{"id":42299,"date":"2016-10-17T03:33:50","date_gmt":"2016-10-17T08:33:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=42299"},"modified":"2016-10-17T03:33:50","modified_gmt":"2016-10-17T08:33:50","slug":"1915-oncesi-dersimde-egitim-i","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=42299","title":{"rendered":"1915 \u00d6ncesi Dersim\u2019de E\u011fitim \u2013 I"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"dersim\"<\/a>Vahe Ta\u015f\u00e7\u0131yan<\/strong><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Ermenilerinin son y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki tarihini ve devletin Ermeni toplumu ile olan ili\u015fkilerini daha iyi anlamak a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00fclkedeki Ermeni okullar\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesi \u00f6nemlidir. Bu e\u011fitim ocaklar\u0131 Ermeni kimli\u011fini b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak ya\u015fama ve geli\u015ftirme mekanlar\u0131yd\u0131lar: Bunlar\u0131n iyi bir seviyede bulunmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in toplumun y\u00fcksek kurumlar\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00f6y heyetine kadar b\u00fct\u00fcn birimler en iyisini yapmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130mparatorluk tarihinde, Sultan II. Abd\u00fclhamid\u2019in ilk seneleri ve \u00f6zellikle II. Me\u015frutiyet (1908) sonras\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131 gibi nispeten \u00f6zg\u00fcr \u00f6nemli d\u00f6nemleri inceledi\u011fimizde, farkl\u0131 Ermeni kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n, kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n ve \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131n toplum okullar\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirme, \u00f6\u011fretim hayat\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirme ve Ermeni e\u011fitimine ivme kazand\u0131rma y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara katk\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Devlet mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n Ermeni kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 paranoya ile y\u00f6netildi\u011fi d\u00f6nemlerde ise genel bir \u015fiddet ortam\u0131 vard\u0131: Ermeni okullar\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u015f\u00fcphe kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcp, Ermeni kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bask\u0131lar\u0131n ilk hedefleri durumunda olmu\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130lerde de g\u00f6rece\u011fimiz gibi, II. Abd\u00fclhamid d\u00f6neminde, bir arama s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6\u011fretmenin yan\u0131nda Ermenice milletperver \u015fark\u0131lardan olu\u015fan bir kitab\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 bile o ki\u015finin y\u0131llarca hapis yatmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterli bir sebepti.<\/p>\n

Dersim b\u00f6lgesinde bulunan Ermeni yerle\u015fim alanlar\u0131nda da Ermeni okulunun \u00f6zel bir yeri vard\u0131. Bir ka\u00e7 on y\u0131l boyunca, \u00f6zellikle 1908\u2019teki II. Me\u015frutiyet sonras\u0131, Ermeni e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131 \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 bir y\u00fckseli\u015fe ge\u00e7mi\u015flerdir. Siyasi merkezlerdeki \u00f6nemli e\u011fitim kurulu\u015flar\u0131 haricinde (\u00c7emi\u015fgezek, Perri), Dersim b\u00f6lgesindeki bir \u00e7ok Ermeni k\u00f6y\u00fcn\u00fcn kendi okulu vard\u0131 ve bu okullar kaliteli e\u011fitimleriyle ve yenilenmi\u015f pedagojik metotlar\u0131yla belli durumlarda \u015fehirdeki okullarla rekabet edecek durumdayd\u0131lar. \u00a0Ermeni okuluna kar\u015f\u0131 bu ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k bazen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bilgiler i\u00e7inden g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u00c7emi\u015fgezek\u2019teki Bedretil k\u00f6y\u00fc 1895\u2019teki k\u0131r\u0131mdan sonra Ermeniler taraf\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bo\u015falt\u0131l\u0131r ve nihayetinde burada alt\u0131 hane kal\u0131r. Bunlar k\u00f6ylerindeki Ermeni okulunu her \u015feye ra\u011fmen ayakta tutmay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131rlar. \u00c7emi\u015fgezek\u2019teki Ermeni okulunda 1914\u2019ten sonra ba\u015flayan izci hareketi de kayda de\u011fer bir geli\u015fmedir. Okul ya\u015flar\u0131ndaki Ermeni izciler bir iki sene sonra nihai olarak ayr\u0131lacaklar\u0131 bu g\u00fczel b\u00f6lgede do\u011fa y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fleri d\u00fczenlemeye ba\u015flarlar. E\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n bu h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fiminde e\u011fitim derneklerinin katk\u0131s\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Bu dernekler gurbet ellerde (\u0130stanbul, Halep, ABD vs.) ayn\u0131 k\u00f6yden yahut \u015fehirden insanlar taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015f ve kendi memleketlerindeki okula maddi yard\u0131m tahsis etmeye \u00e7abalayan olu\u015fumlard\u0131. Devlet yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ortamda, benzer bir i\u015fbirli\u011finin ve bundan kaynakl\u0131 dinamizmin asl\u0131nda Ermeni e\u011fitim hayat\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fimine, kaliteli \u00f6\u011fretmenlerin haz\u0131rlan\u0131\u015f\u0131na, onlar\u0131n g\u00f6rev b\u00f6lgelerine y\u00f6nlendirili\u015fine ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n e\u011fitilmesinin yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na \u00e7ok faydal\u0131 ve temel bir etkisi vard\u0131. Bu sayfalarda sunulan Dersim\u2019deki Ermeni e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n zenginli\u011fi bu hareketli e\u011fitim faaliyetinin en iyi kan\u0131t\u0131.<\/p>\n

Dersim Ermeni okullar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda kaynak eserlerin \u00e7oklu\u011fu da ayn\u0131 derecede ilgi \u00e7ekici. Bunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu Soyk\u0131r\u0131m sonras\u0131 haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f hat\u0131rat-hu\u015famadyan tarz\u0131 eserler, ki k\u00f6y veya \u015fehir okuluna da b\u00fcy\u00fck yer vermi\u015ftir. Okul binas\u0131n\u0131n tasviri, \u00f6\u011fretmen ve \u00f6\u011frenci isimleri, biyografik notlar ve foto\u011fraflar, E\u011fitim dernekleri hakk\u0131nda bilgiler, okullardaki tiyatro temsilleri. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar Dersim Ermenilerinin sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ya\u015fam\u0131nda okullar\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc rol\u00fc belgeliyor. Benzer kitaplar i\u00e7inde Hovhannes Acemyan\u2019\u0131n \u00c7emi\u015fgezek hakk\u0131ndaki yay\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f eserini \u00f6zellikle vurgulamak gerekir. Yazar burada b\u00f6lgedeki bir \u00e7ok Ermeni okulu hakk\u0131nda de\u011ferli bilgiler vermekle kalmaz, ayn\u0131 zamanda bu kurumlar\u0131n krokilerini de sunar okuyucuya. \u00a0Belli ki, Acemyan g\u00f6rsel materyaller vas\u0131tas\u0131yla haf\u0131zay\u0131, kaybolmu\u015f ya\u015fam\u0131yla k\u00f6y ve \u015fehri yeniden kurgulama fikrinin \u00f6nemini kavram\u0131\u015f bir idi. \u00d6yle ki yay\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f eserinde bu yola ba\u015fvurarak memleketi \u00c7emi\u015fgezek\u2019in kaybolan Ermeni kiliselerini ve okullar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden yaratmay\u0131 denemi\u015f.<\/p>\n

\u00c7emi\u015fgezek (Merkez)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7emi\u015fgezek\u2019in A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Mahallesi\u2019ndeki bu okul S. Asdvadzadzin Kilisesi\u2019nin avlusunda bulunurdu. \u015eehir Okulu ad\u0131 ile de bilinirdi. 1850\u2019li y\u0131llardan itibaren varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekteydi. \u0130ki katl\u0131, kaba ta\u015ftan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve her kat\u0131nda iki\u015fer odas\u0131 vard\u0131. Okulun ve kilisenin avlusu ayn\u0131 idi ve y\u00fcksek bir duvarla ikiye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Vartanyan Okulunun \u00fcst kat\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck pencereleri vard\u0131, zemini ise ah\u015fap idi. \u00dcst kattaki odalardan biri Ruhani \u00d6nderlik, di\u011feri de s\u0131n\u0131f olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. Daha sonra \u00f6\u011frencilerin say\u0131s\u0131 artt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 kata da yeni s\u0131n\u0131flar ilave edilir [1]. 1865 tarihine kadar okul erkeklerin tahsiline tahsis edilmi\u015fti. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l b\u00f6lgenin ruhani \u00f6nderi Rahip Arakel Mazl\u0131myan\u2019\u0131n giri\u015fimi ile okul karma e\u011fitime ge\u00e7er. Bu durum muhafazakar kesimlerin \u015fikayetlerine neden olur [2]. 1870\u2019li y\u0131llardaki verilere g\u00f6re, \u00c7emi\u015fgezek\u2019teki bu e\u011fitim kurumunun anaokulu ve ilkokul k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 mevcuttu [3].<\/p>\n

1880\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda \u015fehirdeki Ermeni \u00f6\u011frenci say\u0131s\u0131 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00dcstrahip Bartolomeos Ba\u011fc\u0131yan\u2019\u0131n ruhani \u00f6nderli\u011fi zaman\u0131nda (1881-1886) Vartanyan Okulu i\u00e7in yeni bir bina in\u015fas\u0131na ba\u015flan\u0131r. Bu giri\u015fimin ard\u0131nda bulunan M\u00fctevvelli Heyeti\u2019nin \u00fcyeleri olarak \u015fu isimler an\u0131l\u0131r: Hagop \u015eahbazyan, Babacan Eknoyan, Krikor Minasyan. \u0130n\u015faat i\u00e7in gerekli olan sultanl\u0131k berat elde edildikten sonra Kasar mahallesinin do\u011fu ucunda bulunan ve Tsolar\u0131n Ali\u2019ye ait 2.000 m2\u2019lik arsa sat\u0131n al\u0131n\u0131r. \u0130ki katl\u0131 okul binas\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131na bu arsada ba\u015flan\u0131r ve muhtemelen 1883 y\u0131l\u0131nda da in\u015faat biter. Mimar\u0131 Mikayel \u0130knadosyan (Eknoyan) idi. \u0130n\u015faat \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na k\u0131z ve erkek \u00f6\u011frenciler de topra\u011f\u0131 eleyerek ve su ta\u015f\u0131yarak kat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00f6ylenir. Vartanyan Okulu 1883\u2019ten itibaren 1880\u2019de \u0130stanbul\u2019da kurulmu\u015f \u201cMiatsyal\u201d (Birle\u015fmi\u015f) Derne\u011fi\u2019nin himayesine al\u0131n\u0131r. Okulun m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc \u201cMiatsyal\u201d Derne\u011fi\u2019nin e\u011fitim m\u00fcfetti\u015fleri olan M\u0131g\u0131rdi\u00e7 Saryan ve Margos Natanyan d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcml\u00fc olarak yaparlar [4].<\/p>\n

Yeni yap\u0131lan okulun g\u00fcney ve kuzey taraf\u0131nda \u00e7evrelenmi\u015f iki avlusu vard\u0131. \u0130lki erkeklere tahsis edilmi\u015fti, di\u011feri ise 1890\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n sonunda k\u0131z \u00f6\u011frencilerin oyun alan\u0131 olur. Binan\u0131n alt kat\u0131 daha ziyade k\u0131\u015fl\u0131k oyun alan\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Buras\u0131 avlulara a\u00e7\u0131lan iki y\u00fcksek kap\u0131ya sahipti, zemini ise i\u015flenmi\u015f ta\u015fla kaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Alt kat\u0131n do\u011fu ve bat\u0131 yanlar\u0131nda bulunan kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 odalar odunluk, hademe odas\u0131 ve k\u0131zlar i\u00e7in diki\u015f at\u00f6lyesi olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bu odalar\u0131n aras\u0131ndan, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ve paralel olarak ikinci kata do\u011fru ta\u015f basamaklar y\u00fckselirdi. Bu katta geni\u015f bir okuma odas\u0131 ve d\u00f6rt s\u0131n\u0131f vard\u0131. Bu kat\u0131n odalar\u0131 y\u00fcksek pencereler sayesinde \u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131 idi, zemin ve tavan ise ah\u015faptan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Okulun \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 toprakla \u00f6rt\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, do\u011fusunda ise 1.500 m2 geni\u015fli\u011finde ve meyve a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 bulunan bir bah\u00e7e vard\u0131 [5].<\/p>\n

\u201cMiatsyal\u201d Derne\u011fi\u2019nin \u00c7emi\u015fgezek\u2019teki faaliyeti sadece \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l s\u00fcrmesine kar\u015f\u0131n \u00e7ok etkili olur. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l zarf\u0131nda e\u011fitsel ve pedagojik metotlarda temel iyile\u015ftirmeler yap\u0131l\u0131r. Ba\u015flarda ba\u015fk\u0131ca ders konular\u0131 Zebur ve Kitab\u0131 Mukaddes idi. De\u011fi\u015fiklikler sonucunda yeni dersler verilmeye ba\u015flan\u0131r; Ermenice, Ermeni tarihi, azizler tarihi, co\u011frafya, matematik, cebir, nesneler dersi, ahlak bilgisi, beden e\u011fitimi, m\u00fczik (dini ve Ermeni-vatanperver \u015fark\u0131lar), resim, kaligrafi, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, Frans\u0131zca. O zamana kadar \u00f6\u011frenciler evlerinden getirdikleri minderler \u00fczerinde otururlard\u0131, \u201cMiatsyal\u201d\u0131n m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00f6neminde s\u0131n\u0131flara uygun mobilyalar al\u0131n\u0131r. Yine bu d\u00f6nemde fiziki cezalar yasaklan\u0131r. Hatta bir \u00f6\u011fretmenin \u00f6\u011frencisine tokatlamas\u0131 nedeniyle i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 da aktar\u0131l\u0131r [6].<\/p>\n

Vartanyan Okulu\u2019nun \u00f6\u011fretmen Bedros Atamyan\u2019\u0131n (\u00c7emi\u015fgezekli) y\u00f6netti\u011fi kendi \u00f6zel tiyatro kumpanyas\u0131 da vard\u0131. Atamyan e\u011fitimini 1870\u2019li y\u0131llarda \u0130stanbul\u2019da alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Harput\u2019daki S\u0131mpatyan Okulu\u2019nun m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yapt\u0131ktan sonra Diyarbekir\/Dikranagerd\u2019de de m\u00fcd\u00fcr olarak bulunmu\u015ftur. \u201cHayg ve Pel\u201d, \u201cKral Bab\u201d, \u201cVartanlar\u0131n Sava\u015f\u0131\u201d gibi tarih konulu tiyatro eserleri yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kumpanya \u00f6nceleri sadece erkek \u00f6\u011frencilerden kuruluyken, sonralar\u0131 k\u0131z \u00f6\u011frenciler de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara kat\u0131l\u0131r [7]. Atamyan ayn\u0131 zamanda m\u00fczik \u00f6\u011fretmeni idi. \u00c7emi\u015fgezek\u2019deki \u00f6\u011frenciler onun d\u00f6neminde \u201cAzadn Asdvadz\u201d (\u00d6zg\u00fcr Tanr\u0131), \u201cMer Hayrenig\u201d (Vatan\u0131m\u0131z), \u201cTe Hayrenyats\u201d (E\u011fer Vatan\u0131n), \u201cHerik Vortyag\u201d (Yeter Evladlar), \u201cHimi el l\u0131renk\u201d (\u015eimdi de mi susal\u0131m?), \u201cTo\u011f p\u0131\u00e7e kamin\u201d (Essin r\u00fczgar), \u201cOv medzaskan\u00e7 tu lezu\u201d (Ey muhte\u015fem dil) adl\u0131 vatanperver \u015fark\u0131lar\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenirler. Her \u00f6\u011frencinin bir \u015fark\u0131 defteri vard\u0131. Onlar Atamyan\u2019dan m\u00fczik dersi almak i\u00e7in her Pazar toplan\u0131rlard\u0131. Maestro d\u00f6neminde k\u0131zlar da kilisede \u015fark\u0131 s\u00f6ylemeye ba\u015flar. Onlar ba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rtm\u00fc\u015f bir halde, kilisenin sol k\u0131sm\u0131nda, erkek korosundan ayr\u0131 durup ilahiler s\u00f6ylerlerdi [8].<\/p>\n

1850 ve 1860\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda Vartanyan Okulu\u2019nda aslen \u00c7emi\u015fgezekli olup daha sonra \u0130stanbul\u2019da e\u011fitim g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f Simon Felekyan ve \u011eazaros Pe\u015fdimalc\u0131yan \u00f6\u011fretmenlik yapar. \u00d6\u011fretmen Minas\u2019\u0131n da ad\u0131 an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r, fakat soyad\u0131 me\u00e7huld\u00fcr. \u201cMiatsyal\u201d Derne\u011fi\u2019nin m\u00fcd\u00fcriyeti \u00fcstlenmesi ile beraber \u00f6\u011fretmen kadrosunda da b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fiklikler olur. O y\u0131llarda Ha\u00e7adur Melkonyan, Mikayel Hala\u00e7yan (E\u011fin\u2019in Gam\u0131rgab k\u00f6y\u00fcnden), Mardiros Sokhoyan (K\u0131\u011fili), Tovmas Zarzavatc\u0131yan (Diyarbekir\/Dikranagerdli) Vartanyan Okulu\u2019nda ders verirler [9].<\/p>\n

\u201cMiatsyal\u201d Derne\u011fi\u2019nin m\u00fcd\u00fcriyet y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00c7emi\u015fgezek\u2019teki okulun mezunlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u015fu isimler vard\u0131: Garabed Tukhmanyan, Ye\u011fya Kleyan, Garabed Fasulyac\u0131yan, Mangasar Dza\u011figyan (1893-1962), Hampartzum Melikyan, Sarkis Harazadyan, Senekerim \u0130nceyan (1915\u2019te \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr), Margos Der Manuelyan, \u011eazar Boyac\u0131yan, Teteos Tatyan, Harutyun Gopoyan, Yervant \u0130knadosyan (\u0130. A. Yeran), Krikor Yazucyan, Ar\u015fag Baronyan, Harutyun Kehayan, Kapriel Gutsuzyan, Melkon Gutsuzyan, Garabed Yeranosyan, Hovhannes Der Kasparyan, A\u011facan Nalbandyan (1915\u2019te \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr) ve ba\u015fkalar\u0131 [10].<\/p>\n

\u201cMiatsyal\u201d Derne\u011fi\u2019nin \u00e7ekilmesinden sonra, 1886-1887 \u00f6\u011fretim y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren okul tekrar yerel y\u00f6netimin himayesinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na devam eder. Bedros Atamyan m\u00fcd\u00fcr tayin edilir, yard\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na da Ye\u011fya Arsenyan getirilir. Fakat 1887\u2019de evinde yap\u0131lan arama sonucunda Ermenice milletperver \u015fark\u0131lardan olu\u015fan bir kitap ve Leon Ali\u015fan\u2019\u0131n \u201cSisvan\u201d eserini bulundurma gerek\u00e7esiyle Atamyan yerel y\u00f6netim taraf\u0131ndan tutuklan\u0131r. Atamyan 15 y\u0131la mahkum edilerek Erzurum\/Garin hapishanesine yollan\u0131r. 1893\u2019te sultan taraf\u0131ndan affedilir. Erzurum\u2019dan \u00c7emi\u015fgezek\u2019e giderken, Bayburt yolunda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Atamyan\u2019\u0131n tutuklanmas\u0131ndan sonra okul y\u00f6netimi kitapl\u0131ktaki b\u00fct\u00fcn \u015f\u00fcpheli kitaplar\u0131 ve tiyatro i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fik sahne dekorlar\u0131n\u0131 yok eder. Atamyan\u2019da bo\u015falan m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe \u00c7emi\u015fgezekli Arakel Giragosyan (sadece bir y\u0131l), daha sonra Sahag Donabedyan (\u00c7emi\u015fgezek\u2019in Kasar mahallesinden) ve Tavit K\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcyan (Garm\u0131ri k\u00f6y\u00fcnden) getirilir. 1889-1890 y\u0131llar\u0131nda okul mezunlar\u0131ndan Merger Tukhmanyan (Kasar mahallesinden), sonras\u0131nda ise Ar\u015fag Boranyan (yada Baronyan) m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe atan\u0131rlar. \u00dcstrahip Tatul Turyan\u2019\u0131n (1871-1914) ruhani \u00f6nderli\u011fi d\u00f6neminde (1898-1902) Vartanyan Okulu\u2019nun \u00fcst kat\u0131ndaki iki s\u0131n\u0131f ruhani \u00f6nderlik ofisi olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. 1903-1906 y\u0131llar\u0131nda okul m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Vahan Uzunyan\u2019d\u0131r [11].<\/p>\n

1886-1908 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda okulda g\u00f6rev yapan \u00f6\u011fretmenler aras\u0131nda \u015fu isimler bulunuyor: Hovhannes Kasbaryan, Margos Manuelyan, Senekerim \u0130nceyan, Ar\u015fag Boranyan, Nigo\u011fos Akka\u015fyan, Mardiros Papazyan (1884 do\u011fumlu, 1915\u2019te \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr), Kerovpe Ezg\u00fclyan, Merger K\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcyan, Minas Minasyan, Hovhannes Sulduryan, Arda\u015fes Manuelyan. Bu ki\u015filerin \u00e7o\u011fu Vartanyan Okulu\u2019nun mezunlar\u0131 idi [12].<\/p>\n

Temmuz 1908 tarihinde Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda II. Me\u015frutiyet d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flar. Anayasal d\u00fczenin tekrar tesis edilmesi \u00fclkedeki Ermenilerde, Dersim\u2019e kadar varan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u015fku f\u0131rt\u0131nas\u0131 yarat\u0131r. \u00c7emi\u015fgezek\u2019teki Ermeniler tarihi bu olay\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6sterilerle kar\u015f\u0131larlar. 11 Temmuz ak\u015fam\u0131 Vartanyan Okulu\u2019nda bir t\u00f6ren yap\u0131l\u0131r. Okul balkonunun s\u00fct\u00fcnlar\u0131na bayraklar ve fenerler as\u0131l\u0131r. Halk fenerlerle ayd\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f geni\u015f okuma salonunda toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Eski ve yeni Ermeni \u00f6\u011frenciler, \u00f6\u011fretmenler, ileri gelenler, bir ka\u00e7 T\u00fcrk g\u00f6revliler buradad\u0131r. Okulun \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131na ve balkonun kenar\u0131na benzin toplar\u0131 yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve i\u015faret verildi\u011finde bunlar yak\u0131l\u0131yordu, halk ise hep bir a\u011f\u0131zdan \u201cYa\u015fas\u0131n H\u00fcrriyet\u201d ba\u011f\u0131r\u0131yordu. \u00c7emi\u015fgezek hat\u0131rat\/hu\u015famadyan kitaplar\u0131ndan birinin yazar\u0131 olan Hampartzum Kasbaryan da bir \u00f6\u011frenci olarak bu t\u00f6rene kat\u0131lanlar aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Velisi ile t\u00f6rene kat\u0131lan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Hampartzum Mikayel Nalbantyan\u2019\u0131n bestelenmi\u015f \u201cAzadutyun\u201d \u015fiirini (\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck) ve Leon Al\u0131\u015fan\u2019\u0131n \u201cPamp Vorodan\u201d\u0131n\u0131 ilk kez burada duyar. Okulun m\u00fczik \u00f6\u011fretmeni Bedros Atamyan\u2019\u0131n 1887\u2019te tutuklanmas\u0131ndan sonra bu \u015fark\u0131lar\u0131 \u015fehirde alenen s\u00f6ylenmemi\u015fti. II. Me\u015frutiyet\u2019in ilan\u0131ndan sonra al\u0131nan dikkat \u00e7ekici ad\u0131mlardan biri de okulda Ermeni Tarihi dersinin okutulmas\u0131 olur. II. Ald\u00fclhamid d\u00f6neminde bu ders muhtemelen \u00f6\u011fretilmiyordu. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Frans\u0131zca, fizik, nesneler dersi, Ermenice, Ermeni edebiyat\u0131, Klasik Ermenice, matematik, T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131, \u0130ngilizce, Osmanl\u0131 tarihi, D\u00fcnya tarihi, co\u011frafya, din bilgisi ve m\u00fczik de \u00f6\u011fretilen derslerdi [13].<\/p>\n

1910 mezunlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Krikor Dza\u011figyan, Setrag Harazadyan, Mihran \u011eu\u015figyan, Mardiros \u0130nceyan vard\u0131. 1910\u2019da Arapgir\u2019in An\u00e7\u0131rti k\u00f6y\u00fcnden Bedros Mazlumyan m\u00fcd\u00fcr tayin edilir [14].<\/p>\n

K\u0131zlar\u0131n ve erkeklerin ayn\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fta okumalar\u0131 da bu y\u0131llara rastlar, fakat birbirlerinden ayr\u0131 gruplanm\u0131\u015f olurlard\u0131 [15].<\/p>\n

1912-13 e\u011fitim y\u0131l\u0131nda Vartanyan Okulu (\u00c7emi\u015fgezek\u2019teki \u00dc\u00e7beg mahallesindeki Nersesyan Okulu gibi) yeniden yap\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f \u201cMiatsyal\u201d Derne\u011fi\u2019nin himayesine teslim edilir tekrar. E\u011fin\u2019den Karekin Pa\u015falyan yeni m\u00fcd\u00fcr olarak atan\u0131r. Fakat bir y\u0131l sonra M\u00fctevvelli Heyeti \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131nda bir tart\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fan\u0131r ve bu sebepten dolay\u0131 Ta\u015fnagtsutyun \u00fcyeleri heyetten ayr\u0131l\u0131rlar ve \u00c7emi\u015fgezek\u2019teki Akrag mahallesinde bir oda kiralayarak yeni bir okul tesis ederler. Tavit Atamyan\u2019\u0131 (K\u0131\u011fili) m\u00fcd\u00fcr atarlar, yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 ise Malatya\u2019dan Manug Hatsakordzyan olur. B\u00f6ylece A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Mahalle\u2019nin iki okulu olur. Fakat bu durum uzun s\u00fcrmez ve bir ka\u00e7 ay sonra bu okul ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu merkeze ba\u011flan\u0131r. 1912-13 \u00f6\u011fretim y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren Vartanyan Okulu isim de\u011fi\u015ftirip Mesrobyan Okulu ad\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r (Ermeni alfabesinin mucidi Mesrob Ma\u015fdots\u2019a ithafen). Bu de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin sebebi muhtemelen Ermeni Alfabesinin1500. y\u0131l etkinlikleriydi [16].<\/p>\n

1908-1915 tarihleri aras\u0131nda Vartanyan (Mesrobyan) Okulu\u2019nda g\u00f6rev yapan \u00f6\u011fretmenler \u015funlard\u0131r: Ar\u015fag Boranyan, Hampartzum Hekimyan, Hampartzum Amirkhanyan (Hazarili), Bo\u011fos Zenneyan (Yeretsakragl\u0131), \u011eazaros Kuyumcuyan (Yeretsakragl\u0131), Mardiros Papazyan, Hayguhi Minasyan, Tavit Atamyan, Bayan Takuhi (soyad\u0131 me\u00e7hul), S\u0131rpuhi Meng\u00fc\u015fyan, Maryam \u00c7angents (E\u011finli), Satenig Kasbaryan, Adom Atamyan (Hazarili), Papaz Rupen Hekimyan (1865 do\u011fumlu, 1915\u2019te \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr) [17].<\/p>\n

Yetimhane Okulu<\/strong><\/p>\n

1903\u2019te \u00c7emi\u015fgezek Vartanyan (daha sonra Mesrobyan) Okulu\u2019nun biti\u015fi\u011finde yetimlere tahsis edilen yat\u0131l\u0131 bir okul a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. Yetimler di\u011fer \u00f6\u011frencilerle beraber derslere kat\u0131l\u0131rlar. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 okuldaki \u00f6zel bir b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, di\u011ferleri de kiralanm\u0131\u015f evlerde gecelerler. Yetimhane 1906 tarihine kadar a\u00e7\u0131k kal\u0131r [18].<\/p>\n

Nersesyan Okulu (\u00dc\u00e7beg Mahallesi)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7beg (yahut U\u00e7pag) \u00c7emi\u015fgezek \u015fehrine kom\u015fu ve b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle Ermenilerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir mahalle. Buradaki Ermeni okulu daha \u00f6nce iyi halli bir ailenin evi olmu\u015f iki katl\u0131 bir bina. Aile \u00c7emi\u015fgezek\u2019ten ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda binay\u0131 bir okulun kurulmas\u0131 amac\u0131na vakf ederler. Okul 1860\u2019larda kurulur. \u0130kinci katta iki oda bulunurdu. Bunlarda b\u00fcy\u00fck olan\u0131 erkek, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ise k\u0131z \u00f6\u011frencilere tahsis edilmi\u015fti. \u00dcst kat\u0131n zemini ah\u015fapt\u0131. Alt kat oyun salonu olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bu kat\u0131n bat\u0131 taraf\u0131nda iki oda daha bulunurdu: Biri odunluk olarak kullan\u0131yor, di\u011ferinde ise 1912\u2019ye kadar mahallenin \u00e7obanlar\u0131 ya\u015f\u0131yordu. Ayn\u0131 katta, do\u011fu taraf\u0131nda, tualetler bulunurdu. Oyun alan\u0131 hep toprak zeminli kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 [19].<\/p>\n

1880\u2019lerde, b\u00f6lgenin ruhani \u00f6nderi \u00dcstrahip Bartolomeos Ba\u011fc\u0131yan zaman\u0131nda, bina yenilenir. \u00dcst kat\u0131n tavan\u0131 y\u00fckseltilir ve s\u0131n\u0131flara mobilyalar yerle\u015ftirilir. \u00dc\u00e7beg mahallesinden ABD\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015f hem\u015fehrilerin maddi deste\u011fi ile Nersesyan Okulu\u2019nda, muhtemelen 1901 tarihinde, k\u0131zlara tahsis edilmi\u015f bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. 1903\u2019te alt kata kemer \u015feklinde bir kap\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u00dcst kata da, k\u0131zlar s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n giri\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fcp \u00f6\u011fretmenler odas\u0131 in\u015fa ederler [20].<\/p>\n

1912-13 \u00f6\u011fretim y\u0131l\u0131nda Nersesyan Okulu yeniden yap\u0131lanan \u201cMiatsyal\u201d Derne\u011fi\u2019nin himayesine ge\u00e7er. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte Vartanyan Okulu \u00f6\u011fretmenlerinden olan Bo\u011fos Zenneyan (do\u011fumu 1886, 1915\u2019te \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr) ve \u011eazaros Kuyumcuyan (1915\u2019te \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr) ile Mardiros Papazyan da burada \u00f6\u011fretmenli\u011fe ba\u015flarlar. Zenneyan M\u0131khitarist Rahipleri\u2019nin \u0130stanbul\u2019daki okulundan ve Bursa \u0130pek\u00e7ilik Okulu\u2019ndan (Harir Dar\u00fcttalimi) mezundu, Kuyumcuyan ise Garin\/Erzurum\u2019daki Sanasaryan Okulu\u2019nu bitirmi\u015fti [21].<\/p>\n

1908 sonbahar\u0131nda \u00f6\u011frenci tiyatro kumpanyas\u0131 kurulur. 1908-09 e\u011fitim y\u0131l\u0131nda kumpanya Bedros Turyan\u2019\u0131n \u201cSev Ho\u011fer\u201d (Kara Topraklar), bir y\u0131l sonra da Avedis Aharonyan\u2019\u0131n \u201cArtsunki Hovid\u201d (G\u00f6z Ya\u015f\u0131 Vadisi) oyunlar\u0131n\u0131 sahneler. 1913\u2019te kumpanya kilisede \u201cVartanants Badrerazm\u0131\u201d (Vartanlar\u0131n Sava\u015f\u0131) oyununu sahneler. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l k\u0131zlardan olu\u015fan kumpanya Akabi Tatyan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6nderli\u011finde Kitab\u0131 Mukaddes\u2019ten al\u0131nma \u201cHama yev Yester\u201d (Hama ve Ester) oyununu sahneler. Muhtemelen \u00f6\u011fretmenler taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u201cTbrotsen pakhchogh dghan\u201d (Okuldan Ka\u00e7an \u00c7ocuk) oyunu da sahnelenen eserler aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7beg mahallesindeki bu Ermeni okulu \u00f6nemli bir ayd\u0131nlanma merkezine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmektedir: Kaliteli e\u011fitim kadrosuna sahip okulda pedagojik yeni metotlar uygulanmaktayd\u0131. Yok edilmesinden \u00f6nce, okul b\u00fcnyesinde 1914-15 \u00f6\u011fretim y\u0131l\u0131nda, y\u00fcksek s\u0131n\u0131f \u00f6\u011frencilerinin \u00fcye olduklar\u0131 bir izci grubu da kurulur. \u00a0Harput b\u00f6lgesindeki ilk izci grubuydu bu. Kurucusu ise okul m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc \u011eazaros Kuyumcuyan\u2019d\u0131. \u00a0Grup F\u0131rat k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 ve Dersim ovalar\u0131 da i\u00e7inde olmak \u00fczere bir \u00e7ok do\u011fa y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc tertipler. Onlar\u0131n \u00f6zel k\u0131yafetleri vard\u0131. Do\u011fa y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fleri haricinde, beden e\u011fitimi yap\u0131yor, farkl\u0131 spor dallar\u0131 uyguluyor ve izcilik kurslar\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131yorlard\u0131 [22].<\/p>\n

Nersesyan Okulu\u2019nda \u00f6\u011fretmenlik yapan ki\u015filer \u015funlard\u0131: Markar Celalyan, Mesrob Dzerigyan, Tavit Eksizyan, Merger Tukhmanyan, Sahag Nalbandyan, Hovhannes A\u015fotyan, Mardiros Pakraduni, Vahan Der Bo\u011fosyan, Mardiros Papazyan, Tavit Aramyan, Aleksan Malyemezyan, Bo\u011fos Zenneyan, \u00a0\u011eazaros Kuyumcuyan, Apraham Hekimyan, Merger Melkonyan, Mardiros Pehlivanyan, Sarkis P\u00fczantyan, Ye\u011fya Arsenyan, Margos Der Manuelyan, Manuel Der Manuelyan, Setrag Boyac\u0131yan, Hampartzum Harutyunyan, \u011eazar Boyac\u0131yan, Istepan Celalyan, Tateos Tatyan, Arda\u015fes Der Manuelyan, Hovsep Bardizbanyan (Urfa yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Garmuc \u015fehrinden), Senekerim \u0130nceyan. K\u0131zlar k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6\u011fretmeni ise \u015funlard\u0131: Akabi Tatyan, Lusig S\u0131rabyan, Bayan Takuhi (soyad\u0131 me\u00e7hul), Maryam Tertzagyan, Anna Bardizbanyan, A\u011favni A\u015fotyan [23].<\/p>\n

1891 y\u0131l\u0131nda okulun ilk \u00f6\u011fretmeni de olan Senekerim \u0130nceyan taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur. Ba\u015fta \u0130nceyan evinin odalar\u0131ndan biri okula tahsis edilmi\u015fti. 1895\u2019te \u00dc\u00e7beg mahallesinde Protestan ibadethanesi a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r ve okul yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 \u00f6\u011frencisiyle buraya ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r. \u00d6\u011frencilerin say\u0131s\u0131 giderek artar ve k\u0131z-erkek yakla\u015f\u0131k 40 \u00f6\u011frenciye ula\u015f\u0131r [24].<\/p>\n

Okulun kurucusu Senekerim \u0130nceyan d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, Past\u00f6r Be\u015fg\u00f6t\u00fcryan (Harput\u2019tan), Past\u00f6r Garabed G\u00fclyan (Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f\u2019tan), Past\u00f6r Sahag Hovsepyan (\u00c7emi\u015fgezek\u2019ten), Hovhannes A\u015fodyan (Garm\u0131ri k\u00f6y\u00fcnden), Mesrob Jamgo\u00e7yan ve Akabi Tatyan okulda \u00f6\u011fretmenlik yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r [25].<\/p>\n

\u00c7emi\u015fgezek\u2019teki T\u00fcrk Okullar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7emi\u015fgezek \u015fehrinde biri dini, di\u011ferleri devlet olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 T\u00fcrk okulu vard\u0131. En b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve \u00f6nemlisi \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yukar\u0131 meydan\u0131nda bulunan iki katl\u0131 okuldu. Buras\u0131 1908\u2019ten sonra R\u00fc\u015ftiye\u2019ye \u00e7evrilir. \u0130kinci okul Mecit Mayle mahallesinde, Hac\u0131 Cami\u2019nin avlusundayd\u0131. 3-4 odas\u0131 vard\u0131 ve burada ilkokulun ilk s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131na kadar e\u011fitim veriliyordu. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc ise dini bir medrese idi. K\u0131z b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri yada ayr\u0131 bir k\u0131z okulu mevcut de\u011fildi [26].<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar:<\/strong><\/p>\n