00f6ler (aygestanlar) do\u011fudaki kap\u0131dan birbiriyle ba\u011flanmaktayd\u0131[7]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Bir di\u011fer g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe istinaden surlarda d\u00f6rt kap\u0131 mevcut olup, biri Tavriz kap\u0131s\u0131, di\u011feri Yeni veya Saray kap\u0131s\u0131, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc Orta kap\u0131, d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc ise Liman veya \u0130skele kap\u0131s\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmakta, bu son kap\u0131 sayesinde \u015fehir Avants\u2019a ba\u011flanmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da belirtilmi\u015f oldu\u011fu gibi Avants, 300 haneye sahip bir liman olup, sakinleri genelde kay\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lardan olu\u015fmakta, her biri 40-50 ki\u015filik 100 beyaz yelkenli burada bulunmaktayd\u0131[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u015eehrin do\u011fu k\u0131sm\u0131nda, Tavriz kap\u0131s\u0131 yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda, 1896 katliamlar\u0131 esnas\u0131nda tahrip edilen ve bir daha kurulmam\u0131\u015f olan Haykavank mahallesi bulunmaktayd\u0131. T\u00fcrklerle mesk\u00fbn olan \u015eamiram Mahallesi, \u015fehir i\u00e7inin g\u00fcney k\u0131sm\u0131nda bulunmakta olup, sadece Aygestan tamamen Ermenilerle mesk\u00fbndu. Banliy\u00f6ler, \u015fehir i\u00e7inden 12-15 kere daha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc.<\/p>\n

\u015eehir merkezi, Tavriz kap\u0131lar\u0131ndan ba\u015flay\u0131p, yakla\u015f\u0131k 6 km. uzayan ve do\u011fudan bat\u0131ya uzanan Kha\u00e7po\u011fan caddesi ile kesi\u015fen Skhg\u00e2l caddesi \u00fczerinden Aygestan\u2019la ba\u011flanmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Meyve bah\u00e7eleriyle zengin Aygestan, mahalleler (Nora\u015fen, Hankuysner, Arark, Noratunkner vs.) aras\u0131ndan akan kanallar, dereler, Hankuysner \u00e7ay\u0131 ve iyi d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f yer alt\u0131 kanallar\u0131 sisteminin sular\u0131yla sulanmaktayd\u0131[9]<\/a>. Frans\u0131z diplomat Pier Jober, banliy\u00f6lerle ilgili olarak \u201csay\u0131s\u0131z derelerle sulanan ve l\u00e2tif a\u011fa\u00e7larla g\u00f6lgelenen bu meyveliklerden daha keyifli bir \u015fey olamaz\u201d demektedir[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Van, savunma yap\u0131lar\u0131na da (duvarlar, hendekler, gizli ge\u00e7itler) sahip olmu\u015ftur ve Van \u015fehri 2500 y\u0131ll\u0131k tarihi boyunca yeniden yap\u0131lanmalara maruz kalm\u0131\u015f olsa da, savunma sisteminin izleri h\u00e2l\u00e2 korunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Savunma ara\u00e7lar\u0131 vas\u0131tas\u0131yla genelde sald\u0131r\u0131 i\u00e7in en uygun yer olan kuzey y\u00f6n\u00fc emniyet alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olup, kuzeydeki e\u011fik yama\u00e7larda kesim-kesim g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan eski duvarlar veya bu duvarlar i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f basamakl\u0131 platformlar bunu kan\u0131tlamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kaya kitlesinin tepesinde, kuzey taraf\u0131nda, do\u011fudan bat\u0131ya uzanan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve kulelerle bezeli bir sur \u00e7izgisi uzanmaktad\u0131r. Van\u2019\u0131n kaya kitlesinin tepesindeki bu surlar b\u00fcy\u00fck, d\u00fczg\u00fcn i\u015flenmi\u015f ta\u015flarla, har\u00e7 kullan\u0131lmadan, yani kuru \u00f6rg\u00fc sistemiyle \u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 3 metre ve \u00fczerinde kal\u0131nl\u0131ktaki duvarlar\u0131n iki d\u0131\u015f cephesindeki d\u00fczg\u00fcn \u00f6rg\u00fcn\u00fcn i\u00e7indeki dolgu, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ta\u015flardan meydana gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Tu\u015fba\u2019n\u0131n savunma sisteminin bile\u015fenlerinden birinin de, \u015eamiram kanal\u0131yla beslenen hendek oldu\u011fu, i\u00e7 kalenin kuzey taraf\u0131nda korunmu\u015f olan izlerden anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ma\u011farada var olan ve kaya kitlesinin derinlerine do\u011fru inen oyuklar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, i\u00e7 kalenin,\u00a0 d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya do\u011fru uzanan gizli ge\u00e7itlere sahip oldu\u011funu ve bunlardan birinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ihtimalle Toprakkale\u2019ye (Rusakhinili) kadar gitmi\u015f oldu\u011fu sonucuna ula\u015fabiliriz[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Van kalesi, as\u0131rlar sonra da ula\u015f\u0131lmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131, h\u00e2kim konumu ve y\u00fcksekten a\u00e7\u0131lan manzaras\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fczelli\u011fiyle bizleri b\u00fcy\u00fclemektedir.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Van ve \u00e7evresi<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Van ve genelde Vaspurakan b\u00f6lgesi, daha Van krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminden ba\u015flayarak, mimari an\u0131tlar\u0131yla \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir yere sahiptir. Sadece Van \u015fehrinde XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonu ve XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131nda faal olan 12 kilise \u015fehir i\u00e7inde ve Aygestan\u2019da yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bunlar Aziz Tiramayr kilisesi (XIV. yy.), Aziz Vardan kilisesi (V. yy.), Aziz Po\u011fos ve Aziz Petros kiliseleri veya Vanl\u0131lar\u0131n deyi\u015fiyle \u201cjam\u0131 jami vra\u201d (\u201ckilise kilise \u00fcst\u00fcnde\u201d-\u00e7ev. notu) (V-VI y\u00fczy\u0131llar), Aziz N\u0131\u015fan veya Aziz Ecmiadsin kilisesi, Aziz Sahak ve Aziz Stepanos Nakhav\u0131ka kiliseleri, Aziz Dsiranavor kilisesi, Aziz Sion kilisesi (X. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortas\u0131), Haykavan\u2019\u0131n Aziz Astvadsadsin kilisesi veya Haykavank (XI-XII y\u00fczy\u0131llar), Arark\u2019\u0131n Aziz Astvadsadsin kilisesi veya Ayraharuyts (XII. yy. ortas\u0131), Hankuyslar\u0131n Aziz Astvadsadsin kilisesi veya Aygestanlar\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kilisesi (X. yy.), Yukar\u0131 Nora\u015fen\u2019in Aziz Astvadsadsin veya Meds Dsiranavor kilisesi (daha \u00f6nce var olan \u015fapelin yerine 1830 y\u0131l\u0131nda in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir), A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Nora\u015fen\u2019in \u201cKilisesiz Aziz Hakob kilisesi\u201d ve Tukh Manuk \u015fehitli\u011fidir (XIII-XVII yy.)[12]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Van\u2019\u0131 sunmak ve bu \u015fehrin ve genelde Ermeni Y\u00fcksek Platosu\u2019nun harikas\u0131 olan Van G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019nden bahsetmemek imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Van G\u00f6l\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Van G\u00f6l\u00fc, Ermeni Y\u00fcksek Platosu\u2019nun kalbinde, Turuberan ve Vaspurakan b\u00f6lgeleri aras\u0131nda, deniz seviyesinden 1720 m. y\u00fckseklikte bulunmakta olup, y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc 3760 km2<\/sup>\u2019dir. G\u00f6l, yer alt\u0131 sular\u0131, nehirler ve ya\u011f\u0131\u015flardan beslenmektedir. D\u0131\u015fa ak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 olmayan, tuzlu bir g\u00f6l olup, sadece Van\u2019a \u00f6zg\u00fc Tarekh bal\u0131\u011f\u0131 (\u0130nci Kefali-\u00e7ev. notu) bu g\u00f6lde ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. Van G\u00f6l\u00fc Ermeni kaynaklar\u0131nda deniz olarak belirtilmi\u015f ve farkl\u0131 kaynaklarda farkl\u0131 isimlerle an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u201cNairi \u00fclkesi denizi\u201d, \u201cTosp denizi\u201d, \u201cBznuni denizi\u201d, \u201cR\u015ftuni denizi\u201d, \u201cArdsruni denizi\u201d (3 farkl\u0131 hanedanl\u0131klar\u0131n ismiyle-\u00e7ev. notu), \u201cVaspurakan denizi\u201d,\u00a0 \u201cAr\u00e7e\u015f denizi\u201d (Erci\u015f-\u00e7ev. notu), \u201cAkhtamar denizi\u201d (Akhtamar adas\u0131n\u0131n ismiyle-\u00e7ev. notu) gibi.<\/p>\n

Van G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn k\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgesinde bulunan b\u00fcy\u00fck yerle\u015fim yerlerinden Van\u2019\u0131n haricinde Ar\u00e7e\u015f, Kh\u0131lat (Ahlat-\u00e7ev. notu), Ba\u011fe\u015f (Bitlis-\u00e7ev. notu),\u00a0 Vostan vs. an\u0131labilir. G\u00f6l\u00fcn seviyesi periyodik olarak farkl\u0131l\u0131k arz etmektedir. 1838-1840 y\u0131llar\u0131nda g\u00f6l seviyesinin 3-4 metre y\u00fckselmi\u015f ve bunun sonucunda eski Ar\u00e7e\u015f \u015fehri ile \u00fc\u00e7 adan\u0131n sular alt\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. Van G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019nde g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Akhtamar, Lim, K\u0131tuts ve Arter olmak \u00fczere d\u00f6rt ada vard\u0131r ve t\u00fcm\u00fc de bir zamanlar tarihi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6neme haiz merkezler olmu\u015ftur. \u0130\u00e7lerinden en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Akhtamar\u2019\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131nda, bat\u0131 istikametinde bulunan Arter adas\u0131d\u0131r. Aziz Astvadsadsin kilisesi bu adada bulunmaktad\u0131r. G\u00f6l\u00fcn kuzey cihetinde bulunan Lim ve K\u0131tuts adalar\u0131 daha \u00fcnl\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u0130kisinden b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Lim\u2019dir ve daha XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131lda burada Aziz Gevorg, Aziz Karapet ve Aziz Astvadsadsin kiliseleri an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. K\u0131tuts adas\u0131, Van \u015fehrinin 19 km kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131nda bulunmakta olup, ismini (K\u0131tuts Ermenicede \u201cgaga\u201d anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r-\u00e7ev. notu) konumundan alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu ada asl\u0131nda gagay\u0131 and\u0131ran bir yar\u0131madan\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc olup, g\u00f6l seviyesinin y\u00fckselmesi sonucunda adaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Orta\u00e7a\u011fda burada Aziz Kha\u00e7, Aziz Karapet kiliseleri in\u015fa edilmi\u015fti. Akhtamar adas\u0131 Van G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn g\u00fcneybat\u0131s\u0131nda bulunmakta olup, Ermeni mimarisinin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde en \u00fcnl\u00fc, en g\u00fczel yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri olan Aziz Kha\u00e7 kilisesi burada bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6l\u00fcn k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131 boyunca uzayan da\u011flar ve da\u011f silsilelerinin g\u00fczelli\u011fi tarif edilemezdir. G\u00fcneydeki Kortuk da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n en g\u00fczel zirvelerinden biri Artos\u2019dur, kuzeyde Sipan (S\u00fcphan-\u00e7ev. notu), bat\u0131da Nemrut, do\u011fuda ise Vaspurakan\u2019\u0131n \u00e7ift zirveli Varag\u2019\u0131[13]<\/a>. Bu da\u011f dar bir vadiyle do\u011fu veya yukar\u0131 zirve ile bat\u0131 veya a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 zirveye (Van \u015fehri y\u00f6n\u00fcnde) ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 isimle an\u0131lan Varagavank\u2019\u0131n (Varag manast\u0131r\u0131) kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 bat\u0131 zirvesinin dibinde bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Varagavank<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu kilise Van \u015fehrinde bulunmamakla birlikte, as\u0131rlar\u0131n izlerini ta\u015f\u0131yarak, bu \u015fehrin ayr\u0131lmaz ve \u00f6zg\u00fcn mimari yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Yukar\u0131 (konumunun y\u00fcksekte bulunmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 bu \u015fekilde adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olup, y\u0131k\u0131kt\u0131r ve A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Varagavank\u2019\u0131n kuzeydo\u011fusunda bulunmaktad\u0131r) ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 olmak \u00fczere Varagavank ad\u0131yla iki manast\u0131r vard\u0131r. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Varagavank\u2019\u0131n \u201cVaragavank\u201d, \u201cVaraga Surb N\u0131\u015fani Vank\u201d (Varag\u2019\u0131n Aziz N\u0131\u015fan manast\u0131r\u0131-\u00e7ev. notu), \u201cYedi kilise\u201d, \u201cVaraga Surb Kha\u00e7i Vank\u201d (Varag\u2019\u0131n Aziz Ha\u00e7 manast\u0131r\u0131-\u00e7ev. notu) ve \u201cA\u015fa\u011f\u0131 veya Alt Varagavank\u201d isimleriyle de an\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na rastlamaktay\u0131z.<\/p>\n

Varagavank, 981 y\u0131l\u0131nda kral Gagik\u2019in k\u0131z\u0131 Khu\u015fu\u015f taraf\u0131ndan kurulur. Ananeye istinaden, kutsal ha\u00e7tan par\u00e7alar burada saklanmaktayd\u0131. Manast\u0131r kompleksi, \u015fahane mimari \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler ve g\u00fczel duvar resimleriyle g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpmaktayd\u0131[14]<\/a>. Manast\u0131r\u0131n kurulmas\u0131yla ilgili bir di\u011fer ananeye g\u00f6re bu manast\u0131r Ayd\u0131nlat\u0131c\u0131 Grigor taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur ve bulunan \u00e7ivi yaz\u0131l\u0131 ve Yunanca kay\u0131tlar da bunu do\u011frulamaktad\u0131r. Manast\u0131r\u0131n kurulmas\u0131yla ilgili bir di\u011fer veri ise, Hripsime bakireleri taraf\u0131ndan Mesih\u2019in \u00e7arm\u0131h\u0131ndan par\u00e7alar\u0131n getirilip, manast\u0131r\u0131 bunun \u00fczerine kurmu\u015f olmalar\u0131d\u0131r[15]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Varagavank kopleksi iki s\u0131ra dizilmi\u015f 7 kilise yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Do\u011fu s\u0131ras\u0131nda kuzeyden g\u00fcneye do\u011fru Aziz N\u0131\u015fan, Aziz Astvadsadsin, Aziz Hovhannes ve Aziz Sofia kiliseleri vard\u0131r ve bunlar kiliseden ziyade \u015fapellerdir.<\/p>\n

Varagavank\u2019\u0131n geli\u015fim d\u00f6nemi Kh\u0131rimyan Hayrik (baba-\u00e7ev. notu) d\u00f6neminde (1820-1907), onun 1856 y\u0131l\u0131nda manast\u0131r y\u00f6neticili\u011fine getirilmesiyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olup, o d\u00f6nemde manast\u0131r geli\u015fmi\u015f, dini \u00f6nderlik, okul, dini kolej, matbaa ve daha ba\u015fka yap\u0131lar eklenmi\u015ftir[16]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece, Varagavank\u2019\u0131n bir avlu etraf\u0131nda k\u00fcmelenmi\u015f bir kilise kompleksinden, kuzeydo\u011fusunda \u201cYedem\u201d olarak an\u0131lan mezarl\u0131ktan, rahiplerin h\u00fccrelerinden, dini ve d\u00fcnyevi okullardan, episkoposluktan ve di\u011fer m\u00fc\u015ftemilattan olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Manast\u0131r\u0131n ana giri\u015fi kompleksin g\u00fcneybat\u0131s\u0131nda bulunmaktayd\u0131. Giri\u015fte manast\u0131r\u0131n ah\u0131r\u0131 ve a\u011f\u0131l\u0131 yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015fti. Varagavank, 1915 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 esnas\u0131nda yap\u0131lan tahribattan \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde zarar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ve bunun sonucunda manast\u0131r kompleksindeki 7 yap\u0131dan sadece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u0131s\u0131m kalm\u0131\u015f, bu da g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde depo ve ah\u0131r olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r[17]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00d6nemli tarihi bir eser olan Varagavank, koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fundan dolay\u0131, manast\u0131r\u0131n ayakta kalm\u0131\u015f olan b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri de y\u0131k\u0131m tehlikesi alt\u0131nda bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u201cVan Postas\u0131\u201d gazetesi yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu haberde \u201cZamanla y\u0131k\u0131lan tarihi kilisenin kubbesi 2011 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki depremde y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u201d demektedir[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Akhtamar<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Akhtamar adas\u0131,\u00a0 Van G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn g\u00fcneybat\u0131s\u0131nda bulunmakta olup, zaman\u0131nda en \u00fcnl\u00fc dini, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve yaz\u0131m merkezlerinden biri olmu\u015ftur. Movses Khorenatsi\u2019nin belirtti\u011fine g\u00f6re IV. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ada, kalesiyle birlikte, R\u0131\u015ftuni hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fclk\u00fc durumundayd\u0131. Lakin Akhtamar\u2019\u0131n esas geli\u015fme d\u00f6nemi, Ardsruni hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 ve kral I. Gagik Ardsruni\u2019nin faaliyetleri d\u00f6nemine denk d\u00fc\u015fmektedir. Kral Gagik X. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, k\u0131y\u0131dan devasa kaya bloklar\u0131 getirtip, aday\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fctm\u00fc\u015f ve surlarla \u00e7evirerek, Vaspurakan Ardsruni Ermeni krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fkentine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Krall\u0131k m\u00fclk\u00fc olan adada krall\u0131k saray\u0131, Aziz Kha\u00e7 kilisesi, silah depolar\u0131 ve daha ba\u015fka yap\u0131lar bulunmaktayd\u0131. Ada \u00f6zel bir limana, gezi bah\u00e7elerine, sokaklara ve a\u011fa\u00e7l\u0131kl\u0131 bulvarlara sahip olmu\u015ftur. Van G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn y\u00fckselmesi sonucunda surlar ve liman bug\u00fcn sular alt\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[19]<\/a>. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00f6rkemi ve mimari dehan\u0131n \u015fahidi olarak, sadece bir zamanlar\u0131n Katolikosluk merkezi Akhtamar\u2019\u0131n ihti\u015fam\u0131na uygun bir dini merkez olan Aziz Kha\u00e7 kilisesi kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Katolikos ve tarih\u00e7i Hovhannes Traskhanakerttsi\u2019nin (898-929), 927 tarihinde Vaspurakan\u2019a gelip, katolikosluk taht\u0131n\u0131 da D\u0131vin\u2019den Akhtamar\u2019a ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131, Vaspurakan krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z konumunu sembolize etmi\u015ftir[20]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Akhtamar Aziz Kha\u00e7 kilisesi, kral Gagik Ardsruni\u2019nin hamili\u011fi ve zaman\u0131n yetenekli mimar ve heykelt\u0131ra\u015f\u0131 Manuel taraf\u0131ndan 915-921 y\u0131llar\u0131nda in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. Kilise, temel plan\u0131 ve boyutsal kompozisyonu a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan merkezi kubbeli, ha\u00e7 planl\u0131 temele sahip, di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle \u201cH\u0131ripsime tipi\u201d kiliselerden kabul edilmektedir. Aziz Kha\u00e7 kilisesi, t\u00fcm duvarlar\u0131nda yer bulan say\u0131s\u0131z ve \u00e7e\u015fitli r\u00f6lyefleri sayesinde, Ermeni mimarisinde yeni bir yakla\u015f\u0131m olarak kabul edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu r\u00f6lyefler, kilisenin t\u00fcn duvarlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcslemekte olup, dini (Eski ve Yeni Ahit\u2019ten), d\u00fcnyevi, tarihi, mitolojik vs. i\u00e7eriklere g\u00f6re grupland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Al\u00e7ak r\u00f6lyefler, be\u015f temel \u015ferit halinde kiliseyi \u00e7evrelemektedir. Birinci \u015ferit kilisenin alt k\u0131sm\u0131nda bulunmakta olup, yakla\u015f\u0131k 2 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011fe sahiptir ve tematik r\u00f6lyeflerden, ikinci \u015ferit hayvan ba\u015flar\u0131ndan, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, farkl\u0131 i\u00e7erikli sahnelerin de resmedilmi\u015f oldu\u011fu y\u0131lank\u0131vr\u0131m\u0131 \u015feridinden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Y\u0131lank\u0131vr\u0131m\u0131 \u015feridinin \u00fcst k\u0131sm\u0131nda d\u00f6rt \u0130ncilcinin b\u00fcy\u00fck boy fig\u00fcrleri (ellerinde kitap ve kutsayan sa\u011f elle) bulunmaktad\u0131r. D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015ferit y\u00fcz ve maskeler ile devlet armalar\u0131 ve aile armalar\u0131ndan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0 Be\u015finci \u015ferit tamburun kenar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerine yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ko\u015fan hayvan fig\u00fcrleri \u015ferididir.<\/p>\n

Bu kilise kutsal ha\u00e7a, Tanr\u0131ya ve H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6vg\u00fcs\u00fcne adanm\u0131\u015f olup, kral Gagik\u2019in ruhunun kurtulu\u015fu i\u00e7in in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. Kilise, genel H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k kavramlar\u0131na istinaden, Eski ve Yeni Ahit\u2019in kahramanlar\u0131, kral Gagik ve halk\u0131n\u0131n lay\u0131k olduklar\u0131 yer olan cenneti tasvir etmektedir[22]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, kubbe de d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere, usta \u00e7izgiler ve renk ahengiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f freskler yer bulmu\u015ftur. \u00d6zellikle ana suna\u011f\u0131n duvar\u0131nda yer bulan ve beyaz bir e\u015fe\u011fe binmi\u015f olarak Kud\u00fcs\u2019e giren Mesih\u2019i ve onu kar\u015f\u0131layanlar\u0131n resmedildi\u011fi duvar resmi g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpmaktad\u0131r[23]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Kilise 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan, Ermeni k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne y\u00f6nelik bir \u201c\u015fefkat\u201d g\u00f6stergesi olarak restore edilmi\u015f, 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise Aziz Kha\u00e7 kilisesinin ha\u00e7\u0131 yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir[24]<\/a>. B\u00f6ylece, Bat\u0131 Ermenistan topraklar\u0131nda tek ayakta duran ve korunarak, i\u00e7eri\u011fini kaybetmemi\u015f olan an\u0131t\u0131n Aziz Kha\u00e7 kilisesi oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Aziz Kha\u00e7 kilisesi, freskleri, r\u00f6lyefleri ve benzersiz mimari \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri sayesinde, sadece Ermeni de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda uluslar aras\u0131 mimarinin ba\u015fyap\u0131tlar\u0131ndan kabul edilmektedir. Biny\u0131llar\u0131n izini ta\u015f\u0131yan Van \u015fehri, hem \u015fan, hem tarihin ac\u0131 dolu sayfalar\u0131n\u0131n damgas\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yarak, \u015fehrin ve Vaspurakan b\u00f6lgesinin tarihi, mimarisi, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve genel olarak Ermeni d\u00fcnyas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bir fikir sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00c7eviren: Diran Lokmag\u00f6zyan<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Akunq.net<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

[1]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> Hakobyan T.Kh.,<\/em><\/strong> Patmakan Hayastani qaxaqner\u0131, Yerevan, 1987, s.232.<\/em><\/p>\n

[2]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> Movsisyan A.E.,<\/em><\/strong> Arevm\u0131tyan Hayastani 10 ukhtavayrer, Yerevan, 2011, s.53.<\/em><\/p>\n

[3]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> Hakobyan T.Kh.,<\/em><\/strong> a.g.e., s.232-234.<\/em><\/p>\n

[4]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> Movsisyan A.E.,<\/em><\/strong> a.g.e., s.55.<\/em><\/p>\n

[5]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> Hakobyan T.Kh.,<\/em><\/strong> a.g.e., s.235.<\/em><\/p>\n

[6]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> Harutyunyan V.M.,<\/em><\/strong> Haykakan \u00e7artarapetutyan patmutyun, Yerevan, 1992, s.193.<\/em><\/p>\n

[7]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> Harutyunyan V.M.,<\/em><\/strong> a.g.e., s.193.<\/em><\/p>\n

[8]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> Vardanyan S., <\/em><\/strong>\u201cVan\u0131 micnadarits min\u00e7ev XX dari skizb\u0131\u201d, Patma-banasirakan handes N3, 2010, s.28.<\/em><\/p>\n

[9]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> Haykakan Sovetakan hanragitaran, hator 11, Yerevan, 1985, s.262.<\/em><\/p>\n

[10]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> Vardanyan S.,<\/em><\/strong> Hayastani mayraka\u011faknery, Yerevan, 1995, s.33.<\/em><\/p>\n

[11]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> Harutyunyan V.M.,<\/em><\/strong> a.g.e., s.25.<\/em><\/p>\n

[12]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> Kertmencyan D.,<\/em><\/strong> Van ka\u011faki patma\u00e7artarapetakan jarangutyuny, Ecmiadsin amsagir, N7, 2012, s.19-25.<\/em><\/p>\n

[13]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> Matevosyan K.,<\/em><\/strong> Akhtamari patmam\u015fakutayin jarangutyun\u0131, Sb. Ecmiadsin, 2013, s.5-15.<\/em><\/p>\n

[14]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> Hovhannisyan A.,<\/em><\/strong> Turkiya, M\u015fakutayin tsekhaspanutyun, Yerevan, 2005, s.14-15.<\/em><\/p>\n

[15]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> Kertmencyan D.,<\/em><\/strong> a.g.e., s.32-33.<\/em><\/p>\n

[16]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> Harutyunyan V.M.,<\/em><\/strong> a.g.e., s.225.<\/em><\/p>\n

[17]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> Hovhannisyan A.,<\/em><\/strong> a.g.e., s.15.<\/em><\/p>\n

[18]<\/strong><\/em><\/a>https:\/\/www.vanpostasigazetesi.com\/van\/van-yedi-kilise-manastiri-yikilmakla-yuz-yuze-h84570.html<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

[19]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> Movsisyan A.E.,<\/em><\/strong> a.g.e., s.64.<\/em><\/p>\n

[20]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> Vardanyan V.M.,<\/em><\/strong> Vaspurakani Ardsrunyats tagavorutyun\u0131, Yerevan, 1969, s.102.<\/em><\/p>\n

[21]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> Harutyunyan V.M.,<\/em><\/strong> a.g.e., s.222.<\/em><\/p>\n

[22]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> Matevosyan K.,<\/em><\/strong> a.g.e., s.52-53.<\/em><\/p>\n

[23]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> Harutyunyan V.M.,<\/em><\/strong> a.g.e., s.222-223.<\/em><\/p>\n

[24]<\/strong><\/em><\/a> Hasratyan M., <\/em><\/strong>Haykakan \u00e7artarapetakan hu\u015fartsanneri averum\u0131 turqeri ko\u011fmits (XI-XX yy.), Patma-banasirakaan handes, N2, 2015, s.10.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Anjela Sargsyan An\u0131tlar uzman\u0131, T\u00fcrkolog \u00a0 Genel bak\u0131\u015f Van veya Vantosp (Tosp-Tu\u015fpa), Ermeni Y\u00fcksek Platosu\u2019nun en eski \u015fehirlerinden biri olup, M.\u00d6. IX. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda, Van veya Urartu krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 egemeni I. Sarturi d\u00f6neminde (M.\u00d6. 835-825), Tu\u015fpa ad\u0131yla bu krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015fkenti olmu\u015ftur. Van \u015fehri, Asur krali\u00e7esinin ad\u0131yla \u015eamiramakert veya \u015eamirama\u015fen (\u015eamiram\u2019\u0131n kurdu\u011fu-\u00e7ev. notu) olarak da an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[1]. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Movses […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":52906,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,1,70,20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-52892","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gunumuzde-bati-ermenistan","category-haberler","category-makaleler","category-tarih-sayfalari"],"yoast_head":"\nTarihi Van \u015eehri - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=52892\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Tarihi Van \u015eehri - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Anjela Sargsyan An\u0131tlar uzman\u0131, T\u00fcrkolog \u00a0 Genel bak\u0131\u015f Van veya Vantosp (Tosp-Tu\u015fpa), Ermeni Y\u00fcksek Platosu\u2019nun en eski \u015fehirlerinden biri olup, M.\u00d6. IX. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda, Van veya Urartu krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 egemeni I. Sarturi d\u00f6neminde (M.\u00d6. 835-825), Tu\u015fpa ad\u0131yla bu krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015fkenti olmu\u015ftur. Van \u015fehri, Asur krali\u00e7esinin ad\u0131yla \u015eamiramakert veya \u015eamirama\u015fen (\u015eamiram\u2019\u0131n kurdu\u011fu-\u00e7ev. notu) olarak da an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[1]. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Movses […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=52892\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-05-14T06:41:43+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-05-14T06:46:37+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2019\/05\/Angela-Sargsyan-3.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"300\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"250\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"20 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/?p=52892#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/?p=52892\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/096f1d38a12cce57fb855b485ed24c9e\"},\"headline\":\"Tarihi Van \u015eehri\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-05-14T06:41:43+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2019-05-14T06:46:37+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/?p=52892\"},\"wordCount\":4012,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/?p=52892#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/6\\\/2019\\\/05\\\/Angela-Sargsyan-3.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\",\"Haberler\",\"Makaleler\",\"Tarih Sayfalar\u0131\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/?p=52892#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/?p=52892\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/?p=52892\",\"name\":\"Tarihi Van \u015eehri - 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IX. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda, Van veya Urartu krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 egemeni I. Sarturi d\u00f6neminde (M.\u00d6. 835-825), Tu\u015fpa ad\u0131yla bu krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015fkenti olmu\u015ftur. Van \u015fehri, Asur krali\u00e7esinin ad\u0131yla \u015eamiramakert veya \u015eamirama\u015fen (\u015eamiram\u2019\u0131n kurdu\u011fu-\u00e7ev. notu) olarak da an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[1]. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Movses […]","og_url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=52892","og_site_name":"Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","article_published_time":"2019-05-14T06:41:43+00:00","article_modified_time":"2019-05-14T06:46:37+00:00","og_image":[{"width":300,"height":250,"url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2019\/05\/Angela-Sargsyan-3.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"admin","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"admin","Est. reading time":"20 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=52892#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=52892"},"author":{"name":"admin","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/#\/schema\/person\/096f1d38a12cce57fb855b485ed24c9e"},"headline":"Tarihi Van \u015eehri","datePublished":"2019-05-14T06:41:43+00:00","dateModified":"2019-05-14T06:46:37+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=52892"},"wordCount":4012,"commentCount":0,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=52892#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2019\/05\/Angela-Sargsyan-3.jpg","articleSection":["G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Bat\u0131 Ermenistan","Haberler","Makaleler","Tarih Sayfalar\u0131"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=52892#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=52892","url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=52892","name":"Tarihi Van \u015eehri - 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