{"id":49755,"date":"2018-11-22T04:38:03","date_gmt":"2018-11-22T09:38:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=49755"},"modified":"2018-11-22T04:38:03","modified_gmt":"2018-11-22T09:38:03","slug":"buyuk-projenin-kurbanlari-mubadiller-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=49755","title":{"rendered":"B\u00fcy\u00fck Projenin Kurbanlar\u0131: M\u00fcbadiller (1)"},"content":{"rendered":"

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G\u00fcng\u00f6r \u015eenkal<\/strong><\/p>\n

Son y\u0131llarda, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011ferlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 ve korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6zlemlenmektedir. Bireysel ve toplumsal ki\u015filik sorunsal\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olan bu t\u00fcr \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kimlikleri, onlar\u0131 olu\u015fturan k\u00fclt\u00fcr katmanlar\u0131n\u0131\/birikimlerini yaz\u0131ya ge\u00e7irerek, halk bilimi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 yapanlara \u00e7ok de\u011ferli malzeme sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Yazar\u00a0S\u00fcreyya Ayta\u015f<\/strong>\u2019\u0131n\u00a0M\u00fcbadelenin H\u00fcz\u00fcnl\u00fc Miras\u0131<\/strong>\u00a0(2)<\/strong>\u00a0adl\u0131 geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 da, i\u00e7inde yeti\u015fti\u011fi k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011ferlerin okur kitlesiyle bulu\u015fmas\u0131na arac\u0131l\u0131k etmektedir. Eserde, Kuzey Yunanistan\u2019dan m\u00fcbadele ile getirilen insanlar\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131s\u0131 anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Anlat\u0131m i\u00e7inde, m\u00fcbadelenin arka plan\u0131na, m\u00fcbadillerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlara ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011ferlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmek i\u00e7in verdikleri \u00e7abaya da de\u011finilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Esas olarak, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011ferlerin unutulmamas\u0131, yar\u0131na aktar\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fczerinde bi\u00e7imlenen eserin yo\u011fun bir emek \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc oldu\u011fu ortadad\u0131r. Amac\u0131 \u00fczerinden bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu da s\u00f6ylenmelidir.<\/p>\n

Halk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne ilgi duyan bir okur olarak, eserin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011ferlerin derlendi\u011fi b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne ili\u015fkin \u2013\u00f6vg\u00fc d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda- s\u00f6yleyecek bir s\u00f6z\u00fcm yoktur. Ancak, eserin,\u00a0 \u00f6zellikle de giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc farkl\u0131 bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla yeniden okumay\u0131 deneyece\u011fim. Bunun esere katk\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirilmesini dilerim.<\/p>\n

Antrparentez:<\/strong>\u00a0Tarihsel olaylar\u0131n\u00a0nas\u0131l<\/em>lar\u0131n\u0131 anlatmak, resmi tarih yaz\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131n bir y\u00f6ntemidir. Oysa as\u0131l \u00f6nemli olan, tarihsel olaylar\u0131n\u00a0neden<\/em>lerini ortaya koymakt\u0131r. Nas\u0131llar\u0131n anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131nda nedenler s\u00fcrekli karanl\u0131kta kal\u0131r. Tarihte ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f k\u00f6t\u00fc olaylar\u0131n nedenleri ortaya koyulup, tarih \u00f6n\u00fcnde mahk\u00fbm edilmedik\u00e7e, sorumlular\u0131 k\u0131nanmad\u0131k\u00e7a \/yarg\u0131lanmad\u0131k\u00e7a, onlar\u0131n tekrar\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131k kap\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olur.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

30 Ocak 1923 tarihinde Lozan\u2019da, T\u00fcrkiye ile Yunanistan aras\u0131nda n\u00fcfus de\u011fi\u015fimi anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0T\u00fcrk-Yunan N\u00fcfus M\u00fcbadelesi\u2019ne \u0130li\u015fkin S\u00f6zle\u015fme ve Protokol<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0olarak tarihe ge\u00e7en anla\u015fman\u0131n, 1 May\u0131s 1923\u2019ten itibaren uygulamas\u0131na ba\u015flanaca\u011f\u0131 birinci maddede belirtilmi\u015ftir.(3)<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u00fcbadele, asl\u0131nda, belli topluluklar\u0131n zorunlu de\u011fi\u015f toku\u015fudur (AlmancaBev\u00f6lkerungsaustausch<\/em><\/strong>). Osmanl\u0131\u2019da bu e\u011filim 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanmaktayd\u0131. D\u00fcndar\u2019\u0131n\u00a0(4)<\/strong>\u00a0belirtti\u011fine g\u00f6re; gayriresm\u020b m\u00fcbadele Osmanl\u0131 ile Rusya aras\u0131nda belirli aral\u0131klarla zaten ya\u015fanmaktayd\u0131. Ve hatta, 1878\u2019de yap\u0131lan Osmanl\u0131-Rusya bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerine de yans\u0131m\u0131\u015f, Osmanl\u0131 delegesi\u00a0Saffet Pa\u015fa<\/strong>, Balkanlar\u2019\u0131n kuzeyindeki T\u00fcrklerle g\u00fcneyindeki Bulgarlar\u0131n m\u00fcbadelesini \u00f6nermi\u015fti (D\u00fcndar, 2008:47). 10 A\u011fustos 1913 B\u00fckre\u015f Anla\u015fmas\u0131 sonras\u0131 yap\u0131lan Osmanl\u0131-Bulgar Konvensiyonu, ilk resmi m\u00fcbadeledir. \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 y\u00f6neticiler, anla\u015fmay\u0131 keyfi bir bi\u00e7imde geni\u015fleterek, Osmanl\u0131\u2018n\u0131n Bulgar n\u00fcfusunu tamamen s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (D\u00fcndar, 2008:188).\u2018Harry J. Barniodis\u2019e g\u00f6re de m\u00fcbadele \u00f6nerisi Balkan sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Anadolu\u2019nun korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6nerilmi\u015ftir\u2018<\/em>\u00a0(D\u00fcndar, 2008:217).<\/p>\n

Balkanlar \u00f6zelinden hareket edecek olursak, oralarda ya\u015fayan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman tebaas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na gelenlerin birinci derece m\u00fcsebbibi Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 y\u00f6neticileridir.\u00a0Goltz Pa\u015fa<\/strong>\u00a0(Colmar von der Goltz)\u2019n\u0131n telkinleriyle yeti\u015fen Osmanl\u0131 subaylar\u0131 ile onlar\u0131n \u00e7evresinde k\u00fcmelenen T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc kadrolar i\u00e7in Balkanlar, terk edilmesi gereken bir b\u00f6lgeydi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc onlar, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Balkanlar\u2019da ve Arap b\u00f6lgelerinde tutunamayaca\u011f\u0131, buralar\u0131n terk edilerek, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya\u2019da [genel s\u00f6ylemiyle\u00a0Anadolu<\/em>\u2019da\u00a0\u00a0(5)<\/strong>]\u00a0g\u00fcvenlikli<\/em><\/strong>bir\u00a0T\u00fcrk devleti<\/em><\/strong>, bir ulus-devlet kurulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine ikna edilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Ancak, Balkanlar\u2019\u0131n kaybedilmesi\/terk edilmesi, \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lara politik zarar vermeyecek bi\u00e7imde; amiyane tabiriyle,\u00a0kitab\u0131na uygun<\/em>\u00a0olmal\u0131yd\u0131. \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya sava\u015f a\u00e7mas\u0131n\u0131 \u00a0(5 Ekim 1911) takip eden g\u00fcnlerde baz\u0131 \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 subaylar, ordunun ve h\u00fck\u00fcmetin iznini almaks\u0131z\u0131n Trablusgarp\u2019a gitti (var\u0131\u015flar\u0131, 24 Ekim 1911).\u00a0Binba\u015f\u0131 Enver Bey<\/strong>\u2019in komutas\u0131nda hareket eden bu subaylar aras\u0131nda\u00a0Kola\u011fas\u0131 Mustafa Kemal<\/strong>,\u00a0Fuat Bey<\/strong>\u00a0(Bulca),\u00a0Nuri Bey<\/strong>\u00a0(Conker),\u00a0Fethi Bey<\/strong>\u00a0(Okyar),\u00a0Albay Ne\u015fet Bey<\/strong>,\u00a0S\u00fcleyman Askeri<\/strong>\u00a0ve\u00a0Ku\u015fcuba\u015f\u0131 E\u015fref<\/strong>\u00a0(Askeri okulu bitirmeden s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilmi\u015f) bulunuyordu.<\/p>\n

\u0130talya ile Osmanl\u0131 aras\u0131nda Ouchy\/U\u015fi Bar\u0131\u015f Anla\u015fmas\u0131 18 Ekim 1912\u2019de yap\u0131ld\u0131. Ancak bu gen\u00e7 subaylar, 25 Kas\u0131m 1912\u2019ye kadar orada kalmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. Oysa, \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n hararetle istedi\u011fi Balkan sava\u015f\u0131, Karada\u011f\u2019\u0131n Osmanl\u0131\u2018ya sava\u015f a\u00e7mas\u0131yla, 8 Ekim 1912\u2018de ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu kadronun \u0130stanbul\u2019a d\u00f6nmesi 1 Ocak 1913\u2019\u00fc buldu. Bu tarihte, Osmanl\u0131 Balkanlar\u2018\u0131 \u00f6nemli oranda kaybetmi\u015fti. \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar, 23 Ocak 1913 B\u00e2b-\u0131 Al\u020b\u2019yi basarak y\u00f6netimi zorla ele ald\u0131. Bask\u0131n s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne dikilen\u00a0Naz\u0131m Pa\u015fa<\/strong>\u00a0\u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

\u015eimdi, Naz\u0131m Pa\u015fa\u2019dan ba\u015flayarak par\u00e7alar\u0131 bir araya getirmeyi denersek, ba\u015fka bir tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r\u0131z. \u015e\u00f6yle ki: 8 Ocak 1912 \u2013 23 Ocak 1913 tarihleri aras\u0131nda Harbiye Naz\u0131r\u0131 olan Naz\u0131m Pa\u015fa, \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n sava\u015fa destek vermemesi yan\u0131nda, bir de sava\u015f planlar\u0131n\u0131n kaybedilmesiyle(?) Balkanlar\u2018da ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00c7o\u011funlu\u011fu Balkan k\u00f6kenli subaylar [Enver Pa\u015fa (Manast\u0131r k\u00f6kenli<\/em>), Mustafa Kemal (Selanik), Fuat Bey (Selanik), Nuri Bey (Selanik), Fethi Bey (Pirlepe\/G\u00fcney Makedonya), S\u00fcleyman Askeri (Prizren\/Kosova)],\u00a0 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir Balkan sava\u015f\u0131 olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 varken, Trablusgarp\u2019a gitmek bir yana, U\u015fi Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na kar\u015f\u0131n Balkanlar\u2018daki sava\u015fa yard\u0131ma gelmemi\u015ftir. \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar, dolayl\u0131 iktidar olduklar\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmete verilen Halaskaran Zabitan muht\u0131ras\u0131n\u0131 kolayca kabullenip, tam da sava\u015f\u0131n e\u015fi\u011finde, iktidar\u0131 muhalefet partisine b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te, Talat Pa\u015fa \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde yapt\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6sterilerle de, Balkanlar\u2018a sava\u015f a\u00e7al\u0131m diye, h\u00fck\u00fcmete bask\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Sava\u015f i\u00e7in o kadar isteklidirler ki, \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 Tanin gazetesi, Karada\u011f\u2019\u0131n Osmanl\u0131\u2018ya sava\u015f ilan etti\u011fi g\u00fcn, sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131na \u015f\u00fckreden bir ba\u015fl\u0131k atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131\u2018n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131yla birlikte orduya yaz\u0131lan Talat\u2019\u0131n, askerleri cepheyi terketmeye \u00f6zendirdi\u011fi de d\u00f6nemin an\u0131 kitaplar\u0131nda bulunabilmektedir.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere, \u0130ttiha\u00e7\u0131lar Balkanlar\u2018\u0131n kaybedilmesi plan\u0131n\u0131, hi\u00e7bir sorumluluk almadan, \u00e7ok profesyonelce yerine getirmi\u015ftir. Kendisi de Lof\u00e7al\u0131 (Kuzey Bulgaristan) olan \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131\u00a0Hac\u0131 Adil Bey<\/strong>\u00a0(Arda)\u2019in, \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n sava\u015f sonras\u0131 kongresinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fma, iddiay\u0131 do\u011frular mahiyettedir:\u00a0\u2018Neden bu kadar muzdarip oluyorsunuz? Makedonya bizim i\u00e7in menba-i m\u00fc\u015fkilat ve zayiat idi. Burada idame-i mevcudiyet bizim i\u00e7in kabil olmazd\u0131. Hamdolsun bu beliyyeden\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>(Arap\u00e7a\u00a0bel\u00e2<\/em>\u00a0s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7o\u011fulu\u00a0bel\u00e2y\u00e2<\/em>\u00a0yn.)\u00a0kurtulduk ve \u015fimdi Anadolu\u2019da tamamiyet-i milleymizi bulduk\u2018<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0(D\u00fcndar, 2008:59).<\/p>\n

Buraya kadar s\u00f6ylenenlerin amac\u0131; daha sonra, Balkanlar\u2019dan gelen g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na koruyucu\/kollay\u0131c\u0131 rollerinde \u00e7\u0131kanlar\u0131n, asl\u0131nda, Balkan sava\u015f\u0131 ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n sorumlular\u0131 oldu\u011funu ortaya koymakt\u0131r. Ac\u0131kl\u0131 olan ise, g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin\/m\u00fcbadillerin bunlara inanm\u0131\u015f ve inan\u0131yor olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Balkanlar hususunda duyars\u0131z davranan \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n, Osmanl\u0131 devletinin s\u00fcreklili\u011fini sa\u011flayabilmek i\u00e7in Anadolu\u2019da yo\u011fun bir \u00e7aba g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini g\u00f6rmekteyiz. Enver ve Talat gibi Kaz\u0131m Karabekir ve Mustafa Kemal\u2019in de Balkanlar\u2019\u0131 terketme konusunda hemfikir oldu\u011fu bir\u00e7ok kaynaktan aktar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Ozankaya\u2019n\u0131n\u00a0(6)<\/strong>\u00a0\u00f6vg\u00fcyle s\u00f6z etti\u011fi Mustafa Kemal,\u00a0\u2018daha 1906\u2019da, yani yirmi be\u015f ya\u015f\u0131nda bir gen\u00e7 subayken, \u015eam\u2019a gitmek \u00fczere Beyrut\u2019ta bulundu\u011fu s\u0131rada arkada\u015flar\u0131na, tek kurtulu\u015f yolunun ulusal devlet kurmaktan ge\u00e7ti\u011fini ve temelini Anadolu ve Rumeli T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn olu\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131 bir ulusal devlet kurmak gere\u011fini dile getirir\u2019\u00a0<\/em>(Ozankaya: 1993:155).<\/p>\n

\u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n iki a\u015famal\u0131 plan\u0131n\u0131n birinci a\u015famas\u0131nda, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacak (gayrim\u00fcslimler bir bi\u00e7imde yok edilecek); ikinci a\u015famada ise -T\u00fcrkler d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar-T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilecekti. T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirme, Osmanl\u0131\u2019da devlet gelene\u011fi olan asimilasyon yoluyla yap\u0131lacakt\u0131. T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc\u00a0Ahmet Ferit<\/strong>, bize,\u00a0\u2018Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin zaten kurulu\u015fundan beri \u2018dinsel asimilasyon\u2019 yani ihtida politikas\u0131n\u0131, Tanzimat\u2019tan beri de \u2018dilsel asimilasyon\u2019a ba\u015fvurdu\u011funu hat\u0131rlat\u0131r\u2019<\/em>\u00a0(D\u00fcndar 2008:74).<\/p>\n

M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fma i\u00e7in K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya\u2019daki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfusu art\u0131rmak gerekiyordu. Bunun bir yolu, Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan geri al\u0131nan topraklarda ya da periferideki el de\u011fi\u015ftirmelerde bask\u0131ya u\u011fray\u0131p ka\u00e7an M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar; di\u011fer yolu ise, Osmanl\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan getirilen (celp edilen) ve\/veya gelmeye \u00f6zendirilenlerdi. G\u00f6\u00e7men M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar (muhacirler) bir yandan Anadolu\u2019daki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfusu art\u0131racak, di\u011fer yandan da gayrim\u00fcslimlere kar\u015f\u0131 bir g\u00fc\u00e7 (bask\u0131 unsuru, silahl\u0131 \u00e7ete vb.) olarak kullan\u0131lacakt\u0131. Ve nihayetinde \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar, gelen ve\/veya getirilen M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 belirli bir plan \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, asimilasyon ama\u00e7l\u0131 yerle\u015ftirmekteydi.(7)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Antrparantez:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar Balkanlar\u2019\u0131 germi\u015f,\u00a0T\u00fcrk yurdu<\/em>\u00a0kuraca\u011f\u0131z diye Anadolu\u2019nun gayrim\u00fcslimlerden\u00a0 \u2013akla gelebilecek her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yola ba\u015fvurarak- ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 operasyonlar\u0131, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir nefrete yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1. Payla\u015f\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 arifesinde Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Yunanistan\u2019a yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131, sava\u015fta ortak cephede yer alma teklifi tam da bu nedenle, Rumlara kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fctecaviz tutumdan dolay\u0131, kabul g\u00f6rmemi\u015fti. Gelen haberlerle, canlar\u0131n\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde kurtar\u0131p Yunanistan\u2019a ula\u015fanlar\u0131n anlatt\u0131klar\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 ile sava\u015f ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 geni\u015f bir cephe olu\u015fturmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

S\u00f6z\u00fc edilen planlamada veri olarak n\u00fcfus say\u0131mlar\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. Az\u0131nl\u0131klar sorunu uluslararas\u0131 sorun olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131k\u00e7a, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n n\u00fcfus yap\u0131s\u0131yla oynamas\u0131: ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, \u2018n\u00fcfus m\u00fchendisli\u011fi\u2019 daha\u00a0bilimsel<\/em>\u00a0bir hal ald\u0131. Art\u0131k, n\u00fcfus say\u0131mlar\u0131, etnik haritalar, dil bilgileri de devreye sokuluyor; n\u00fcfus say\u0131mlar\u0131ndan elde edilen haritalara etnik-dinsel yo\u011funlu\u011fa g\u00f6re \u00f6zel i\u015faretler koyuluyordu. N\u00fcfus say\u0131mlar\u0131 o kadar \u00f6nem kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ki, art\u0131k\u00a0\u2018n\u00fcfus say\u0131mlar\u0131 bir iktidar arac\u0131d\u0131r ve ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde etno-istatistik verileri de mevcut iktidar\u0131n me\u015fruiyeti sa\u011flamada \u00f6nemli bir i\u015flev y\u00fcklenmi\u015ftir\u2019<\/em>(D\u00fcndar 2008:107).<\/p>\n

\u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar Anadolu\u2019da yeni bir kimlik (T\u00fcrkl\u00fck) in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131 ve bunun i\u00e7in yap\u0131lacak sava\u015flar\u0131 zorunlu g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. Onlar i\u00e7in,\u00a0\u2018\u2026 iki n\u00fcfus kayna\u011f\u0131 (muhacirler ve g\u00f6\u00e7ebeler), iki b\u00f6lgeye m\u00fcdahale anlam\u0131na geliyordu. Muhacirlerin iskan\u0131 ile bat\u0131daki b\u00f6lgeleri ve esas olarak iki halk\u0131, Bulgarlar\u0131 ve Rumlar\u0131; g\u00f6\u00e7ebelerin iskan\u0131 ile do\u011fudaki b\u00f6lgeleri ve esas olarak Ermenileri ve K\u00fcrtleri hedefliyordu\u2019<\/em>\u00a0(D\u00fcndar 2008:179).<\/p>\n

Muhacirler, \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar i\u00e7in \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc kullanabilecekleri bir malzemeydi! Ger\u00e7ekten de\u2018h\u00fck\u00fcmet ve Talat Pa\u015fa, Rumlara y\u00f6nelik zulm\u00fcn t\u00fcm sorumlulu\u011funu muhacirlere y\u00fcklemekten \u00e7ekinmezler. (\u2026) Ancak bu politika cemiyetin i\u015fine gelmekle kalmaz, d\u00f6nem d\u00f6nem Balkanlar\u2019dan muhacerat\u0131 te\u015fvik etti\u011fi ve muhacir celbetti\u011fi de \u00e7ok net bilinmektedir. Hatta Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n te\u015fvik etti\u011fi M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7lerini engellemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 da olur. (\u2026) Bahar 1914 ortalar\u0131nda, Anadolu\u2019daki Rumlara yap\u0131lan sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n zirveye \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlarda, \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmet Selanik konsolosundan 10 bin M\u00fcsl\u00fcman g\u00f6ndermesini ister\u2019<\/em>\u00a0(D\u00fcndar, 2008:208-209).<\/p>\n

\u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n 1908-1913 aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Makedonya i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir program izledi\u011fi ve n\u00fcfus yap\u0131s\u0131na m\u00fcdahale etti\u011fi biliniyor (Dr. Naz\u0131m\u2019\u0131n b\u00f6lgedeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131!). Makedonya\u2019ya M\u00fcsl\u00fcman yerle\u015ftirme temelinde \u015fekillenen siyasetleri i\u00e7inde b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan Hristiyanlar\u0131n kovulmas\u0131 da vard\u0131r. Anadolu\u2019nun gayrim\u00fcslimlerden ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 provas\u0131, daha \u00f6nce Makedonya\u2019da yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015fa benzemektedir.<\/p>\n

N\u00fcfusla oynama (ve yeni y\u00f6nelim olarak T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyi zorunlu tutma) Balkanlar\u2019daki gerilimin en \u00f6nemli nedenidir:\u00a0\u2018Makedonya ve geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7ekte Osmanl\u0131 Balkanlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n n\u00fcfus konpozisyonunu de\u011fi\u015ftirme giri\u015fiminin faturas\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131r. Asl\u0131nda birbirlerine d\u00fc\u015fman olan Balkan \u00fclkelerinin, Osmanl\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bir ittifak yapmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan en \u00f6nemli neden, \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n bu n\u00fcfus politikas\u0131d\u0131r. Zaten, Balkan ittifak\u0131n\u0131n \u2018izahname\u2019 ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 notas\u0131nda\u2026 5. maddesinde \u015fu \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r: \u2018M\u00fcsl\u00fcman g\u00f6\u00e7men yerle\u015ftirmek suretiyle, vilayetlerin ulusal topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesine \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131na dair Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmeti s\u00f6z verecektir.\u2019\u00a0<\/em>(D\u00fcndar, 2008:177)<\/p>\n

Rumlara kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen ve 1912\u2019lere kadar inen y\u0131ld\u0131rma\/\u00f6ld\u00fcrme politikas\u0131, 1919\u2019un yaz aylar\u0131ndan itibaren yo\u011fun olarak, M. Kemal\u2019in Topal Osman (ve Sakall\u0131 Nurettin Pa\u015fa) \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Pontos\u2019un Rumlardan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Mustafa Kemal ve \u00e7evresinin y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bu yanl\u0131\u015f siyaset sonucu Yunanistan\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7enlerin\/ka\u00e7anlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 art\u0131yor, artt\u0131k\u00e7a da orada ya\u015fayan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda kal\u0131yordu. Jervenililerin anlat\u0131mlar\u0131nda ge\u00e7en, Yunanistan\u2019daki huzurlu ya\u015fam, bu politikalar\u0131n kurban\u0131 oluyordu. Bu ger\u00e7ekleri atlayarak yaz\u0131lan eserler, sadece resmi tarihin yeniden \u00fcretilmesine katk\u0131 sunar.<\/p>\n

K\u0131sacas\u0131, Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan gelen 1. Payla\u015f\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131, \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 politikan\u0131n birinci aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n (Anadolu\u2019nun M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131) tamamlanmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Payla\u015f\u0131m sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n genel sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar i\u00e7in i\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 olmasa da,\u00a0Anadolu\u2019da T\u00fcrk devleti projesi<\/em>ni ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilecek i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f dinamikler mevcuttu. Sevr\u2019in sonucu olarak ba\u015flayan i\u015fgal durumu ve Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019ya askeri m\u00fcdahalesi, Rumlar\u0131n ve Ermenilerin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, onlar\u0131n m\u00fclklerine yerle\u015ftirilen veya konan\/ya\u011fmac\u0131 kesimleri tedirgin etmi\u015fti. D\u00fcndar\u2019a g\u00f6re,\u00a0\u2018Rum d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn Kemalist hareketi do\u011furan en \u00f6nemli iki nedenden biri oldu\u011funu (di\u011feri de galip devletlerin i\u015fgalidir) belirtmek isterim. \u00d6zellikle Rum ve di\u011fer Hristiyanlar\u0131n hanelerine yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f muhacirler ve di\u011fer yerli halk Kemalist hareketin en ciddi kitlesel taban\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015ftururlar. \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 politikan\u0131n mayas\u0131 tutmu\u015f, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan mal-m\u00fclk \u00fczerinden \u2018ki\u015fisel \u00e7\u0131kar\u2019, \u2018milli \u00e7\u0131kar\u2019larla ba\u015far\u0131yla birle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir\u2019<\/em>\u00a0(D\u00fcndar 2008:245).<\/p>\n

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M\u00fcbadillerin geldi\u011fi yerde, yani T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de durumlar olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131yd\u0131! Yunanistan\u2019a, Pontos Rumlar\u0131na ve K\u00fcrtlere (Ko\u00e7giri vd.) kar\u015f\u0131 elde edilen\u00a0ba\u015far\u0131<\/em>\u00a0sonucu devlete yeni ad bulunmu\u015f, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ad\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti olmu\u015ftu. Gayrim\u00fcslimlerin yok edilmesi 1. Payla\u015f\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda, kalan\u0131 da\u00a0milli m\u00fccadele<\/em>\u00a0denilen sava\u015f i\u00e7erisinde b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda\u00a0halledilmi\u015f<\/em>\u00a0oldu\u011fundan, -k\u0131sa ve sanc\u0131l\u0131 bir ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6neminden sonra- \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 plan\u0131n ikinci a\u015famas\u0131na ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir: T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirme!<\/p>\n

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Bundan sonra, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ya\u015fayan herkes T\u00fcrk\u2019t\u00fc. Bunun ger\u00e7ek ya\u015famda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, -\u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 plan\u0131n da gere\u011fi olarak- herkesin T\u00fcrk yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekiyordu. \u00d6zetle: T\u00fcrk yarat\u0131lacakt\u0131! \u0130talyan siyaset\u00e7i\u00a0Massimo d\u2019Azeglio<\/strong>\u2019nun 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131nda dedi\u011fi gibi yap\u0131lacakt\u0131: \u0130talya\u2019y\u0131 yaratt\u0131k, \u015fimdi \u0130talyanlar\u0131 yaratmal\u0131y\u0131z (Wir haben Italien geschaffen, jetzt m\u00fcssen wir Italiener schaffen<\/em>)!<\/p>\n

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\u2018T\u00fcrk ulusu\u2019 in\u015fa etme; di\u011fer bir s\u00f6yleyi\u015fle, T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirme a\u015famas\u0131nda devreye sokulanara\u00e7<\/em>lardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r:\u00a020 Kura \u0130htiyatlar Olay\u0131, Mecburi \u0130skan Yasas\u0131, Vatanda\u015f T\u00fcrk\u00e7e Konu\u015f Kampanyas\u0131, T\u00fcrk Tarih Tezi, G\u00fcne\u015f Dil Teorisi, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de T\u00fcrk Vatanda\u015flar\u0131na Tahsis Edilen Sanat ve Hizmetler Hakk\u0131nda Kanun, 1934 Trakya Olaylar\u0131, 1934 Soyad\u0131 Kanunu<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0(D\u00fcndar, 2000:51)\u00a01925 \u015eark Islahat Plan\u0131<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0gibi eklenebilecek ba\u015fka pratikler yan\u0131nda, kafatas\u00e7\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar da vard\u0131r.(8)<\/strong>\u00a0Ama, Mecburi \u0130skan Yasas\u0131 (1934) sonras\u0131, d\u00f6nemin \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakan\u0131\u00a0\u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Kaya<\/strong>\u2019n\u0131n, kanunun tek dille konu\u015fan bir memleket yarataca\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin s\u00f6zleri yoruma yer b\u0131rakm\u0131yor!<\/p>\n

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G\u00f6\u00e7men\/muhacir topluluklar ve \u00f6zellikle de 1923 sonras\u0131 m\u00fcbadele ile gelenler, kendilerini koyu bir T\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc ortamda buldu. Bu \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 ortamda tutunabilmenin tek yolu, kendilerini gizlemek oldu: Aidiyetlerini ve dillerini!<\/p>\n

Resmi tarih, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ya\u015fayan herkesi T\u00fcrk addedip, T\u00fcrkleri de Orta Asya\u2019dan getirdi\u011fi gibi, Balkanlar\u2019dan gelenleri de T\u00fcrk addedip Konya\u2019ya ba\u011flad\u0131! Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n daha ilk d\u00f6nemlerinden beri i\u015fgal etti\u011fi b\u00f6lgelere n\u00fcfus aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 biliniyor. Balkan\u2019lara -o g\u00fcnk\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 \u00e7ok daha geni\u015f olan- Karaman\u2019dan insanlar\u0131n kolanizat\u00f6r olarak (evlad-\u0131 fatihan<\/em>\u00a0(?) ya da da\u011f\u0131tma maksatl\u0131) yerle\u015ftirildi\u011fi do\u011frudur. Ancak, Balkanlar\u2019dan gelenler, T\u00fcrklerden; ama ayn\u0131 zamanda Romanlar, Arnavutlar, Bo\u015fnaklar, Pomaklar ve Makedonlar(?)\u2019dan m\u00fcrekkepti.<\/p>\n

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Antrparantez:<\/strong>\u00a0Karamanl\u0131<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0s\u00f6z\u00fc etnik bir g\u00f6nderme yapmayan, Karaman eyaletinde ya\u015fayan herkesi kapsayan bir genellemedir. B\u00f6lge, Karamano\u011fullar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Konya\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgalinden (1277) sonra T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fmaya zorlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Divan karar\u0131, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu Rum, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da Ermenilerden olu\u015fan halk\u0131 anadilinden koparm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Genel anlamda Karamanl\u0131lar\u0131n -gittikleri yerlerde de- T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fuyor olmas\u0131 bundand\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 eksiklikler bilindi\u011fine, genellemelerin ne kadar sak\u0131ncal\u0131 oldu\u011fu daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. M\u00fcbadele din esas\u0131 \u00fczerinden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bat\u0131 Trakya d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar ile \u0130stanbul d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki Ortodoks Hristiyanlar m\u00fcbadele edildi. Gelen M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131nT\u00fcrkler<\/em>\u00a0diye \u00e7evrilmesi, resmi tarihin psikolojik y\u00f6nlendirme\/\u015fartland\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemi olarak g\u00fcndemdedir. Oysa gelenler i\u00e7inde kendini T\u00fcrk aidiyetinde g\u00f6renler oldu\u011fu gibi, g\u00f6rmeyenler de vard\u0131\/r.<\/p>\n

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Sinasos (Kemalpa\u015fa)\u2019a yerle\u015ftirilen m\u00fcbadillerin dillerine ili\u015fkin belirtilmesi gereken bir iki nokta: 1999 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Anadili nas\u0131l unutulur? ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131m bir makalede de (\u00d6neri, say\u0131 10) belirtti\u011fim gibi, anadilinin unutulmas\u0131na neden olabilecek bir\u00e7ok etken vard\u0131r. Hemen hepsinin Makedonca konu\u015ftu\u011fu Jervenili m\u00fcbadiller, -bir sava g\u00f6re- Konya\u2019dan gitme ve dilleri T\u00fcrk\u00e7e idiyse, bu dili tamamen unutmalar\u0131 olas\u0131 de\u011fildir. E\u011fer idari olarak ba\u015fka bir devletin\/toplulu\u011fun egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131nda olsalard\u0131, bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilirdi elbette. Oysa Osmanl\u0131 egemenli\u011finde ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n \u00f6zellikle korundu\u011fu bir co\u011frafyada, toplulu\u011fun anadili olan T\u00fcrk\u00e7eyi unutmu\u015f oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrmek kas\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r: T\u00fcrkiye gibi \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131-T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc bir idare alt\u0131nda, T\u00fcrk aidiyetinden olmayan m\u00fcbadillerin kimli\u011fini\/ge\u00e7mi\u015fini gizleyerek yok sayma \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Esasen, T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki dillerin alenen konu\u015fulmas\u0131n\u0131n yasakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ortamda\/d\u00f6nemde ki\u015filerin ve\/veya toplulu\u011fun anadilini gizlemesi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r bir durumdur. Bundan dolay\u0131 k\u0131nanamazlar. \u00a0Vatanda\u015f T\u00fcrk\u00e7e Konu\u015f\u00a0<\/em>kampanyalar\u0131ndan,\u00a0Lazca Konu\u015fanlarla M\u00fccadele kollar\u0131<\/em>na\u00a0(9)<\/strong>\u00a0kadar, bo\u011fucu bir ortam\u0131n i\u00e7indedirler.<\/p>\n

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Cumhuriyet<\/em>\u2019in \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131-T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc s\u00f6ylemi koyula\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a, bask\u0131lar da bununla do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak art\u0131yordu. B\u00f6ylesi bir siyasal atmosferde m\u00fcbadillerin kendi kimliklerine sahip \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 intihar anlam\u0131na gelirdi. \u00d6rne\u011fin,\u00a0\u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc<\/strong>\u2019n\u00fcn keskin, bir o kadar da gayriinsani s\u00f6zleri \u015f\u00f6yleydi:\u00a0\u2018Vazifemiz T\u00fcrk vatan\u0131 i\u00e7inde bulunanlar\u0131 behemehal\u00a0<\/em>(ne olursa olsun, yn)\u00a0T\u00fcrk yapmakt\u0131r. T\u00fcrklere ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe muhalefet edecek anas\u0131r\u0131 [unsurlar\u0131] kesip ataca\u011f\u0131z. Vatana hizmet edeceklerde arayaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z evsaf [nitelikler] her \u015feyden evvel o adam\u0131n T\u00fcrk ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc olmas\u0131d\u0131r<\/em>\u2018 (Vakit<\/em>, 27 Nisan 1925). M\u00fcbadillerin anadilini kullanmas\u0131, -anadili T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olmayan di\u011ferleri gibi- m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi. Devlet onlara anadillerini unutmay\u0131 emretmi\u015fti! Zaten dil, yaz\u0131l\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131\/okulda \u00f6\u011fretilmedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece, resmi\/bask\u0131n\/prestij dilin etkisiyle unutulmaya mahkumdu.<\/p>\n

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Ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6neminin k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli\u00a0T\u00fcrkiyeli<\/em>\u00a0s\u00f6yleminden sonra, devlet, uyru\u011fundaki herkeseT\u00fcrk<\/em>\u00a0kimli\u011fini yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ard\u0131ndan gelen ad\u0131mda ise, T\u00fcrk addedilen toplumun T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fmas\u0131 zorunlu hale getirildi. Bunun toplumsal etkisinin ne oldu\u011funu, \u015fair\u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Erba\u015f<\/strong>\u2019\u0131n \u015fu dizelerinden \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde anlayabiliriz:\u00a0\u2018Sonra onlar birg\u00fcn gelip \/ Diliniz bu, dediler. \/ G\u00f6zya\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z bozuldu. \/ A\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131m\u0131z sular\u0131m\u0131z ku\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z \/ Bir g\u00fcnde ge\u00e7mi\u015finden oldu.\u2018<\/em><\/p>\n

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Antrparentez:<\/strong>\u00a0Demokratik bir uygulamada devlet, insanlara etnik aidiyet vermez; yaln\u0131zca insanlar\u0131n etnik aidiyetlerini tan\u0131r. Bu, di\u011fer aidiyetler i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n

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Mustafa Kemal, T\u00fcrkiye toplumunun klan oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fcyorduysa e\u011fer (her ne kadar Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n nation\/nasyon<\/em>\u00a0formuna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k klan ili\u015fkisini kar\u015f\u0131layan Mo\u011folca\u00a0ulus<\/em>s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsa da, \u00f6yle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemizi gerektirecek bir veri yok),\u00a0halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k<\/em>(sosyal s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 yok sayma) ile emek\u00e7i kesimlerin, ezilenlerin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenememesi ve sermayeye k\u00f6leli\u011finin s\u00fcreklili\u011fi i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kand\u0131rma mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 devreye\/uygulamaya koyuyordu.<\/p>\n

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Georgeon,\u00a0(10)<\/strong>\u00a0d\u00f6nemin topluma ili\u015fkin yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yor:\u00a0\u2018Ziya G\u00f6kalp i\u00e7in halk ve millet ayn\u0131 \u015feyi ifade ediyordu. Halk\u0131 olu\u015fturan, toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131flar de\u011fil meslek gruplar\u0131yd\u0131. Mustafa Kemal ise hem meslek grubu hem de toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131f ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 mahkum ediyor, \u2018bizim \u00fclkemiz farkl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karlara sahip olan ve kendi aralar\u0131nda m\u00fccadele eden s\u0131n\u0131flardan olu\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u2018<\/em>\u00a0diyordu (Georgeon, 2005:132). S\u0131n\u0131flar yoktu; k\u0131sa bir zaman \u00f6nce anla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 devletleri\u00a0d\u0131\u015f d\u00fc\u015fman<\/em>, bask\u0131lardan rahats\u0131z olan toplum kesimlerini de\u00a0i\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015fman<\/em>\u00a0g\u00f6sterince, diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc peki\u015ftirmenin \u00f6n\u00fcnde engel kalm\u0131yordu!<\/p>\n

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Oysa, Ergun\u2019un\u00a0(11)<\/strong>\u00a0da tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi,\u00a0\u2018s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 toplumlarda, \u00e7eli\u015fme gibi, de\u011fi\u015fme gibi, toplumsal ger\u00e7ekler vard\u0131r\u2019, \u2018\u2026 toplumsal ger\u00e7e\u011fin ilk \u00f6\u011fesi tarihtir. Ve ger\u00e7e\u011fin \u00f6\u011feleri, b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckler i\u00e7inde de\u011ferlendirilir. Toplumsal yap\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6z ard\u0131 ederek, ayr\u0131ca, bu b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn tarihsel belirleyiciler ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 unutarak, bir toplumun hareketlili\u011fini, i\u00e7indeki kimi gruplar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131klamaya kalk\u0131\u015fmak, ara\u015ft\u0131rma konusu ger\u00e7e\u011fi par\u00e7alara ay\u0131rmak demektir; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, toplumu, maddi-manevi bir toplumsal etkinlik b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc olarak g\u00f6rmemek\/g\u00f6rememek demektir\u2019<\/em>\u00a0(Ergun, 2000:36, 84-85). Resmi tarihin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 budur. Ve hatta, Kemalizm, kendine has\u00a0halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k<\/em>tan\u0131m\u0131yla, toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 inkar ederek, ezilenlerin (T\u00fcrkler de dahil), \u00f6zellikle de i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesini engelleme\u015ftir; tabii ki burjuva kesimler ad\u0131na\/lehine!<\/p>\n

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\u00c7o\u011funlukla Rum ve Ermenilerin mallar\u0131na el koyarak \u015fi\u015firilmi\u015f yerli\/mill\u020b\/T\u00fcrk burjuva kesimlerin \u2013Mustafa Kemal\u2019in destek\u00e7isi olduklar\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlayal\u0131m- \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na zarar getirmemek ve biraz da onlar\u0131 \u00f6d\u00fcllendirmek i\u00e7in, hem onlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 vekil yapt\u0131, hem de toprak reformuna takoz koydu. Sadece bu bile M.Kemal\u2019in s\u0131n\u0131fsal duru\u015funun sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

Kitapta ge\u00e7en, m\u00fcbadillerin anadillerinden dolay\u0131 azar i\u015fitmeleri, d\u00f6nemin atmosferi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u00a0en az zararl\u0131<\/em>\u00a0olan\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilir. K\u00fcrt\u00e7e konu\u015ftu\u011fu i\u00e7in para cezas\u0131 \u00f6demi\u015f bir\u00e7ok K\u00fcrt ve Zaza oldu\u011fu gibi, bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 okulda, askerde fiziki sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frayarak kal\u0131c\u0131 zararlar da g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bizzat o d\u00f6nemde devletin ba\u015f\u0131ndaki Tek Adam\u2019\u0131n, Mustafa Kemal\u2019in s\u00f6ylemi bile yeterince k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r:\u00a0T\u00fcrk Milletindenim diyen insan her \u015feyden evvel T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fmayan bir insan T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne, toplulu\u011funa ba\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia ederse buna inanmak do\u011fru olmaz\u2019<\/em>\u00a0(D\u00fcndar 2000:50).<\/p>\n

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Sosyal\/siyasal bask\u0131ya bir de ekonomik bask\u0131 eklenince, toplulu\u011fun mevcut kimli\u011fi \u00fczerinden kendini yeniden \u00fcretmesi olanaks\u0131zla\u015f\u0131r. Bu durum, m\u00fcbadillerin neden kimlik m\u00fccadelesi vermediklerini\/veremediklerini de a\u00e7\u0131klar. Ayr\u0131ca, n\u00fcfus say\u0131mlar\u0131nda Makedoncan\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fclmemesi de, toplulu\u011fun kimli\u011finin devlet taraf\u0131ndan nas\u0131l yok say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Ki\u015filer anadillerini Makedonca olarak yazd\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olsa bile, sak\u0131ncal\u0131 bulundu\u011fu i\u00e7in istatistiklere yans\u0131t\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Jervenili m\u00fcbadillerin yerle\u015ftirildi\u011fi Sinasos (Mustafapa\u015fa) bug\u00fcn \u00dcrg\u00fcp\/ Nev\u015fehir\u2019e ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Nev\u015fehir 1945\u2019te il yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan 1960\u2019tan \u00f6nce yap\u0131lan n\u00fcfus say\u0131mlar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fcyor. N\u00fcfustaki dil hareketini, bu tarihe kadar, \u00dcrg\u00fcp\u2019\u00fcn an\u0131lan zamanda ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve 1924\u2019te il yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan Kayseri\u2019den takip edebiliyoruz. N\u00fcfus say\u0131mlar\u0131nda anadili sorusuna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, Makedonca konu\u015fan m\u00fcbadillerden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0Makedonca<\/em>dedi\u011fi biliniyor. Ancak, cetvellerde bir ki\u015finin dahi Makedonca konu\u015fmuyor olu\u015fu, kas\u0131tl\u0131 bir durumun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. M\u00fcbadillerin di\u011fer bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ise \u00a0Bulgarcay\u0131 anadili olarak s\u00f6ylemeyi\/yazd\u0131rmay\u0131 ye\u011flemi\u015ftir. Cetvellerde g\u00f6r\u00fclen Bulgarcay\u0131, sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 1927-1955 aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Kayseri, 1960-1965 say\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 da Nev\u015fehir n\u00fcfus cetvellerinden \u015f\u00f6yle izleyebilmekteyiz:<\/p>\n

1927 Kayseri:<\/strong>\u00a0Anadili Bulgarca olan (bundan sonra k\u0131saca\u00a0Bul.<\/em>) 10, Sair ve Me\u00e7hul dil konu\u015fanlar 395 ki\u015fi.<\/p>\n

1935 Kayseri:<\/strong>\u00a0Bul. 594, Sair 3, Me\u00e7hul 4<\/p>\n

1945 Kayseri:<\/strong>\u00a0Bul. 20, Sair 7, Me\u00e7hul (-)<\/p>\n

1950 Kayseri:<\/strong>\u00a0Bul. 749, Di\u011fer yabanc\u0131 diller 3, Bilinmeyen (-)<\/p>\n

1955 Kayseri:<\/strong>\u00a0Bul. 12, Di\u011fer 43, Me\u00e7hul 13<\/p>\n

1960 Nev\u015fehir:<\/strong>\u00a0Bul. 91 (Kayseri\u2019de 3), Di\u011fer diller 1, Bilinmeyen (-)<\/p>\n

1965 Nev\u015fehir:\u00a0<\/strong>Bul. (-) (Kayseri\u2019de 9), Di\u011fer diller 17, Bilinmeyen (-)\u00a0(12)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Say\u0131mlardan yola \u00e7\u0131karak asimilasyon politikalar\u0131na y\u00f6n veren y\u00f6neticiler, sonu\u00e7lara g\u00f6re anadilini T\u00fcrk\u00e7e yazd\u0131rmayanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc sevin\u00e7le kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor; ancak yine de yeterli bulmuyordu (D\u00fcndar 2000:41). Cetvellerde yer alan\u00a0sair, me\u00e7hul, di\u011fer yabanc\u0131 diller, di\u011fer diller<\/em>\u00a0ve\u00a0bilinmeyen<\/em>\u00a0gibi kategorilerin\u00a0kapal\u0131<\/em>\u00a0anlamlar\u0131n\u0131 burada tart\u0131\u015fmayaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6\u00e7menlerin T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fmas\u0131, onlar\u0131n asimilasyona yatk\u0131nl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fcyd\u00fc. Asimilasyonun iskan\/yerle\u015ftirme plan\u0131na ne kadar hizmet etti\u011fi (ya da etmedi\u011fi) bununla belirleniyordu. D\u00fcndar\u2019\u0131n aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re:\u00a0\u2018\u0130skan meselesi; Balkanlar\u2019dan \u2018T\u00fcrk \u00f6rne\u011fi\u2019 getirmenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra\u2026 Ancak d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan getirilip T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de iskan edilen Balkan g\u00f6\u00e7menleri anadillerini \u2018taasupla (fanatik derecede) muhafazada \u0131srar\u2019 ederek \u00c7ingenece, Bo\u015fnak\u00e7a, Rumca ve Arnavut\u00e7a konu\u015fmaya devam ediyorlard\u0131. Bunlar\u0131n bir memleketin \u2018etnik muvazenesini\u00a0<\/em>(uyum, denge yn)\u00a0ihlal edecek k\u00fctle\u2019 olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 ve memleket i\u00e7in zararl\u0131 olmalar\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc yerlerine \u2018milli b\u00fcnyede derhal temess\u00fcl\u00a0<\/em>(\u00f6z\u00fcmlenecek yn)\u00a0edecek\u2019 unsurlar\u0131n yerle\u015ftirilmesi, yani Asya\u2019dan g\u00f6\u00e7men getirilmesi devlete \u00f6neriliyordu\u2019<\/em>\u00a0(D\u00fcndar 2000:46-47).<\/p>\n

M\u00fcbadillerin, m\u00fcbadele \u00f6ncesinde de sonras\u0131nda da, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlar\u0131n sorumlusu \u0130tthat\u00e7\u0131lard\u0131r. \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n y\u00f6netime do\u011frudan el koydu\u011fu (darbe) 1913 sonras\u0131\u00a0Birinci \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 d\u00f6nem<\/em>, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ad\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirilerek Cumhuriyet yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neme ise\u00a0\u0130kinci \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 d\u00f6nem<\/em>\u00a0diyebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Antrparantez:<\/strong>\u00a0Mustafa Kemal\u2019in \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lara ele\u015ftirisi, ordunun siyasete kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ile ilgiliydi! Ancak kendisi de asker olan M. Kemal, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki \u00fcyeli\u011fiyle (29 Ekim 1907, sicil kayd\u0131 322) zaten siyasetin i\u00e7indeydi. \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 kongrelerde delege; yerine g\u00f6re ba\u015fkan ve konu\u015fmac\u0131yd\u0131. Onun ele\u015ftirisinde, ordu-siyaset ili\u015fkisinin bir \u2018ancak\u2019\u0131 vard\u0131. Dr. Odaba\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n\u00a0(13)<\/strong>\u00a0yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re; \u2018Ancak, \u015fu da fark edilebilmektedir ki konu vatan ve siyas\u00ee rejim oldu\u011funda i\u015f de\u011fi\u015fecektir. Mustafa Kemal Bey\u2019e g\u00f6re, ordu Me\u015frutiyet ve Osmanl\u0131l\u0131k gibi iki y\u00fcce gayeyi ruhunun ebed\u00ee bir a\u015fk\u0131 s\u0131fat\u0131yla muhafazaya ant i\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu y\u00fckselmekten men edecek zorluklar\u0131 ezmek, engelleri y\u0131kmak ordu i\u00e7in bir vazife ve dahas\u0131 bir hakt\u0131r. Vatan ve rejim tehlikeye d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zaman ordu birlik i\u00e7inde onu m\u00fcdafaa edecektir. Bu, bizim ordumuzun vicdan\u0131n\u0131n tarifidir\u2018.<\/em>\u00a0Kendisinin \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lara y\u00f6nelik ideolojik bir ele\u015ftirisi yoktu. Tam tersine, y\u0131llar itibariyle, ba\u015fkentin Ankara olmas\u0131ndan Latin alfabesine kadar \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n -bir\u00e7ok konuda- alm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu kararlar\u0131 titizlikle uygulad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Yine kitaptaki anlat\u0131mlarda, m\u00fcbadeleden k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce Jervenililerin evlerine T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den gelen Rum g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin yerle\u015ftirildi\u011fi yaz\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Benzer bir uygulamay\u0131, daha 1914 y\u0131l\u0131nda, muhacirlerin Rum k\u00f6ylerine jandarma e\u015fli\u011finde yerle\u015ftirilmesinde g\u00f6rmekteyiz (D\u00fcndar, 2008:211).<\/p>\n

\u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n Rumlara kar\u015f\u0131 estirdi\u011fi ter\u00f6r\u00fcn amac\u0131, bir yandan\u00a0de facto<\/em>\u00a0olarak Anadolu\u2019da Rum varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na son vermek, di\u011fer yandan Yunanistan\u2019\u0131 m\u00fcbadeleye zorlayarak buna\u00a0de jure<\/em>\u00a0me\u015fruiyet kazand\u0131rmakt\u0131. Nitekim, m\u00fcbadele anlam\u0131nda,\u2018\u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n kad\u00fck projesi Kemalist hareketin tamamlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 en \u00f6nemli proje olacak ve akabinde de Cumhuriyet kurulacakt\u0131r\u2019\u00a0<\/em>(D\u00fcndar, 2008:219). Buradaki\u00a0cumhuriyet<\/em>s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc t\u0131rnak i\u00e7inde okumak gerekir.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6nemin Milli Savunma Bakan\u0131\u00a0Vecdi G\u00f6n\u00fcl<\/strong><\/a>\u2019\u00fcn Br\u00fcksel\u2019de yap\u0131lan Mustafa Kemal\u2018i anma toplant\u0131s\u0131nda s\u00f6yledi\u011fi s\u00f6zler, buraya kadar anlat\u0131lan \u2018b\u00fcy\u00fck projeyi\u2018, bug\u00fcnden geriye onaylamas\u0131yla \u00f6nemlidir. Habere g\u00f6re:\u00a0Ulus yaratmak i\u00e7in padi\u015fahl\u0131k ve halifeli\u011fi kald\u0131ran Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u201cbug\u00fcn fazla hat\u0131rlanmayan, ama \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli\u201d bir di\u011fer ad\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye-Yunanistan n\u00fcfus m\u00fcbadelesi oldu\u011funu belirten G\u00f6n\u00fcl, \u015f\u00f6yle konu\u015ftu:\u00a0\u00a0\u201cBug\u00fcn e\u011fer Ege\u2019de Rumlar devam etseydi ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin pek \u00e7ok yerinde Ermeniler devam etseydi, bug\u00fcn acaba ayn\u0131 milli devlet olabilir miydi? Bu m\u00fcbadelenin ne kadar \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu size hangi kelimelerle anlatsam bilmiyorum, ama eski dengelere bakarsan\u0131z, bunun \u00f6nemi \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r\u2018.<\/em>(14)<\/strong><\/p>\n

G\u00f6n\u00fcl\u2019\u00fc burada sadece AKP\u2019li bir bakan olarak g\u00f6rmek do\u011fru bir yakla\u015f\u0131m olmaz. O, y\u00fcz y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131nd\u0131r s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131-T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc devlet politikas\u0131n\u0131n bir s\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fc olman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, bu politikan\u0131n sistem a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan gereklili\u011fini gizlemeye gerek duymaks\u0131z\u0131n s\u00f6yleyen bir siyaset\u00e7idir. Konu\u015fmada dikkat \u00e7eken, m\u00fcbadelenin \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 siyaset a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemi ve \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 siyasetin bir neferi olan M. Kemal\u2019in katk\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ege Rumlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131ld\u0131rma\/\u00f6ld\u00fcrme eylemleriyle s\u00fcr\u00fclmesinde b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7aba sarfetmi\u015f \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131\u00a0Mahmut Cel\u00e2leddin Bey<\/strong>\u00a0(Celal Bayar), daha sonra<\/p>\n

\u2013tesad\u00fcf olmayan bir bi\u00e7imde- M\u00fcbadele \u0130m\u00e2r ve \u0130sk\u00e2n vekilli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Onun s\u00f6ylemiyle:\u00a0\u2018M\u00fcbadele meselesinde T\u00fcrkiye hayli servet sahibi olmu\u015ftur. Gelen muhacirlerin m\u00fchim bir ekseriyeti m\u00fcstahsil\u00a0<\/em>(\u00fcretici, yn),\u00a0m\u00fcte\u015febbis<\/em>\u00a0(giri\u015fimci, yn)birer anas\u0131r-\u0131 faal\u00a0<\/em>(\u00e7al\u0131\u015fkan unsur\/lar, yn)\u00a0olduklar\u0131ndan, memleketin birka\u00e7 sene sonra iktisaden \u00e7ok terakki edece\u011fi\u00a0<\/em>(ilerleyece\u011fi, geli\u015fece\u011fi, yn)\u00a0\u015f\u00fcphesizdir.\u2019<\/em><\/p>\n

(Ar\u0131, 2000:173)<\/p>\n

Rumlar\u0131n (ve Ermenilerin, Ezidilerin, Keldanilerin, S\u00fcryanilerin, Nasturilerin), Anadolu topraklar\u0131ndan kaz\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131nda birilerinin servet sahibi oldu\u011fu do\u011frudur; gelen \u00e7aresiz m\u00fcbadillerin s\u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de.<\/p>\n

Antrparantez:<\/strong>\u00a0Resmi tarihin yeniden \u00fcretilmesi\/s\u00fcreklili\u011fi ile memur tarih\u00e7iler i\u00e7in, yald\u0131zl\u0131 s\u00f6zlerin tekrar\u0131 esast\u0131r. S\u00f6zlerin pratikle\/uygulamayla uyumlulu\u011fu onlar\u0131n sorunu de\u011fildir. T\u00fcrkiye,\u00a0Stockholm sendromlu bir toplum nas\u0131l yarat\u0131l\u0131r?<\/em>\u00a0sorusuna yan\u0131t aranacak en ilgin\u00e7 yer olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n

Tarihte, insanlar\u0131n k\u00f6klerinden s\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc m\u00fcbadele gibi ac\u0131lar\u0131n bir daha ya\u015fanmamas\u0131n\u0131 dileyelim; dilemekle kalmayal\u0131m, ya\u015fanmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015fal\u0131m.<\/p>\n

Dipnotlar:<\/strong><\/p>\n

(1) S\u00f6zc\u00fck, Arap\u00e7a\u00a0bdl\u00a0k\u00f6k\u00fcnden t\u00fcremedir. S\u00f6zl\u00fck anlamlar\u0131,\u00a0de\u011fi\u015fim\u00a0(TDK);\u00a0de\u011fi\u015f toku\u015f etme\u00a0(Ni\u015fanyan);\u00a0trampa, de\u011fi\u015ftoku\u015f, bir \u015feyin ba\u015fka bir \u015feyle de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesidir (Devellio\u011flu). Ni\u015fanyan S\u00f6zl\u00fck\u2019te ise s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00a0Cumhuriyet d\u00f6nemine ait bir neo-Osmanl\u0131ca t\u00fcrev\u00a0oldu\u011fu ve\u00a0n\u00fcfus m\u00fcbadelesine tabi olan\u00a0anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fi yaz\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. (<\/em>http:\/\/www.nisanyansozluk.com\/?k=m%C3%BCbadil&lnk=1<\/em><\/a>).<\/em><\/p>\n

(2)\u00a0S\u00fcreyya Ayta\u015f<\/strong>, M\u00fcbadelenin H\u00fcz\u00fcnl\u00fc Miras\u0131, Lozan M\u00fcbadilleri Vakf\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Haziran 2018, \u0130stanbul<\/em><\/p>\n

(3)\u00a0Kemal Ar\u0131<\/strong>, B\u00fcy\u00fck M\u00fcbadele \u2013T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye Zorunlu G\u00f6\u00e7 (1923-1925), Tarih Vakf\u0131 Yurt Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2. Bask\u0131: Mart 2000, \u0130stanbul<\/em><\/p>\n

(4)\u00a0Fuat D\u00fcndar<\/strong>, Modern T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u015eifresi \u2013 \u0130ttihat ve Terakki\u2019nin Etnisite M\u00fchendisli\u011fi (1913-1918), \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1. Bask\u0131 2008, \u0130stanbul<\/em><\/p>\n

(5) Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti egemenli\u011findeki Asya topraklar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn Anadolu olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sonradand\u0131r.\u00a0 Anadolu, Yunanca anatolia (=g\u00fcne\u015fin do\u011fdu\u011fu yer, do\u011fu) s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden gelir. S\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye entegre edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 onun \u00f6zelli\u011fini (ve g\u00fczelli\u011fini) de\u011fi\u015ftirmez.<\/em><\/p>\n

(6)\u00a0\u00d6zer Ozankaya<\/strong>, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Laiklik, Cem Yay\u0131nevi, 5. Bas\u0131m, Aral\u0131k 1993 \u2013 \u0130stanbul<\/em><\/p>\n

(7)\u00a0Fuat D\u00fcndar<\/strong>, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki\u2019nin M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 \u0130sk\u00e2n Politikas\u0131 (1913-1918), \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1. Bask\u0131 2001, \u0130stanbul<\/em><\/p>\n

(8)\u00a0Nazan Maksudyan,\u00a0<\/strong>T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00d6l\u00e7mek-Bilimkurgusal Antropoloji ve T\u00fcrk Milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin Irk\u00e7\u0131 \u00c7ehresi 1925-1939, Metis Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130lk Bas\u0131m: May\u0131s 2005, \u0130stanbul<\/em><\/p>\n

(9)\u00a0Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz \u2013 Turabi Salt\u0131k \u2013 \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc G\u00fcven\u00e7 \u2013 Eyy\u00fcp Demir \u2013 Kem\u00e2l K\u00f6k,<\/strong>\u00a0Anadilde E\u011fitim ve Az\u0131nl\u0131k Haklar\u0131, Sorun Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Birinci Bask\u0131: Nisan 2005, \u0130stanbul<\/em><\/p>\n

(10) Fran\u00e7ois Georgeon<\/strong>, T\u00fcrk Milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin K\u00f6kenleri-Yusuf Ak\u00e7ura (1876-1935), Tarih Vakf\u0131 Yurt Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc bas\u0131m: Mart 2005, \u0130stanbul<\/em><\/p>\n

(11)\u00a0Do\u011fan Ergun<\/strong>, Kimlikler K\u0131skac\u0131nda Ulusal Ki\u015filik, \u0130mge Kitabevi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1. Bask\u0131: \u015eubat 2000, Ankara<\/em><\/p>\n

(12)\u00a0Fuat D\u00fcndar<\/strong>, T\u00fcrkiye N\u00fcfus Say\u0131mlar\u0131nda Az\u0131nl\u0131klar, \u00c7iviyaz\u0131lar\u0131, \u0130kinci Bask\u0131: A\u011fustos 2000, \u0130stanbul<\/em><\/p>\n

(13)\u00a0Dr. \u0130. Arda Odaba\u015f\u0131<\/strong>, Odatv,\u00a0Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn Bilinmeyen Konu\u015fmas\u0131 G\u00fcn Y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131\u00a0ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131, 15 Eyl\u00fcl 2010. Yaz\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131 i\u00e7in: https:\/\/odatv.com\/ataturkun-bilinmeyen-konusmasi-gun-yuzune-cikti\u20131509101200.html<\/em><\/p>\n

(14) Vecdi G\u00f6n\u00fcl\u2019\u00fcn konu\u015fmas\u0131 bkz. :\u00a0<\/em>http:\/\/www.milliyet.com.tr\/bakandan-tehlikeli-sozler\u2013siyaset-1014564\/<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

http:\/\/ozguruniversite.org\/2018\/11\/19\/buyuk-projenin-kurbanlari-mubadiller-1-gungor-senkal\/?fbclid=IwAR2jrZH0n1NIJUI5RUGDJ9cR4YAiWgRol31ekowOGPhImdpbXV_bJI4K0bs<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

G\u00fcng\u00f6r \u015eenkal Son y\u0131llarda, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011ferlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 ve korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6zlemlenmektedir. Bireysel ve toplumsal ki\u015filik sorunsal\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olan bu t\u00fcr \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kimlikleri, onlar\u0131 olu\u015fturan k\u00fclt\u00fcr katmanlar\u0131n\u0131\/birikimlerini yaz\u0131ya ge\u00e7irerek, halk bilimi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 yapanlara \u00e7ok de\u011ferli malzeme sunmaktad\u0131r. Yazar\u00a0S\u00fcreyya Ayta\u015f\u2019\u0131n\u00a0M\u00fcbadelenin H\u00fcz\u00fcnl\u00fc Miras\u0131\u00a0(2)\u00a0adl\u0131 geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 da, i\u00e7inde yeti\u015fti\u011fi k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011ferlerin okur kitlesiyle […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":49757,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,70,53],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-49755","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler","category-makaleler","category-turkiyede-azinliklar"],"yoast_head":"\nB\u00fcy\u00fck Projenin Kurbanlar\u0131: M\u00fcbadiller (1) - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=49755\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"B\u00fcy\u00fck Projenin Kurbanlar\u0131: M\u00fcbadiller (1) - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"G\u00fcng\u00f6r \u015eenkal Son y\u0131llarda, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011ferlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 ve korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6zlemlenmektedir. Bireysel ve toplumsal ki\u015filik sorunsal\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olan bu t\u00fcr \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kimlikleri, onlar\u0131 olu\u015fturan k\u00fclt\u00fcr katmanlar\u0131n\u0131\/birikimlerini yaz\u0131ya ge\u00e7irerek, halk bilimi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 yapanlara \u00e7ok de\u011ferli malzeme sunmaktad\u0131r. 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