{"id":42474,"date":"2016-10-27T03:43:37","date_gmt":"2016-10-27T08:43:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=42474"},"modified":"2016-10-27T03:43:37","modified_gmt":"2016-10-27T08:43:37","slug":"lozan-zafer-mi-hezimet-mi-sorusu-yanit-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=42474","title":{"rendered":"Lozan zafer mi hezimet mi sorusu yan\u0131t buldu"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"lozan\"<\/a>O tarih\u00e7i cahile anlat\u0131r gibi anlatt\u0131. Galatasaray \u00dcniversitesi \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesi Do\u00e7. Dr. Ahmet Kuya\u015f’\u0131n yeni kitab\u0131 “Tarihi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek” K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 Kedi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131’ndan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Erdo\u011fan’\u0131n Lozan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n hemen \u00f6ncesinde yay\u0131mlanan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada farkl\u0131 \u00e7evrelerden y\u00f6neltilen Lozan ele\u015ftirilerinin “Zafer mi, hezimet mi?” ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekiyor.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ahmet Kuya\u015f, Misak-\u0131 Milli\u2019nin saptad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n elde edilemedi\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki iddialara cevap verirken y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131ndaysa i\u00e7 politika m\u00fccadelelerinin bulundu\u011funu savunuyor. Kuya\u015f, Lozan’\u0131n neden hezimet olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na da tarih i\u00e7erisinden yan\u0131tlar veriyor.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fte “Tarihi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek” kitab\u0131ndan Lozan’la ilgili o b\u00f6l\u00fcmler:<\/p>\n

“T\u00fcrkiye a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olumsuz ko\u015fullarda ba\u015flayan Lozan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerinin sonunda elde edilen bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n, ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir antla\u015fma oldu\u011funu kolayl\u0131kla s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Bu ba\u015far\u0131, ayr\u0131nt\u0131lardan \u00f6nce, iki temele dayal\u0131d\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n birincisi, 23 Nisan 1920\u2019de Ankara\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flayan yeni devletin, uluslararas\u0131 camiada tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve konferansa kat\u0131lan di\u011fer \u00fclkelerle e\u015fit bir d\u00fczeyde muhatap al\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130kinci temel ise \u2013bir dereceye kadar birincisine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak\u2013 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin egemenlik haklar\u0131n\u0131n eksiksiz sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, yani kapit\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dcstelik kapit\u00fclasyonlar, yerlerine T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin nas\u0131l bir hukuk dizgesi koyaca\u011f\u0131na, ne t\u00fcr reformlar yapaca\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin somut herhangi bir giri\u015fim olmaks\u0131z\u0131n, yaln\u0131zca Ankara\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6z vermesi \u00fczerine kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsan haklar\u0131na pek sayg\u0131l\u0131 olmayan kimi muhafazak\u00e2r veya a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 milliyet\u00e7i kesimlerde bir zamand\u0131r g\u00f6r\u00fclen, Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u201caz\u0131nl\u0131k haklar\u0131\u201dna ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin ulusal egemenlik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan zaaf olu\u015fturdu\u011fu iddialar\u0131 ise t\u00fcm\u00fcyle temelsizdir. S\u00f6z konusu \u00e7evrelerin tutumlar\u0131n\u0131n zaten \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Evrensel Bildirisi\u2019ne bir\u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131dan ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funu burada vurgulamam\u0131za gerek yok. Gerek T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Lozan\u2019a gidi\u015f \u00f6ncesindeki tutumuna, gerekse Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ertesinde az\u0131nl\u0131klar meselesinin ele al\u0131n\u0131\u015f\u0131na bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019nda T\u00fcrkiye a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hi\u00e7bir zaaf olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Nitekim Ankara\u2019n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131n\u0131n ana hatlar\u0131n\u0131 tespit eden Misak-\u0131 Milli\u2019nin be\u015finci maddesi, az\u0131nl\u0131k haklar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de az\u0131nl\u0131k haklar\u0131n\u0131n tespitinde Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra imzalanm\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmalarda uygulanan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ister. Kald\u0131 ki, Lozan\u2019da uluslararas\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nan az\u0131nl\u0131k haklar\u0131, o d\u00f6nemde \u00f6rnek te\u015fkil eden Polonya Az\u0131nl\u0131klar Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (1919) da gerisinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, zira etnisite ve dil konular\u0131na girilmeden, yaln\u0131zca gayrim\u00fcslimler az\u0131nl\u0131k say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (…)<\/p>\n

SINIRLAR MESELES\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n en sert ele\u015ftirileri, hem zaman\u0131nda hem de g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, s\u0131n\u0131rlara ili\u015fkin olan ele\u015ftirilerdir. Misak-\u0131 Milli\u2019nin saptad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n elde edilemedi\u011fi iddias\u0131na dayanan bu ele\u015ftirilerin pek ciddiye al\u0131n\u0131r bir yan\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Mis\u00e2k-\u0131 Milli sayesinde suret-i haktan g\u00f6r\u00fcnen bu ele\u015ftirilerin, zaman\u0131nda Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda oldu\u011fu y\u00f6netime, sonralar\u0131 Cumhuriyet rejimine, \u00e7ok partilili\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f sonras\u0131nda da hem Cumhuriyet rejimine hem de \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn \u015fahs\u0131na y\u00f6neltilen ele\u015ftiriler oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n cumhuriyet kurmak ve k\u00f6kl\u00fc toplumsal reformlar yapmak istedi\u011fi, bunun i\u00e7in de diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck rejimine do\u011fru gitti\u011fi, 1922 sonlar\u0131 ve 1923 ba\u015flar\u0131nda herkes\u00e7e biliniyordu. Ama Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa\u2019ya muhalefet edenler, cumhuriyet ve k\u00f6kl\u00fc toplumsal reform haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, ortada hen\u00fcz somutla\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir \u015fey olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, propaganda malzemesi yapam\u0131yorlard\u0131. Diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck ise halk nezdinde \u00f6nemli bir olumsuzluk olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fcyordu. Tam tersine, kendisine \u201chalask\u00e2r\u201d, \u201cm\u00fcnci\u201d gibi s\u0131fatlar tak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n o g\u00fcnlerdeki me\u015frulu\u011fu, tarihte pek az insana nasip olan bir seviyedeydi. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, ele\u015ftiri temeli olarak bir tek Misak-\u0131 Milli s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 kal\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Misak-\u0131 Milli\u2019ye Lozan\u2019da ne kadar sad\u0131k kal\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 incelemeden \u00f6nce, \u201cLozan zafer mi, yoksa hezimet mi?\u201d sorusuyla kendini d\u0131\u015fa vuran yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin o d\u00f6nemde bulundu\u011fu ko\u015fullar g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nmasa bile, ya ideolojik, yani diplomatik pazarl\u0131ktan hi\u00e7bir \u015fey anlamayan ya da, daha k\u00f6t\u00fc bir olas\u0131l\u0131kla, diplomasiden anlamazm\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen bir zihniyete \u00f6zg\u00fc oldu\u011funu tekrar tekrar vurgulamam\u0131z gerekir. Bundan sonra, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Lozan\u2019da toprak a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6d\u00fcn verip vermedi\u011fine, verdiyse de ne kadar verdi\u011fine bakabiliriz.<\/p>\n

\u00d6D\u00dcNLER VE A\u00c7IKLAMALARI<\/strong><\/p>\n

Burada ilk s\u00f6ylenmesi gereken \u015fey, Misak-\u0131 Milli\u2019nin toprak konusunda gayet belirsiz oldu\u011fu, kesin s\u0131n\u0131rlar \u00e7izilmedi\u011fidir. S\u00f6z konusu metin, Araplar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funluk olu\u015fturmad\u0131klar\u0131 y\u00f6releri Osmanl\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr ama bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan y\u00f6relerin de Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131ndan ayr\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemeyece\u011fini ekler. Ne var ki Suriye s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131, TBMM H\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan 20 Ekim 1921\u2019de imzalanan Ankara Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019yla zaten saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Misak-\u0131 Milli, Trakya s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndan ve Ege adalar\u0131ndan do\u011fal olarak s\u00f6z etmez, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc B\u0131rak\u0131\u015fma imzaland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda oralarda bir cephe ve i\u015fgal yoktu. Ancak, Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 dolayl\u0131 olarak kabul etti\u011fini, \u201cBat\u0131 Trakya\u201dya g\u00f6nderme yapmas\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131karsayabiliriz.<\/p>\n

Misak-\u0131 Milli metninde Bat\u0131 Trakya\u2019da plebisit yap\u0131lmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin bir c\u00fcmlenin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Zira, bir yanda Yunanistan bu b\u00f6lgeyi Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden de\u011fil, Bulgaristan\u2019dan, hem de 1919\u2019da alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; di\u011fer yanda da ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lgeyi Bulgaristan\u2019a b\u0131rakan, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019yle Bulgaristan aras\u0131ndaki 29 Eyl\u00fcl 1913 tarihli bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131nda Bat\u0131 Trakya\u2019ya ili\u015fkin herhangi bir \u00f6zel h\u00fck\u00fcm yoktur. Son olarak do\u011fuda ise Ermenistan, G\u00fcrcistan ve \u0130ran s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 Lozan\u2019dan \u00f6nce saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu duruma g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Misak-\u0131 Milli\u2019den verdi\u011fi \u00f6d\u00fcnlerin, K\u0131br\u0131s, On \u0130ki Ada ve Irak s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 konular\u0131nda oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. Ancak, bunlar\u0131n ilk ikisinin Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndaki yenilginin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 oldu\u011funu kabul etmek abart\u0131l\u0131 olmaz. \u00dcstelik bu adalar\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun 1914 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu \u00e7ok su g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr bir iddiad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, bu adalarda T\u00fcrk \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu olmamas\u0131 da dikkatten ka\u00e7mamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Irak s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na gelince; bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere Anadolu Sava\u015f\u0131, baz\u0131 hamasi s\u00f6ylemlerde ima edildi\u011fi gibi \u201cyedi d\u00fcvele kar\u015f\u0131\u201d de\u011fil, Ermenistan, Yunanistan, bir de daha \u00e7ok gerilla sava\u015f\u0131 mahiyetinde olmak \u00fczere, Fransa\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Musul b\u00f6lgesi konusunda \u0131srarc\u0131 davranmak ise o zamana kadar sesini \u00e7\u0131karmam\u0131\u015f, ama petrol yataklar\u0131 nedeniyle de sava\u015fmaya haz\u0131r olan bir B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya\u2019ya sava\u015f a\u00e7mak olurdu. B\u00f6yle bir geli\u015fmenin bitkin haldeki T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye verece\u011fi zararlar\u0131 gayet iyi bilen Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, bu olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n kendi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kabul edilir olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 daha 1923\u2019\u00fcn Ocak ay\u0131nda \u0130stanbul gazetecileriyle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir s\u00f6yle\u015fide dile getirmi\u015fti.66 Bu durumda, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Irak petrollerinden pay almas\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na bir ba\u015far\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirebiliriz.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zetle s\u00f6yleyecek olursak, Lozan\u2019da 24 Temmuz 1923\u2019te imzalanan antla\u015fma, o d\u00f6nemin ko\u015fullar\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 say\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken bir antla\u015fmad\u0131r. Lozan\u2019\u0131n hem o d\u00f6nemde hem de daha sonralar\u0131 epey tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6keninde, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin pazarl\u0131klardaki performans\u0131 de\u011fil, i\u00e7 politika m\u00fccadeleleri bulunur.”<\/p>\n

Sinan Ac\u0131o\u011flu<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Odatv.com<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

O tarih\u00e7i cahile anlat\u0131r gibi anlatt\u0131. Galatasaray \u00dcniversitesi \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesi Do\u00e7. Dr. Ahmet Kuya\u015f’\u0131n yeni kitab\u0131 “Tarihi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek” K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 Kedi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131’ndan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Erdo\u011fan’\u0131n Lozan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n hemen \u00f6ncesinde yay\u0131mlanan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada farkl\u0131 \u00e7evrelerden y\u00f6neltilen Lozan ele\u015ftirilerinin “Zafer mi, hezimet mi?” ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekiyor. Ahmet Kuya\u015f, Misak-\u0131 Milli\u2019nin saptad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n elde edilemedi\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki iddialara cevap […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":42475,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,54],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-42474","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler","category-kitaplar-elestiriler"],"yoast_head":"\nLozan zafer mi hezimet mi sorusu yan\u0131t buldu - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=42474\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Lozan zafer mi hezimet mi sorusu yan\u0131t buldu - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"O tarih\u00e7i cahile anlat\u0131r gibi anlatt\u0131. Galatasaray \u00dcniversitesi \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesi Do\u00e7. Dr. Ahmet Kuya\u015f’\u0131n yeni kitab\u0131 “Tarihi D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek” K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 Kedi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131’ndan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Erdo\u011fan’\u0131n Lozan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n hemen \u00f6ncesinde yay\u0131mlanan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada farkl\u0131 \u00e7evrelerden y\u00f6neltilen Lozan ele\u015ftirilerinin “Zafer mi, hezimet mi?” ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekiyor. 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