{"id":42931,"date":"2016-12-03T06:44:23","date_gmt":"2016-12-03T11:44:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=42931"},"modified":"2016-12-03T06:44:23","modified_gmt":"2016-12-03T11:44:23","slug":"pontusun-kripto-hristiyan-rumlari-islam-ve-hiristiyanlik-arasinda","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=42931","title":{"rendered":"Pontus\u2019un kripto-hristiyan Rumlar\u0131, \u0130slam ve H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k aras\u0131nda"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"%d5%ba%d5%b8%d5%b6%d5%bf%d5%b8%d5%bd\"<\/a>\u00a0Zeynep T\u00fcrky\u0131lmaz<\/strong><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 tarih uzman\u0131<\/em><\/strong>
\n<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Karadeniz<\/em><\/strong> B<\/em><\/strong>\u00f6<\/em><\/strong>lgesi<\/em><\/strong>\u2019<\/em><\/strong>ndeki<\/em><\/strong> M<\/em><\/strong>\u00fc<\/em><\/strong>sl<\/em><\/strong>\u00fc<\/em><\/strong>man<\/em><\/strong> Ermeniler<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em><\/strong>Hem<\/em><\/strong>\u015f<\/em><\/strong>inliler<\/em><\/strong>\u2019<\/em><\/strong>in<\/em><\/strong> durumu<\/em><\/strong> giderek<\/em><\/strong> daha<\/em><\/strong> iyi<\/em><\/strong> biliniyor<\/em><\/strong> olsa<\/em><\/strong> da<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em><\/strong>T<\/em><\/strong>\u00fc<\/em><\/strong>rkiye<\/em><\/strong>\u2019<\/em><\/strong>deki<\/em><\/strong> Rumlar<\/em><\/strong>\u0131<\/em><\/strong>n<\/em><\/strong> durumu<\/em><\/strong> tersine<\/em><\/strong> bilinmiyor<\/em><\/strong> ya<\/em><\/strong> da<\/em><\/strong> tabu<\/em><\/strong>. <\/em><\/strong>T<\/em><\/strong>\u00fc<\/em><\/strong>rkiye<\/em><\/strong>\u2019<\/em><\/strong>de<\/em><\/strong> Rum<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em><\/strong>Yunanistan<\/em><\/strong>\u2019<\/em><\/strong>da<\/em><\/strong> Osmanl<\/em><\/strong>\u0131 <\/em><\/strong>Rumu<\/em><\/strong> olarak<\/em><\/strong> an<\/em><\/strong>\u0131<\/em><\/strong>lan<\/em><\/strong> Bizans<\/em><\/strong> \u0130<\/em><\/strong>mparatorlu<\/em><\/strong>\u011f<\/em><\/strong>u<\/em><\/strong>\u2019<\/em><\/strong>nun<\/em><\/strong> varisleri<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em><\/strong>Yunanistan<\/em><\/strong> ile<\/em><\/strong> ger<\/em><\/strong>\u00e7<\/em><\/strong>ekle<\/em><\/strong>\u015f<\/em><\/strong>tirilen<\/em><\/strong> ve<\/em><\/strong> iki<\/em><\/strong> \u00fc<\/em><\/strong>lke<\/em><\/strong> aras<\/em><\/strong>\u0131<\/em><\/strong>ndaki<\/em><\/strong> sava<\/em><\/strong>\u015f<\/em><\/strong>a<\/em><\/strong> son<\/em><\/strong> vereren<\/em><\/strong> m<\/em><\/strong>\u00fc<\/em><\/strong>badele<\/em><\/strong> operasyonu<\/em><\/strong> sonucunda<\/em><\/strong> s<\/em><\/strong>\u0131<\/em><\/strong>n<\/em><\/strong>\u0131<\/em><\/strong>rd<\/em><\/strong>\u0131\u015f\u0131 <\/em><\/strong>edildiler<\/em><\/strong>. <\/em><\/strong>Milletler<\/em><\/strong> Cemiyeti<\/em><\/strong>\u2019<\/em><\/strong>nin<\/em><\/strong> de<\/em><\/strong> deste<\/em><\/strong>\u011f<\/em><\/strong>i<\/em><\/strong> ile<\/em><\/strong> dini<\/em><\/strong> aidiyet<\/em><\/strong> temelli<\/em><\/strong> bu<\/em><\/strong> b<\/em><\/strong>\u00fc<\/em><\/strong>y<\/em><\/strong>\u00fc<\/em><\/strong>k<\/em><\/strong> etnik<\/em><\/strong> temizlikten<\/em><\/strong> etkilenmeyen<\/em><\/strong> bir<\/em><\/strong> tek<\/em><\/strong> gen<\/em><\/strong>\u00e7 <\/em><\/strong>T<\/em><\/strong>\u00fc<\/em><\/strong>rkiye<\/em><\/strong> Cumhuriyeti<\/em><\/strong> topraklar<\/em><\/strong>\u0131<\/em><\/strong>nda<\/em><\/strong> kalmalar<\/em><\/strong>\u0131<\/em><\/strong>na<\/em><\/strong> izin<\/em><\/strong> verilen<\/em><\/strong> \u0130<\/em><\/strong>stanbul<\/em><\/strong> Rumlar<\/em><\/strong>\u0131 <\/em><\/strong>ile<\/em><\/strong> G<\/em><\/strong>\u00f6<\/em><\/strong>k<\/em><\/strong>\u00e7<\/em><\/strong>eada<\/em><\/strong> ve<\/em><\/strong> Bozcaada<\/em><\/strong> Rumlar<\/em><\/strong>\u0131 <\/em><\/strong>oldu<\/em><\/strong>.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Anadolu<\/em><\/strong>\u2019<\/em><\/strong>nun<\/em><\/strong> Yunanca<\/em><\/strong> konu<\/em><\/strong>\u015f<\/em><\/strong>an<\/em><\/strong> halklar<\/em><\/strong>\u0131<\/em><\/strong>n<\/em><\/strong>\u0131<\/em><\/strong>n<\/em><\/strong> kan<\/em><\/strong> dondurucu<\/em><\/strong> hikayeleri<\/em><\/strong> var<\/em><\/strong>. <\/em><\/strong>Karadeniz<\/em><\/strong>\u2019<\/em><\/strong>de<\/em><\/strong> kripto<\/em><\/strong>–<\/em><\/strong>h<\/em><\/strong>\u0131<\/em><\/strong>ristiyan<\/em><\/strong> Rumlar<\/em><\/strong>\u0131 <\/em><\/strong>denilen<\/em><\/strong> halk<\/em><\/strong> i<\/em><\/strong>\u00e7<\/em><\/strong>in<\/em><\/strong> s<\/em><\/strong>\u00f6<\/em><\/strong>z<\/em><\/strong> konusu<\/em><\/strong> bu<\/em><\/strong> durum<\/em><\/strong>. <\/em><\/strong>Trabzon ve G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane b\u00f6lgesindeki Yunanca konu\u015fan bu halklar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde y\u00fczeysel olarak islamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015flarsa da k\u0131smen aleni bir bi\u00e7imde ortodoks dinlerinin ibadetini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Tarih\u00e7i Zeynep T\u00fcrky\u0131lmaz G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda Kurum Vadisi\u2019ndeki madencilerin vakas\u0131 ile yak\u0131ndan ilgilenmi\u015ftir. Rumca konu\u015fan bu M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortas\u0131nda toplu olarak H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6nme karar\u0131 ald\u0131lar. \u0130slam ve H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k aras\u0131nda kalan bu halklar\u0131n \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 tarihi, Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde dini aidiyetlerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kadar ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

<\/em><\/strong>\u0130slamla\u015f(t\u0131r\u0131l)m\u0131\u015f Rum toplulu\u011fu hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u015fey bilinmiyor, ger\u00e7ekten \u00f6yle bir topluluk var m\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7ekten \u00f6yle bir topluluk var. Ama \u201c\u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Rum\u201d derken bir \u00e7ok \u015feyden s\u00f6z ediyoruz t\u0131pk\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Ermeniler gibi. Tek bir grup, deneyim ya da zaman dilimi yok. Meseleye 15. yy\u2019dan ba\u015flayarak\u00a0 Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun farkl\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerinden bakarsak \u00e7ok par\u00e7al\u0131 ve katmanl\u0131 bir manzara \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za. Ama soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u00a0 ve tekle\u015fme sonras\u0131nda geriye d\u00f6n\u00fcp yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman b\u00fct\u00fcn bu hik\u00e2yeler sanki\u00a0 tek kaynakl\u0131, sebepli ve tek merkezle y\u00f6netilen benzer deneyimlermi\u015f gibi alg\u0131lan\u0131yor. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fma deneyiminden ge\u00e7enlerden hi\u00e7 birinin irad\u0131 tercihleri yokmu\u015f gibi alg\u0131lan\u0131yor. \u00d6zellikle benim \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Rumlar \u00e7ift-dinli diye de adland\u0131r\u0131lanlardan. Bu insanlar\u0131n varl\u0131klar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda 1830\u2019lardan itibaren gezginlerin ve misyonerlerin \u00e7e\u015fitli notlar\u0131ndan haberdar oluyoruz. Kurumlu olarak bahsettikleri bu gruplar\u0131n G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane ile Trabzon aras\u0131ndaki maden b\u00f6lgelerinde ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyorlar. Ben Kurumlular\u0131n hikayesini 1857\u2019de tekrardan Hristiyanl\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6nme taleplerini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131klar\u0131 noktadan\u00a0 ba\u015flat\u0131p, imparatorlu\u011fun sonuna kadar takip ediyorum. Bu da M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fma, ancak beraberinde bir t\u00fcr Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ona d\u00f6nme deneyimi de bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131yor. Bir de \u00e7ift din ta\u015f\u0131may\u0131p da 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ba\u015flayan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fmas\u0131yla birlikte dili koruyan ama dini uzun s\u00fcre\u00e7te kaybeden Hristiyan Rumlar var. \u00c7ok ilgin\u00e7 bir \u015fekilde \u00e7ift dinli olanlar, hem Hristiyan hem de M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fm\u0131s Rumlarla\u00a0 y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyu yan yana ya\u015fayabilmi\u015fler. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda artan \u015fiddet politikalar\u0131yla birlikte zorlamayla olu\u015fan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fma\u015ft\u0131rma pratiklerini daha net g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. 1918\u2019den sonras\u0131nda da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ve bug\u00fcn\u00fcn korkular\u0131n\u0131 en taze tutan bir \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Rum kesimi de var.<\/p>\n

O iki gruptan s\u00f6z edebiliyor muyuz?\u00a0 (hangi gruptan? 1918 sonras\u0131 m\u0131- )<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu gruplara dair s\u00f6ylentiler olsa da\u00a0 net olarak bilemiyoruz\u2026. Kendilerini ifade etme imkan\u0131 verilene kadar da bilemeyece\u011fiz muhtemelen.<\/p>\n

Neden bilmiyoruz, \u00e7ok mu fazla asimile oldular? Mesela Hem\u015finlilerden s\u00f6z ederken sadece tarihi ger\u00e7ek diyenler olsa bile konu\u015fulan bir mesele, ya da \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Ermeniler\u2026 Rumlar neden bilinmiyor? Neden \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Rumlar deyince insanlar\u0131n ilk tepkisi \u201cvar m\u0131 \u00f6yle bir \u015fey oluyor\u201d?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda Hem\u015finliler hakk\u0131nda konu\u015fulmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131 da \u00e7ok yeni ama Rum meselesinde \u00e7ok belirleyici olan bir ger\u00e7ek var; o da m\u00fcbadele \u2026 Ermeniler s\u00f6z konusu\u00a0 olunca soyk\u0131r\u0131m deneyimi var, bu tabi ki \u00e7ok travmatik, hem y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 ve\u00a0 hem de kurucu bir \u015fey, ancak hukuki olarak Ermeni olan\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcns\u00fczle\u015ftirmiyor\u2026ama m\u00fcbadelede Rum olan\u0131n veya H\u0131ristiyan oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klayan\u0131n art\u0131k bu topraklarda kalamayaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen bir uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme var. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bir s\u00fcr\u00fc insan, ya\u015famlar\u0131yla bilinmez bir\u00a0 gelecek aras\u0131nda tercih yapmak zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131nda muhtemelen m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015f\u0131p kalmay\u0131 se\u00e7tiler, bu duruma da orada ya\u015fayan herkes taraf\u0131ndan bilinen bir s\u0131r diyebiliriz. K\u00f6ken kelimesini \u00e7ok problemli buluyorum ama bu \u00f6rnekte \u00f6zellikle kullan\u0131yorum.\u00a0 Zira Of, \u00c7aykara, Ma\u00e7ka ve Tonya gibi bir s\u00fcr\u00fc yerde Rumca konu\u015fan k\u00f6yler var, ve orada ya\u015fayan insanlar bir s\u00fcr\u00fc ba\u015fka kimlikleri benimsemi\u015f olsalar da, tarihin izleri t\u00fcmden silinmek istese de Rumcan\u0131n orda olmas\u0131, a\u00e7\u0131klanmaya muhta\u00e7 bir durum olarak ortada duruyor. Ancak \u00e7ift dinli denilenler \u00e7ok farkl\u0131. Polemik olarak kullan\u0131lan \u2018g\u00fcnd\u00fcz imam, gece papaz\u2019\u00a0 s\u00f6z\u00fc ger\u00e7ekten var. Tarihsel olarak bu durum mevcut ve Osmanl\u0131 belgelerinde de g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n

\u015eu anda b\u00f6yle bir \u015fey var m\u0131? Bunu bilmek \u00e7ok zor. Ayn\u0131 zamanda evet var ve saklan\u0131yorlar demek, bu siyasi ortamda, bu insanlar\u0131 hedef haline getirebilecek, onlara zarar verecek bir \u015fey oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 zamanda, bilinmezlik hali endi\u015feyi besleyen kaynak. Bir k\u0131sm\u0131 t\u00fcmden M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, T\u00fcrkle\u015fmi\u015f, ba\u015fka bir k\u0131s\u0131m muhtemelen tarihin fark\u0131nda ve bunun ne manaya geldi\u011fini biz asla bilmiyoruz. Birbirinden \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 deneyimler oldu\u011funu, her deneyimin kendi ko\u015fullar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fini anlamam\u0131z laz\u0131m. Ve bu kimliklere bir politik misyon da y\u00fcklememek gerekt\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n

Korkudan saklanmak Ermenilere de has bir durumdu ama son y\u0131llarda yava\u015f yava\u015f k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor.\u00a0 Rumlar\u0131n e\u011fer hala varsa ve Trabzon yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda ya\u015f\u0131yorlarsa co\u011frafyada mevcut bask\u0131lardan dolay\u0131 sakland\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn m\u00fc?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tabii\u00a0 tek t\u00fck\u00a0 Hristiyanla\u015fma \u00f6rnekleri duyuyoruz ama yine de alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izelim var olup olmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 net bilmiyoruz. Kim ne kadar d\u00f6nd\u00fc ve d\u00f6nmedilerse acaba tekrar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacaklar m\u0131\u2026 bu korkunun beslenmemesi laz\u0131m. Bunun yerine oradaki insanlara tekrar kendilerini rahat\u00e7a ifade edip ya\u015fayabilecekleri bir ortam yaratmak, kendi kimliklerini tayin i\u00e7in alan a\u00e7mak gerekiyor. Ama bug\u00fcn Trabzon milliyet\u00e7ilik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131nda en zor yerlerden bir tanesi\u2026 Ancak belli bir aidiyeti ispata mecbur hissettiren yerlerden bir tanesi\u2026<\/p>\n

Ben tezimde daha \u00e7ok 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki din de\u011fi\u015ftirme endi\u015fesi \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m ve tam olarak \u015funu g\u00f6rd\u00fcm; 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Balkanlarda oldu\u011fu gibi bir \u0130slamla\u015fma dalgas\u0131 var, ve bu Balkanlar\u0131 ve Anadolu\u2019yu uzun s\u00fcrece yay\u0131larak m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor ancak 1850\u2019lerde bir grup insan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p asl\u0131na Hristiyan\u2019\u0131m diyor\u2026 Bir k\u00f6yden, ya da bir ka\u00e7 ki\u015fiden s\u00f6z etmiyoruz burada yirmi bin insan\u0131n birden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu. Bu Osmanl\u0131 devleti nezdinde ciddi bir endi\u015fe yuma\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015f ve Cumhuriyet\u2019e de aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Bu insanlar kendilerini nas\u0131l tan\u0131ml\u0131yorlar?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yine 19.\u00a0 y\u00fczy\u0131la gidece\u011fim\u2026 Benim \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m Rumlardan s\u00f6z ederken inan\u0131lmaz direngen bir gruptan bahsediyorum \u2013 \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek rak\u0131mlarda ya\u015fayan madenciler. 1857\u2019de bir deklarasyon yap\u0131yorlar ve bu noktada \u015funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyorsunuz; bu insanlar iddia edildi\u011fi gibi bir kimli\u011fi b\u0131rak\u0131p di\u011ferine ge\u00e7miyorlar. Osmanl\u0131 belgelerde g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi \u015f\u00f6yle itiraflar var \u2018bu\u00e7uk M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131k diye bir \u015fey \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, bunlar Cuma g\u00fcn\u00fc camiye, Pazar g\u00fcn\u00fc kiliseye gidiyorlar\u2019. Bu durum bug\u00fcnk\u00fc kimlik alg\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ne kadar sterille\u015fmi\u015f, tek tiple\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

Mesela Hem\u015finliler bug\u00fcn kendilerini T\u00fcrk olarak tan\u0131ml\u0131yorlar\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eu anda \u00f6yle,\u00a0 biz onlar\u0131n hik\u00e2yelerini 150 y\u0131l sonradan bak\u0131yoruz ve elimizde kalan tek se\u00e7enek o. Zira iki kimlik aras\u0131nda kalmak onlar\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fanmaz hale sokmu\u015f. Bu t\u00fcr gruplara bakman\u0131n en zihin a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131 tam da bu: ba\u015fka ne t\u00fcr varolu\u015f bi\u00e7imleri m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fc, nas\u0131l s\u00fcre\u00e7lerden ge\u00e7ildi ki art\u0131k bunlar ihtimal d\u0131\u015f\u0131 hale geldi, size anlat\u0131yor. Hem\u015finli, Kurumlu ya da\u00a0Istavri gibi gruplar,\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>birbirinden ayr\u0131 tutulan kimlik kategorilerini\u00a0 birbirine kat\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p kendilerine yeni kimlik alanlar\u0131\u00a0 a\u00e7an gruplar. Kimi zaman politik kimi zaman ekonomik sebeplerle bu insanlar tercih yapmak zorunda kald\u0131lar. O y\u00fczden kimlik zenginlikleri \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcrede g\u00f6rd\u00fck. Sonra tekrardan tek tiple\u015fmeye maruz kald\u0131lar\u2026<\/p>\n

Dil \u00f6zellikleri var m\u0131yd\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rumca konu\u015fuyorlard\u0131. Muhtemelen T\u00fcrk\u00e7e de biliyorlard\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc maden b\u00f6lgeleri a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kla Rumlar\u0131n oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerdi ve G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane metropolitli\u011fi asl\u0131nda ayn\u0131 zamanda Rum madencilere has bir metropolitlikti ve o madenler kapand\u0131ktan sonra oradaki insanlar \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelere da\u011f\u0131l\u0131yorlar, ve Yozgat\u2019taki Akda\u011f madeni\u00a0 de\u00a0 gittikleri yerlerden bir tanesi. Mesela onlar\u0131n net olarak T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015ftuklar\u0131n\u0131 biliyoruz. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla din ile dil kimlik olarak \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fm\u00fcyor ya da bir birini k\u0131s\u0131tlam\u0131yor. Rumca konu\u015fan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar veya \u00e7ift dinliler var\u2026 \u0130lgin\u00e7 bir \u015fekilde hem Trabzon\u2019da hem Akda\u011f Madeninde mesela Rumca konu\u015fmak hemen bir dini kimli\u011fe i\u015faret etmiyor.<\/p>\n

En \u00e7ok G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane\u2019den s\u00f6z ettiniz, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak orada m\u0131 ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7ift dinli olanlar daha \u00e7ok G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane, Ma\u00e7ka ve Torul b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015f\u0131yorlar\u2026M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olanlar ise \u00e7ok daha geni\u015f bir co\u011frafya kaps\u0131yorlar; \u00c7aykara, Of, S\u00fcrmene\u2026<\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda bunlar \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f konular de\u011fil ve detayl\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 laz\u0131m. O b\u00f6lgelerin 15. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar Pontus \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fman\u0131n izini Osmanl\u0131 ar\u015fiv belgeleriyle \u00e7ok daha net s\u00fcrebiliriz diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum\u2026<\/p>\n

Bu insanlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda konu\u015fmak politik sorunlar yaratabilir, onlar\u0131 daha k\u0131r\u0131lgan hale getirir dediniz. Ama di\u011fer yandan bu insanlar hakk\u0131nda hi\u00e7 bir \u015fey bilmemek ciddi bir a\u00e7\u0131k de\u011fil midir? Al\u0131nan izlenime g\u00f6re Rum cemaati bile konuyu derinden ara\u015ft\u0131rma niyetinde de\u011fil\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. y\u00fczy\u0131la geri d\u00f6nersek bence Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun en direngen gruplar\u0131ndan birileri, \u00e7ok organizeler ve talepleri net. Madencilikten gelen birlikte hareket etme, talep etme\u00a0 \u00f6zellikleri. \u0130nan\u0131lmaz etkileyici bir grup diyebilirim\u2026 150 y\u0131l sonra belgeleri okurken \u00e7ok siyasi bir \u015fey talep ettiklerini ama ayn\u0131 zamanda bunu \u00e7ok net yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Cumhuriyet sonras\u0131 \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 bir hik\u00e2ye. Rum ve Ermeni deneyimleri farkl\u0131la\u015f\u0131yor. M\u00fcbadeleden sonra T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kalan Rumlar \u0130stanbul ve iki adayla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131, ve bunlar da Yunanistan\u2019daki M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara bir denklik m\u00fctekabiliyet te\u015fkil ediyor. Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde bu b\u00f6lgeyle \u00f6rne\u011fin \u0130stanbul Rumlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda zaten farkl\u0131l\u0131klar vard\u0131. M\u00fcbadeleyle yarat\u0131lan kopukluk \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fcyor. Ama \u015f\u00f6yle bir ger\u00e7ek de var, kopar\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 topraklarla en \u00e7ok ba\u011f kuran, kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan hatta geride kalan akrabalar\u0131n\u0131 bulmak i\u00e7in Yunanistan\u2019dan gelenler Trabzon- G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane b\u00f6lgesinden olagelmi\u015ftir. \u0130lgin\u00e7tir, \u00e7ok yak\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fe kadar M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f Rumlar mevzusuna hem Yunan h\u00fck\u00fcmeti mesafeliydi hem de di\u011fer gruplar ilgisizdi. Belki Pontus Rumlar\u0131ndan \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in belki de onlar\u0131n\u00a0 ba\u015f\u0131na gelenleri bilmedikleri i\u00e7in.<\/p>\n

    Sadece\u00a0 bahsetti\u011fim aidiyet meselesiyle de de\u011fil, siyasi kimlik olu\u015fumlar\u0131 da \u00e7ok ayr\u0131k. Mesela Pontuslu Rumlar\u0131n bir \u2018tehcir\u2019 deneyimi var, ve bunu \u00e7o\u011fu Soyk\u0131r\u0131m olarak nitelendiriyorlar. Ermeni sorunu \u00fczerine tart\u0131\u015fmalarlarla ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 sormu\u015ftunuz; asl\u0131nda baya\u011f\u0131 farkl\u0131 dinamiklerle i\u015fleyen iki s\u00fcre\u00e7 ancak benziyen \u015f\u00f6yle bir\u00a0 y\u00f6n var, kendi felaketlerini anlamaya, kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken Ermeniler \u00e7ok uzun s\u00fcre Holokost deneyimiyle k\u0131yaslayarak tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar,\u00a0 bug\u00fcn ise Pontuslu Rumlar kendi deneyimlerini Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerinden de\u011ferlendiriyorlar. \u015euanda bulundu\u011fumuz nokta budur\u2026 Ama yava\u015f yava\u015f ba\u015fka y\u00f6relerden Rumlar da, Pontus Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 denilince, siz bizim deneyimlerimizi g\u00f6z ard\u0131 ediyorsunuz diyorlar. Bu da yeni….<\/p>\n

    O d\u00f6nemin Rum milliyet\u00e7ileri nas\u0131l bir tutum sergilediler?<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Yunan milliyet\u00e7ilerini ilk tepkileri, milletine sad\u0131k \u2018kalamam\u0131s\u0327\u2019 ve dinini \u2018terk etmis\u0327\u2019 olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri bu toplulug\u0306u pragmatizm ve f\u0131rsat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kla su\u00e7lamak ve ilgiye deg\u0306er bulmamak oldu. Yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l bas\u0327lar\u0131n\u0131n Yunan milliyet\u00e7ileri ise, aksine, Kurumlular\u0131 ve dig\u0306er gizli H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin b\u00fct\u00fcn zulm\u00fcne rag\u0306men \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc korumay\u0131 bas\u0327arm\u0131s\u0327 kurbanlar olarak kurgulad\u0131lar. Fakat bu milliyet\u00e7i anlat\u0131lar, siyasi retorikleri beslemekle beraber, maalesef, olgunun kendisini anlamam\u0131za hi\u00e7bir katk\u0131 sunmuyor.<\/p>\n

    Farkl\u0131 yakla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n sebebi nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Konjonkt\u00fcrel olarak\u00a0 hem siyasi ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 hem de kimlik alg\u0131lar\u0131nda olu\u015fan de\u011fi\u015fimler diyebiliriz k\u0131saca.\u00a0 Bu de\u011fi\u015fimin benzerlerini \u015fimdi de g\u00f6zlemliyoruz asl\u0131nda. Yani Hem\u015finlilerin daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir Ermenili\u011fe ihtidas\u0131, ya da 1915te M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015flar\u0131n Ermeni olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yap\u0131lma bi\u00e7imi \u00fczerinden de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebiliriz. Zaman, ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki deneyimin ne oldu\u011funu de\u011fi\u015ftirmiyor, ama etraf\u0131nda \u00f6r\u00fclen anlat\u0131 ve \u00e7er\u00e7eve, nas\u0131l alg\u0131lanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftiriyor.<\/p>\n

    Politik ama \u00e7ok net talepleri vard\u0131 dediniz, ne t\u00fcr taleplerden s\u00f6z ediyoruz?<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Bir kere kimlik talepleri vard\u0131. Hristiyan olduklar\u0131n\u0131 dile getirip, nedeni hi\u00e7 s\u00f6ylemeden, genelde k\u0131saca baz\u0131 sebeplerden dolay\u0131\u00a0 deyip, \u2018zahiren M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ama b\u00e2tinen biz zaten Hristiyan\u2019d\u0131k ve\u00a0 art\u0131k o \u00f6rt\u00fcy\u00fc \u00fcst\u00fcm\u00fczden at\u0131p H\u0131ristiyan kimlikle ya\u015famak istiyoruz\u2019 diyerek dile getiriyorlar. Bunu \u0131srarla talep ediyorlar. Bunun kendisi \u00e7ok ciddi bir siyasi talep. Bununla beraber di\u011fer baz\u0131 hak talepleri de var, ibadete dair. Bask\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131nda da ses \u00e7\u0131karmaktan \u00e7ekinmiyorlar, mesela cenazelerine devlet g\u00f6revlileri taraf\u0131ndan el konulmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koyuyorlar. Hristiyan adetlerine g\u00f6re ve Rum mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda defnetmek i\u00e7in ciddi m\u00fccadele ediyorlar.<\/p>\n

    Asimilasyondan s\u00f6z edecek olursak sadece dini mi kapsar? Rumcay\u0131, Rum k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ya\u015fatabildiklerini s\u00f6yleyebilir miyiz?<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Asl\u0131nda asimilasyon bu kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ilerlemesi \u00e7ok yak\u0131n d\u00f6nem hik\u00e2yesi. Bu iki kimli\u011fin yan yana var olabilmesi tercihe dayal\u0131 bir durum oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. O tercihleri\u00a0 hangi \u015fartlarla yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 hen\u00fcz bilmiyoruz ve \u00e7ok yak\u0131ndan bakmak laz\u0131m. Tarih \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n en eksik yanlar\u0131ndan biri de bu\u2026 \u0130slamla\u015fma hala politik rekabet arenas\u0131. Di\u011fer milliyet\u00e7i kurgularda \u2018Osmanl\u0131 zulm\u00fc\u2019 say\u0131lan, T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ileri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131n\u0131n ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fc olarak an\u0131l\u0131yor. Bizim bunun \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7meye ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z var. \u00d6ncelikle devlet-merkezlilikten ve onun belgeler yoluyla tarih\u00e7ilere aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6yleminden mesafelenmeliyiz. Benim oda\u011f\u0131m bu insanlar\u0131n kendi deneyimleri ve ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 co\u011frafyaya. G\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmse korkan, hep bir \u015feylere maruz b\u0131rak\u0131lan, ve kontrol eden de\u011fil m\u00fccadele eden, tercih yapan, bu tercihleriyle baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131zd\u0131ran, bazen zor duruma d\u00fc\u015fen ama en sonunda ger\u00e7ek insanlar. Ve tabi ki bunu m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan bir co\u011frafya. 1500 metre \u00fczerinde sisli ve da\u011fl\u0131k ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, dini, etnik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi bar\u0131nd\u0131ran bu b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015fayan\u00a0 gruplar\u0131 asimile etmek 20. Y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6ncesinde\u00a0 \u00e7ok zordu. Bunu anlatmak benim i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli.<\/p>\n

    Zira 20. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda devletlerin sahip olduklar\u0131 asimilasyon ara\u00e7, strateji ve imkanlar\u0131n\u0131 geriye d\u00f6n\u00fck olarak o d\u00f6nemlerde de varm\u0131\u015f gibi tarihi okursak sadece\u00a0 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, her\u015feye muktedir devlet tahayy\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc beslemekle kalm\u0131yoruz, ayn\u0131 zamanda oradaki insanlar\u0131n iradesinden de m\u00fccadelelerinden de \u00e7ok \u015feyi eksiltip, geriye sadece ma\u011fduriyet b\u0131rak\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n

    1918-1923 \u00f6ncesi tercih \u00fczerinden ge\u00e7en sonras\u0131 art\u0131k tercih b\u0131rak\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair net bir ayr\u0131m yapabiliyor muyuz?<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Tekrar vurgulayay\u0131m burada, ben \u00f6nceki s\u00fcre\u00e7te zorlama yoktu demiyorum, ancak\u00a0 insanlar\u0131n daha fazla tercih yapma ihtimalleri vard\u0131 diyorum.\u00a0 Asl\u0131nda k\u00f6ylerin yap\u0131s\u0131 konu hakk\u0131nda da bilgi veriyor. Bir tek gizli Hristiyanlarla normal Hristiyanlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00f6yler var. Bunu neden yapt\u0131lar soracak olursak bence bu tercih meselesi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kom\u015fun Hristiyan ise sen kimli\u011fini kimden sakl\u0131yorsun veya neden sakl\u0131yorsun? Bunu bir kimlik olu\u015fumu olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek istiyorum ben. Bu b\u00f6lgede zorla M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n 19. yy\u2019da iki Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda oldu\u011fu iddia ediliyor ama say\u0131lara vak\u0131f de\u011filiz. Ancak yine bu b\u00f6lge\u00a0 \u00f6zelinde 19. Yyda, 1894-96 aras\u0131\u00a0 Ermenilerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplu zorla M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131rma\u2019ya benzeyen bir deneyim yok. Toplu din de\u011fi\u015ftirtme olarak anlatabilece\u011fimiz bir \u00f6rnek yok\u2026<\/p>\n

    Ancak, 1918-23 sonras\u0131 tablo \u00e7ok net, kalmak istiyorsan ba\u015fka ihtimalin yok\u2026 Tehcir s\u0131ras\u0131nda zorla M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131rma ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 zaten biliyoruz ancak sonras\u0131nda da tercih-dayatma aras\u0131nda belirgin bir k\u0131r\u0131lma noktas\u0131 mevcut. Rum kalay\u0131m ama G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane\u2019de oturay\u0131m diye bir \u015fey yok\u2026<\/p>\n

    Az da olsa b\u00f6yle bir grubun var oldu\u011funu sayacak olursak,\u00a0 onlar hakk\u0131nda ara\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131lmas\u0131, konu\u015fulmas\u0131 ya da bu insanlar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ne olmas\u0131 veya ne yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekiyor?<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Bug\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de herkes i\u00e7in ortak bir problem var, bu konular\u0131 konu\u015fabilmek i\u00e7in gerekli esneklik yok. Hristiyanla\u015fmay\u0131 ge\u00e7elim, hikayenin ne oldu\u011funu ne ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bile hen\u00fcz konu\u015fam\u0131yoruz. Burada tarihsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmadan bahsediyorum. Sizin sordu\u011funuz soru bug\u00fcne dairse, bu varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yoklu\u011funu, varsa insanlar\u0131n ne tercihleri oldu\u011funu bilmiyoruz. Bunlar\u0131 konu\u015fabilece\u011fimiz politik bir ortam olduktan sonra o insanlar\u0131n yapabilece\u011fi tercihleri ayr\u0131 bir tart\u0131\u015fma konusudur.<\/p>\n

    \u00c7ok mu\u011flak konu\u015fuyoruz; var, olabilir, bilemiyoruz\u2026 Bu neyin g\u00f6stergesi?<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Evet, maalesef \u00f6yle. Ben kendim dola\u015ft\u0131m, o k\u00f6ylerde ortam ger\u00e7ekten \u00e7ok gergin. Konuya dair en ufak bir soru bile ortam\u0131 geriyor. Soru bile sorulam\u0131yor, nerede kald\u0131 bu insanlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p kendilerini ifade edebilsinler\u2026<\/p>\n

    Bug\u00fcn K\u00fcrt meselesi bile bu kadar a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015fken, T\u00fcrkiye toplumunda tabu say\u0131lan kimlik s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n bir s\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc ayn\u0131 anda ihlal eden o kimliklerin hem varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesi ve hem insanlar\u0131n bunu ifade etmelerini beklemek \u00e7ok zor \u2026<\/p>\n

    http:\/\/repairfuture.net\/index.php\/tr\/kimligi-tuerkiye-den-bak-s\/pontus-un-kripto-hristiyan-rumlar-islam-ve-h-ristiyanl-k-aras-nda<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u00a0Zeynep T\u00fcrky\u0131lmaz Osmanl\u0131 tarih uzman\u0131 Karadeniz B\u00f6lgesi\u2019ndeki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Ermeniler, Hem\u015finliler\u2019in durumu giderek daha iyi biliniyor olsa da, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Rumlar\u0131n durumu tersine bilinmiyor ya da tabu. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Rum, Yunanistan\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 Rumu olarak an\u0131lan Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun varisleri, Yunanistan ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen ve iki \u00fclke aras\u0131ndaki sava\u015fa son vereren m\u00fcbadele operasyonu sonucunda s\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131\u015f\u0131 edildiler. Milletler Cemiyeti\u2019nin de deste\u011fi ile […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":42932,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,71,20,53],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-42931","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler","category-mulakatlar","category-tarih-sayfalari","category-turkiyede-azinliklar"],"yoast_head":"\nPontus\u2019un kripto-hristiyan Rumlar\u0131, \u0130slam ve H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k aras\u0131nda - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=42931\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pontus\u2019un kripto-hristiyan Rumlar\u0131, \u0130slam ve H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k aras\u0131nda - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00a0Zeynep T\u00fcrky\u0131lmaz Osmanl\u0131 tarih uzman\u0131 Karadeniz B\u00f6lgesi\u2019ndeki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Ermeniler, Hem\u015finliler\u2019in durumu giderek daha iyi biliniyor olsa da, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Rumlar\u0131n durumu tersine bilinmiyor ya da tabu. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Rum, Yunanistan\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 Rumu olarak an\u0131lan Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun varisleri, Yunanistan ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen ve iki \u00fclke aras\u0131ndaki sava\u015fa son vereren m\u00fcbadele operasyonu sonucunda s\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131\u015f\u0131 edildiler. 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