{"id":44277,"date":"2017-03-14T03:11:12","date_gmt":"2017-03-14T08:11:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=44277"},"modified":"2017-03-14T03:11:12","modified_gmt":"2017-03-14T08:11:12","slug":"19-yuzyil-boyunca-osmanlida-ermeni-patrikhanesindeki-krizler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=44277","title":{"rendered":"19. y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca Osmanl\u0131\u2019da Ermeni Patrikhanesi\u2019ndeki krizler"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Osmanl\u0131\u2019da<\/a>Rupen Varjabedyan<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki patrikhane krizleri, Ermeni toplumu i\u00e7in yeni de\u011fil. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda da bir\u00e7ok patrik istifaya zorlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fanan patrikhane krizlerini, bu konuyla yak\u0131ndan ilgilenen G\u00fcney Kaliforniya \u00dcniversitesi \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f Ermeni Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00d6\u011fretim G\u00f6revlisi Richard Edward Antaramian\u2019la konu\u015ftuk.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Uzun bir s\u00fcreden beri T\u00fcrkiye Ermeni toplumunun g\u00fcndemini me\u015fgul eden en \u00f6nemli konu, hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz Patriklik se\u00e7imi. Dokuz y\u0131ld\u0131r yap\u0131lamayan Patriklik se\u00e7imi ekseninde \u00f6zellikle Ba\u015fepiskopos Sahak Ma\u015falyan\u2019\u0131n istifas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan hemen her g\u00fcn yeni geli\u015fmeler ya\u015fan\u0131yor. Son olarak T\u00fcm Ermeniler Katolikosu II. Karekin; Patrik Genel Vekili Aram Ate\u015fyan, Ba\u015fepiskopos Sahak Ma\u015falyan ve Almanya Ermeni Kilisesi Dini Lideri Karekin Bekciyan\u2019\u0131 E\u00e7miadzin\u2019e \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rarak, bir toplant\u0131 d\u00fczenledi. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki patrikhane krizleri, Ermeni toplumu i\u00e7in yeni de\u011fil. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda da bir\u00e7ok patrik istifaya zorlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fanan patrikhane krizlerini, bu konuyla yak\u0131ndan ilgilenen G\u00fcney Kaliforniya \u00dcniversitesi \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f Ermeni Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00d6\u011fretim G\u00f6revlisi Richard Edward Antaramian\u2019la konu\u015ftuk.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu d\u00f6neminde Ermeni Apostolik Kilisesi\u2019yle Bab\u0131ali aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler nas\u0131ld\u0131? Patrikhanenin otorite s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 nas\u0131l tarif edilmekteydi?<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Ermeni Kilisesi ile Bab\u0131ali aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki, birka\u00e7 d\u00fczeyde y\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. \u00d6ncelikle, Ermeni Kilisesi\u2019nin Osmanl\u0131 idaresindeki rol\u00fcn\u00fc anlamak \u00f6nemli. Osmanl\u0131 siyasetinin mezhebe dayal\u0131 bir d\u00fczeni vard\u0131 ve Ermeni Kilisesi ile ruhban s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 iktidar\u0131nda pay sahibiydi; bu pay, cemaatlerinin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lama ve devlete sadakatlerini garantileme yetilerine dayal\u0131yd\u0131. Elbette cemaatin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 sadece manevi de\u011fildi ve bu sayede ruhban s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 sadece sermaye biriktirmekle kalmam\u0131\u015f, ayn\u0131 zamanda da Osmanl\u0131 toplumunda kendisine bir arac\u0131 rol edinmi\u015fti. Bu nedenle kilise, imparatorluk siyasetinin yerle\u015fik bir unsuruydu. \u0130stanbul Patrikhanesi\u2019nin imtiyazlar\u0131n\u0131n 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda nas\u0131l geni\u015fledi\u011fini i\u015fte bu ba\u011flamda de\u011ferlendirmek gerekiyor; Patrikhane, devlet hizmetinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve Patrikhane ile Bab\u0131ali aras\u0131nda bir k\u00f6pr\u00fc kuran Ermeni ku\u015faklar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netildi. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan \u00f6nce, Patrikhane\u2019nin ba\u015fkent d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7ok az otoritesi vard\u0131. Bab\u0131ali\u2019nin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn emperyal b\u00fcrokratikle\u015fme yoluyla geni\u015flemesi bu durumu de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Hem Bab\u0131ali hem de Patrikhane\u2019de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bu Ermeniler sayesinde -mesela Hagop Grjigian, Serovpe Vichenian ve elbette Krikor Odian ve di\u011ferleri- bu iki organ\u0131n geni\u015flemesi tamamen i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. y\u00fczy\u0131lda T\u00fcrkiye Ermenileri Patrikhanesi yaln\u0131zca bir din\u00ee kurum muydu, yoksa sivil\/toplumsal meselelerde bir yetkiye sahip miydi?<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      S\u00f6yledi\u011fim gibi, Patrikhane ve Ermeni Apostolik Kilisesi\u2019nin idari bir rol\u00fc vard\u0131. Bu sayede din adamlar\u0131 ve kilise kurumlar\u0131 (mesela, insanlar\u0131n ruhban s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na dahil olmas\u0131n\u0131n yolu olan manast\u0131rlar), yerel g\u00fc\u00e7 yap\u0131lar\u0131na dahil olmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 bir toplumsal konum edindiler. Osmanl\u0131 iltizam sistemi (Osmanl\u0131 devlet gelirlerinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn belli bir bedel kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda devlet taraf\u0131ndan ki\u015filere devredilerek toplanmas\u0131 y\u00f6ntemi); ruhban s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 vilayetlerin ileri gelenleri, imparatorluk y\u00f6netimi ve \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Ermeni bankerlere ba\u011flayan karma\u015f\u0131k bir ili\u015fkiler a\u011f\u0131 yaratarak bu g\u00fcc\u00fc daha da art\u0131rd\u0131. Ermeni Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (1860 ve 1863) getirilmesini bu denli tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 k\u0131lan da buydu. Anayasa, kontrol\u00fc manast\u0131rlardan al\u0131p Patrikhane\u2019nin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc vilayetlere da\u011f\u0131tan bir piskoposluk sistemi yaratt\u0131. Bu sistemin ger\u00e7ekten hayata ge\u00e7mesi, hem M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar hem de gayrim\u00fcslimler i\u00e7in vilayetlerdeki toplumsal ve siyasi g\u00fcc\u00fc olu\u015fturan ili\u015fkilerin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 tehlikesini do\u011furdu. Tarih\u00e7iler devletin merkezile\u015ftirilmesini Tanzimat d\u00f6neminin alametifarikas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. Burada g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz ki Patrikhane bu politikan\u0131n ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

      T\u00fcrkiye Ermeni toplumu, siyasi iradesini ifade etmek i\u00e7in ge\u00e7mi\u015fte ne t\u00fcr ara\u00e7lara sahipti?<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u0130mparatorluk reformu, insanlar\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 idaresine m\u00fcdahil olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak platformlar olu\u015fturma amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yordu. Ermeni Anayasas\u0131 sayesinde Ermeni toplumu, kendi piskoposlar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan se\u00e7me g\u00fcc\u00fcne kavu\u015ftu. Bunun kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda da piskoposlar, halk\u0131 hem \u0130stanbul Patrikhanesi hem de yerel y\u00f6netim veya meclis kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda temsil etme hakk\u0131na sahip oldu. Teoride bu sistem, bir k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn Ermeni Kilisesi\u2019nin yap\u0131s\u0131 yoluyla ba\u015fvekile do\u011frudan \u015fik\u00e2yet veya \u00f6nerilerde bulunabilece\u011fi bir mekanizma yarat\u0131yordu. Elbette Ermeni Anayasas\u0131 ulusal bir meclis de getirmi\u015fti; bu meclis sayesinde her biri Ermeni toplumundan se\u00e7ilen temsilciler, halk\u0131n kayg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 dile getirme f\u0131rsat\u0131na sahipti. Tabii uygulama her zaman bu \u015fekilde olmad\u0131 ve Ermeniler \u00e7o\u011fu zaman, \u00f6zellikle de yerli din adamlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda \u015fik\u00e2yette bulunmak istediklerinde, kayg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 dile getirmek i\u00e7in ba\u015fka yollar aramak zorunda kald\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 devleti Patrikhane\u2019nin ve ulusal meclisin \u00f6nerilerini gitgide daha \u00e7ok g\u00f6rmezden gelmeye ba\u015flay\u0131nca, vilayetlerdeki Ermeniler onlar\u0131n ad\u0131na kayg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 yetkililere iletmeleri i\u00e7in Anadolu\u2019daki Avrupal\u0131 konsoloslar\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131na ba\u015fvurmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

      Toplumsal meselelerde amiralar\u0131n rolleri nelerdi? Patrikhaneye, Ermeni toplumuna ve Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na ne gibi etkileri vard\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u00d6ncelikle amira derken neyi kastetti\u011fimizi netle\u015ftirmemiz laz\u0131m. Bu terim \u0130stanbullu toplumsal akt\u00f6rlere i\u015faret eden \u00f6zel bir kategori olsa da, bu insanlar imparatorluk i\u00e7indeki geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 sayesinde Patrikhane ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda n\u00fcfuz sahibi olmu\u015flard\u0131. Hagop Barsoumian\u2019in yak\u0131n zamanda kitap olarak bas\u0131lan tezinde tarif etti\u011fi gibi, amiralar iki gruptan olu\u015fuyordu: sarraflar ve teknokratlar. Bu gruplar, \u00f6zellikle de sarraflar, kendilerini imparatorluk \u00e7ap\u0131nda a\u011flara yerle\u015ftirmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131lar; bu sayede Ermeni kurumlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde ve bu kurumlar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla da imparatorluk idaresinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kontrole sahip oldular. Stratejik bir \u015fekilde da\u011f\u0131tt\u0131klar\u0131 bor\u00e7lardan b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00e2r elde ederek ve vergi toplama uygulamas\u0131 ile biriktirdikleri sermayeyi devletin ve toplumun her seviyesinde ba\u011flant\u0131lar kurmak i\u00e7in kullanarak, iltizam sisteminden b\u00fcy\u00fck fayda sa\u011flad\u0131lar. Bu a\u011flar\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7irmek, patri\u011fin \u00fczerinde \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bask\u0131 olu\u015fturabilirdi. Patrik ve daha da \u00f6nemlisi di\u011fer kilise kurumlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde kontrole sahip olmak, bu gruplara ba\u015fkent d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki Ermenilerin cemaat ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edebilecekleri ara\u00e7lar sa\u011flad\u0131. Bu teknikler sayesinde, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin, zanaatk\u00e2rlar\u0131n ve merkezi devletin aleyhine olacak \u015fekilde kalbur\u00fcst\u00fc vilayet akt\u00f6rlerini (tefecileri, t\u00fcccarlar\u0131 ve din adamlar\u0131n\u0131) \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karma f\u0131rsat\u0131na sahip oldular. Ancak zamanla, Protestanl\u0131k, reform, iltizam sisteminin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi bir dizi farkl\u0131 ama muhtemelen birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 engel amiralar\u0131n kendilerine bi\u00e7tikleri ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131 zora soktu.<\/p>\n

      Vilayetteki baz\u0131 din adamlar\u0131 din de\u011fi\u015ftirme tehdidinde bulunmu\u015ftu<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte Ermeni Patrikhanesi ne gibi krizler ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r? Tarihte, istifa etmi\u015f, istifaya zorlanm\u0131\u015f veya destekledi\u011fi aday\u0131n katolikos se\u00e7ilmemesi durumunda \u0130slam dinine ge\u00e7mekle tehdit etmi\u015f patriklerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz. Bu konuda neler s\u00f6yleyebilirsiniz?<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Patrikhane, var oldu\u011fu s\u00fcre boyunca \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00e7eki\u015fmeyle sars\u0131ld\u0131. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re, din de\u011fi\u015ftirme tehdidi (Katoliklik, Protestanl\u0131k veya \u0130slam\u2019\u0131 se\u00e7me) \u0130stanbul patri\u011finden ziyade vilayetteki din adamlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. Patrikler de halef krizleri veya siyasi entrikalarla me\u015fguld\u00fc. Mesela Abd\u00fclhamit,\u00a0 Nerses Varjabedyan\u2019\u0131n istifa etmesini bir\u00e7ok kez engelledi; anayasa fikrinden nefret eden Kevork Keresteciyan, anayasan\u0131n ask\u0131ya al\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in entrikalar \u00e7evirerek bunu 1862\u2019de ba\u015fard\u0131; Keresteciyan, E\u00e7miadzin Katolikosu olduktan sonra,\u00a0 Mkrtich Khrimian\u2019\u0131n patrikli\u011finin me\u015fruiyetinin alt\u0131n\u0131 oymak i\u00e7in kiliseye dair bir dizi sorun \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131;\u00a0 Ignatios Kakmaciyan tahta \u00e7\u0131kamadan \u00f6ld\u00fc; amiralar, Matteos \u00c7uhac\u0131yan\u2019\u0131 istifaya zorlamak i\u00e7in bir skandal d\u00fczenledi ve Matteos \u0130zmirliyan herkesin \u00f6n\u00fcnde Abd\u00fclhamit\u2019e sayg\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k etti.<\/p>\n

      Ne var ki daha b\u00fcy\u00fck ve \u00f6nemli krizler herhangi bir patri\u011fin \u015fahs\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildi. Bu krizler daha ziyade kiliseyle dair \u00e7eki\u015fmeler etraf\u0131nda d\u00f6n\u00fcyordu. Mesela 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca hem Kilikya hem de Akhtamar, Patrikhane\u2019nin otoritesini k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsedi.\u00a0 Mkrtich Kefsizyan\u2019\u0131n Katolikos oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde Kilikya, Bab\u0131ali\u2019yi ikinci bir Ermeni milleti yaratabilmek \u00fczere kendilerine bir berat vermeye bir anl\u0131\u011f\u0131na da olsa ikna etmi\u015fti. Akhtamar Katolikosu Ha\u00e7adur Shiroian\u2019\u0131n, halefi\u00a0Bedros B\u00fclb\u00fcl\u2019\u00fcn \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinde parma\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu \u015f\u00fcphesi, Patrikhane y\u00f6netiminin ve imparatorluk idaresinin yeterlili\u011fine dair soru i\u015faretleri do\u011furdu. Benzer \u015fekilde Kud\u00fcs de \u0130stanbul\u2019un ge\u00e7ici ba\u015fpiskoposluk iddias\u0131n\u0131 reddetti. Bu t\u00fcrden krizlerin, millete anlam veren temel yap\u0131lar\u0131 y\u0131karak Patrikhane\u2019yi da\u011f\u0131tma ihtimali \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc.<\/p>\n

      http:\/\/www.agos.com.tr\/tr\/yazi\/17895\/19-yuzyil-boyunca-osmanlida-ermeni-patrikhanesindeki-krizler<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Rupen Varjabedyan\u00a0 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki patrikhane krizleri, Ermeni toplumu i\u00e7in yeni de\u011fil. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda da bir\u00e7ok patrik istifaya zorlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fanan patrikhane krizlerini, bu konuyla yak\u0131ndan ilgilenen G\u00fcney Kaliforniya \u00dcniversitesi \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f Ermeni Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00d6\u011fretim G\u00f6revlisi Richard Edward Antaramian\u2019la konu\u015ftuk. Uzun bir s\u00fcreden beri T\u00fcrkiye Ermeni toplumunun g\u00fcndemini me\u015fgul eden en \u00f6nemli konu, hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz Patriklik […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":44278,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,71,20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-44277","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler","category-mulakatlar","category-tarih-sayfalari"],"yoast_head":"\n19. y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca Osmanl\u0131\u2019da Ermeni Patrikhanesi\u2019ndeki krizler - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=44277\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"19. y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca Osmanl\u0131\u2019da Ermeni Patrikhanesi\u2019ndeki krizler - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Rupen Varjabedyan\u00a0 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki patrikhane krizleri, Ermeni toplumu i\u00e7in yeni de\u011fil. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda da bir\u00e7ok patrik istifaya zorlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fanan patrikhane krizlerini, bu konuyla yak\u0131ndan ilgilenen G\u00fcney Kaliforniya \u00dcniversitesi \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f Ermeni Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00d6\u011fretim G\u00f6revlisi Richard Edward Antaramian\u2019la konu\u015ftuk. 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