{"id":42261,"date":"2016-10-13T06:32:11","date_gmt":"2016-10-13T11:32:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=42261"},"modified":"2016-10-20T04:50:07","modified_gmt":"2016-10-20T09:50:07","slug":"turk-milliyetciligi-ve-tarihin-icadi-1-bolum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=42261","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi ve tarihin icad\u0131- 1. B\u00f6l\u00fcm"},"content":{"rendered":"
Etienne Copeaux\"01\"<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/h5>\n

T\u00fcrkiye uzman\u0131, <\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

jeopolitik alan\u0131nda doktora<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cTarihin icad\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bu metin, yaz\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamlad\u0131ktan sonra yay\u0131nlanan ve ayn\u0131 y\u0131l sunumunu yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m doktora tezimin bir \u00f6zeti olarak haz\u0131rland\u0131. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131m\u0131n sonucunu, Autrement yay\u0131nlar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kitleyle ilk kez payla\u015fmay\u0131 deniyordum. Hi\u00e7bir geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f ya da ilgi g\u00f6steren olmad\u0131. T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ilerin \u201ctarih tezi\u201d o kadar a\u015f\u0131r\u0131yd\u0131 ki belki de benim abartt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015flerdi. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 da hi\u00e7 ilgi \u00e7ekmeyecek bir konuya ilgi g\u00f6steriyor olmama \u015fa\u015f\u0131r\u0131yorlard\u0131. Yirmili ve otuzlu y\u0131llarda Mustafa Kemal taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen reformlar aras\u0131ndaki bu reform genellikle tarih\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan unutulan bir reformdu. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu \u201ctarih icad\u0131\u201d Kemalizm tarihinin ek maddesi de\u011fil. Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ve 1923 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fcbadelenin\u201d ard\u0131ndan on bir y\u0131ll\u0131k sava\u015f ve \u015fiddet sonucu yorgun d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f,\u00a0 harap olmu\u015f\u00a0 Anadolu halk\u0131 tam anlam\u0131yla y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc kaybetmi\u015fti. \u0130mparatorluktan cumhuriyete ge\u00e7i\u015fte s\u0131kl\u0131kla toprak kay\u0131plar\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilse de asl\u0131nda daha fazlas\u0131 var: Anadolu\u2019nun neredeyse her sakini evini, tarlalar\u0131n\u0131, bah\u00e7esini, sevdi\u011fi mekan\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015fti; d\u00fc\u015fman gibi tan\u0131t\u0131lan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen ya da s\u00fcr\u00fclen Ermeni, Rum kom\u015fusunu, dostunu, sokak k\u00f6\u015fesindeki zanaatkar ya da t\u00fcccar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015fti. Ve sonradan, o \u00d6tekinin asl\u0131nda kendisinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011funu ve onun kayb\u0131n\u0131n bir amp\u00fctasyon gibi hissedildi\u011fini anlad\u0131ysa da art\u0131k \u00e7ok ge\u00e7ti. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu kayb\u0131 telafi etmek gerekecekti. Kemalistler, ilk milliyet\u00e7ilerin detayland\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131, mevcut bir tarihi anlat\u0131y\u0131 kulland\u0131lar, bu hikaye b\u00fct\u00fcn bu olaylara bir anlam<\/em> kazand\u0131r\u0131p, Anadolululara bir y\u00f6n<\/em> veriyordu. Bunu yaparken de yekpare ve k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir T\u00fcrk kimli\u011fini sabitlemeyi hedefleyen ve bir gelecek tasarlayarak de\u011fil de yeni bir ge\u00e7mi\u015f yarat\u0131yordu. G\u00fcven veren bir hikaye.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ancak 1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7ok imal\u0131 oldu\u011fum bir nokta vard\u0131, soyk\u0131r\u0131m konusu. Bu konuyu hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde benim ki\u015fisel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm olarak ifade etmedim: \u201cErmeni konusu bildi\u011fimiz barbarl\u0131kla halledilmi\u015fti\u201d. <\/em>O zamanlar T\u00fcrk tarihi yaz\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 altm\u0131\u015f y\u0131ldan fazla bir s\u00fcredeki geli\u015fimini b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7erisinde inceliyordum ve o zaman hen\u00fcz ifade etmemi\u015f oldu\u011fum ama art\u0131k elzem g\u00f6r\u00fcneni anlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131m: bu hikaye tamam\u0131yla soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n varolu\u015fu ile ko\u015fulland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 \u2013ve ko\u015fulland\u0131r\u0131lmaya devam ediyor. Hatta daha da geni\u015f \u015fekilde ifade edecek olursak, XX. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n t\u00fcm T\u00fcrk ya\u015fam\u0131 bu ilk su\u00e7 ve onun inkar\u0131 ile ko\u015fulland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 diyebiliriz. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Peki, bu metinde sundu\u011fum hikaye, su\u00e7lular taraf\u0131ndan a\u011f\u0131r su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rtmek i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f bahane-hikaye de\u011filse nedir? Ermenileri sonra da Ortodokslar\u0131 Anadolu topraklar\u0131ndan sildikten sonra Devlet, onlar\u0131n tarihlerini silerek her \u015feyi \u00f6rtecek bir hikaye dayat\u0131yordu. XX: Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda meydana gelen Anadolu\u2019daki bu \u201cetnik temizlik\u201d siyaseti bu hikayede ve a\u011f\u0131r su\u00e7un varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tl\u0131yor. Nas\u0131l bir psikanalist hastas\u0131n\u0131 anlamak ve iyile\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in onun anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hikayeyi dikkate al\u0131yorsa, psikanalizin sundu\u011fu \u00f6\u011feleri kullanarak daha sonra Atat\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fcn olu\u015fturulmas\u0131na katk\u0131 sa\u011flayan s\u00f6ylenmeyeni, inkar\u0131, \u00d6tekinin reddini, ego olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131 ve tabii su\u00e7luluk duygusunu, rahats\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 kayg\u0131y\u0131 anlayabiliriz.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kemalist tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131 ve olu\u015fumu<\/p>\n

\"02\"<\/a>T\u00fcrk Tarih Kongresi\u2019nin ilki 1932 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Temmuz ay\u0131nda Cumhuriyet\u2019in \u00f6nemli isimlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra toplant\u0131lar\u0131n neredeyse tamam\u0131n\u0131 takip eden Mustafa Kemal\u2019in kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ile Ankara\u2019da topland\u0131. Bir devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n kongre a\u00e7mas\u0131 s\u0131radan olsa da, bir hafta s\u00fcresince takip etmesi pek de al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131k bir durum de\u011fildir; bu kat\u0131l\u0131m Cumhuriyetin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de tarih konular\u0131na vakfedilen \u00f6nemin bir g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n

Neredeyse tamam\u0131 tarih\u00f6ncesi ve eski tarihe adanm\u0131\u015f olan bu kongre, asl\u0131nda T\u00fcrk tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131na getirilen radikal perspektif de\u011fi\u015fimini yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

XX. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na kadar bir T\u00fcrk kendini, \u0130slam dinine aidiyeti ile tan\u0131mlard\u0131: \u201cElhamd\u00fclillah M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u0131m\u201d. <\/em>Bu kimlik unsuru Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde o kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcyd\u00fc ki, padi\u015fah hem halife hem de \u015feyh\u00fclislamd\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun birden \u00e7ok etnik yap\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131ran \u00f6zelli\u011fi, hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde kelimenin g\u00fcncel anlam\u0131yla bildi\u011fimiz \u201cmilliyet\u201d tan\u0131m\u0131na elveri\u015fli de\u011fildi, ge\u00e7mi\u015f ise\u00a0 T\u00fcrklerin <\/em>ge\u00e7mi\u015fi olarak alg\u0131lanmaktan ziyade M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n <\/em>ge\u00e7mi\u015fi, yani ana hatlar\u0131yla <\/em>\u00a0Araplar\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fi olarak alg\u0131lan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

1923 y\u0131l\u0131nda ilan edilen cumhuriyet rejiminde, tarih e\u011fitimi bir\u00e7ok ihtiyaca g\u00f6re uyarlanmal\u0131 ve ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layabilmeliydi. \u00d6ncelikle, 1918 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n galipleri taraf\u0131ndan yerilen T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn de\u011ferini art\u0131rmak ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki talihsiz imaj\u0131 ile zarar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f T\u00fcrk gururunu olu\u015fturmak\u00a0 gerekecekti. Bu imaj yenilik\u00e7i, cumhuriyet\u00e7i, laik, Avrupa ak\u0131lc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve pozitivizminin miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 gibi sunulan Kemal\u2019in reformlar\u0131 sayesinde 1920\u2019li y\u0131llarda y\u00fckselmeye ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan, madem bir devlet in\u015fa ediliyordu, o zaman yabanc\u0131 tarihin yani \u0130slam ya da Avrupa tarihinin \u00f6\u011fretilmesine devam edilmesinin kabul edilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olamazd\u0131. Milli bir ge\u00e7mi\u015f bulmak gerekiyordu, peki ama hangisi? T\u00fcrkler dokuz y\u00fczy\u0131ld\u0131r Anadolu\u2019da yerle\u015fiktiler; halk olarak bir tarihleri vard\u0131 ve tarihi olan bir toprak \u00fczerinde ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Orta Asya\u2019dan gelen T\u00fcrkler Anadolu\u2019ya yerle\u015ferek ve orada istikrar sa\u011flayarak, Anadolu ile evlendiler. Bu birlikteli\u011fin \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n (g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz T\u00fcrkleri) yi\u011fit olmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in d\u00fcn\u00fcrlerin<\/em> de yi\u011fit olmas\u0131 gerekiyordu. Asya ge\u00e7mi\u015finin de\u011ferlenmesine yeni ke\u015ffedilen \u0130yonyal\u0131lar, Akal\u0131lar, Urartular ve \u00f6zellikle Hititler gibi Anadolu\u2019nun eski medeniyetleri ile ilgili benzer bir operasyon e\u015flik etmeliydi.<\/p>\n

\u201cAsya\u2019n\u0131n ke\u015ffi\u201d <\/strong><\/p>\n

Tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yeniden ke\u015ffedilmesi hareketi asl\u0131nda Rus etkeninin son derece \u00f6nemli bir yer tuttu\u011fu ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir dizi durumun sonucudur.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk etapta, Orta Asya hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131nmas\u0131 (ba\u015fta 1873 y\u0131l\u0131nda Aral g\u00f6l\u00fc g\u00fcneyindeki Hive Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131) XIX. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130stanbul\u2019da halife-sultana y\u00f6nelik M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar aras\u0131 dayan\u0131\u015fma \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 tetikledi. T\u00fcrk ayd\u0131nlar\u0131\u00a0 Karadeniz kuzeyinde ve Hazar\u2019\u0131n kuzeyinde \u201c\u0131rk karde\u015flerinin\u201d varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131na vard\u0131lar. Bu d\u00f6nem asl\u0131nda ilk ba\u015fta M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00fcmmetten <\/em>ziyade, alan\u0131 hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ile \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fmayan bir etnik gruba aidiyet duygusu ile ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Pant\u00fcrkizm duygusunun ye\u015fermeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemdir. Bu duygu ilk kez, ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Paris\u2019te Osmanl\u0131 Ali Suavi\u2019nin yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Hive hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n durumunu anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 eserinde yer al\u0131r.1<\/sup><\/p>\n

1873 y\u0131l\u0131nda, yazar-gezgin L\u00e9on Cahun, Paris\u2019te d\u00fczenlenen 1. Uluslararas\u0131 Do\u011fubilimciler Kongresi\u2019nde, Turani olarak an\u0131lan \u0131rklar\u0131n tarih\u00f6ncesi g\u00f6\u00e7leri ve yerle\u015fimleri <\/em>ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir sunum yapar. Bu sunumda Cahun, Avrasya\u2019n\u0131n ortas\u0131nda bir i\u00e7 denizin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir harita da payla\u015f\u0131r. Haritadaki b\u00fcy\u00fck oklar Turanilerin k\u0131tan\u0131n d\u0131\u015f \u00e7evrelerine g\u00f6\u00e7lerini temsil etmektedir. Bu kongrede g\u00f6sterilen altm\u0131\u015f y\u0131l sonra Ankara kongresinde ele al\u0131nan\u0131n haritan\u0131n esas\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcrk dostu L\u00e9on Cahun\u2019un Paris\u2019te Osmanl\u0131 ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 ile yak\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131, T\u00fcrk tarihi hakk\u0131ndaki fikirlerinin al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda uzun bir etki b\u0131rakmas\u0131na neden olur:\u00a0 Mevcut okul kitaplar\u0131nda bu haritan\u0131n resimleri g\u00f6r\u00fclebilmektedir.<\/p>\n

S\u00f6m\u00fcrge fetihlerinin sona erdi\u011fi d\u00f6nemde Rus T\u00fcrkolojisi geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flar ve T\u00fcrklerin ge\u00e7mi\u015flerini idrak etmelerinde belirleyici bir itici g\u00fc\u00e7 olur. Bu d\u00f6nem Rus imparatorlu\u011fu ile Osmanl\u0131 imparatorlu\u011fu (\u00f6zellikle de Kazan, K\u0131r\u0131m ve Bak\u00fc bir yandan, \u0130stanbul \u00f6te yandan) aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 a\u015fan bir a\u011f\u0131n kuruldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemdir. Bu a\u011f ayd\u0131nlardan, Abd\u00fclhamid rejiminden ka\u00e7an siyasi m\u00fcltecilerden, Saint-Petersburg, Berlin, Paris\u2019te \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6renlerden olu\u015fuyordu. Kimi son derece parlak ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 olan bu \u015fah\u0131slar, XIX. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda T\u00fcrk alan\u0131n\u0131 ilgilendiren\u00a0 arkeolojik ve dilbilimsel ke\u015fiflere dahil oldular. Rus, Finlandiyal\u0131, Frans\u0131z, Alman bilginler… ve T\u00fcrk d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fka b\u00f6lgelerindeki ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar ve \u00f6\u011frenciler ile yak\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131lar. Gen\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131lar ile aralar\u0131nda L\u00e9on Cahun\u2019un da yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00e7o\u011fu T\u00fcrk dostu olan T\u00fcrkologlar ile verimli bulu\u015fmalar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir.<\/p>\n

Orhun kitabeleri: T\u00fcrklerin belle\u011fi <\/strong><\/p>\n

Mo\u011folistan\u2019da, Baykal g\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00fcneyinde Orhun b\u00f6lgesinde \u00e7ok say\u0131da yaz\u0131t\u0131n ke\u015ffedilmesi ve de\u015fifre edilmesinin \u00f6nemini anlayabilmek i\u00e7in \u015fartlar\u0131 anlamak gerekiyor. 1893 y\u0131l\u0131nda, bu yaz\u0131tlar\u0131n tarihi\u00a0 VIII. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u2019\u0131n ilk y\u0131llar\u0131na dayand\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve T\u00fcrk dilinin bilinen ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011fi olarak kabul edilir; bu yaz\u0131tlar, T\u00fcrk hanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan halklar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6zenli edebi bir dilde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan yaz\u0131tlard\u0131r; ve bu yaz\u0131tlar \u00e7ok say\u0131da heyecan dolu T\u00fcrk\u00fcn milli duygu gibi bir \u015feyleri g\u00f6rmek istedi\u011fi resmi bildirilerdir. D\u00f6nemin \u015fartlar\u0131 Orhun yaz\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011finin h\u0131zl\u0131 yorumlanmas\u0131na ve yay\u0131lmas\u0131na elveri\u015fliydi. Bu yaz\u0131tlar T\u00fcrklerin\u00a0 edebi dilinin ne kadar eskilere dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, Devlet olarak \u00f6rg\u00fctlendiklerinin, tek tanr\u0131l\u0131 inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n ve de Orta Asya k\u00f6kenli olduklar\u0131n\u0131n kan\u0131t\u0131 idi. Ve aniden T\u00fcrkler, tarihlerinin \u00f6nemli bir d\u00f6neminde ger\u00e7ek ge\u00e7mi\u015fleri, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ki\u015filikleri, \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fckleri, k\u0131sacas\u0131 kendi kimlikleri y\u00fcz y\u00fcze gelirler.<\/p>\n

O d\u00f6nemden sonra her \u015fey \u00e7ok \u00e7abuk geli\u015fir: Thomsen\u2019in2<\/sup> \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, Cahun\u2019un k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye4<\/sup> de \u00e7evrilecek olan bir tarih kitab\u0131na da temel olu\u015fturur. XIX. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u2019\u0131n sonu T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n hareketlenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemdir, Necib As\u0131m, S\u00fcleyman Pa\u015fa ve \u00fcnl\u00fc sosyolog Ziya G\u00f6kalp Cahun\u2019un kitab\u0131na hayran kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. 1910-1914 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda G\u00f6kalp bu \u201cyeni ge\u00e7mi\u015ften\u201d esinlenen \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u015fiir yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Rusya\u2019n\u0131n siyasi sars\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 (1905, 1917), Rus T\u00fcrkolojik bilgilerin yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 olan genellikle Tatar ya da Azeri ayd\u0131nlardan olu\u015fan yeni T\u00fcrkofon siyasi s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerin \u0130stanbul\u2019a geli\u015flerini tetikler. Azerbaycan, K\u0131r\u0131m, Kazan, Ba\u015fkiriya, T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n k\u0131sa \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc cumhuriyetlerinin eski y\u00f6neticileri olan bu ki\u015filerin \u0130slam i\u00e7in reformist modern bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 vard\u0131r ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir T\u00fcrk ulusu bilincinin ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131rlar; bu ayd\u0131nlar aras\u0131nda 1920\u2019li y\u0131llarda gelen tarih\u00e7iler Ba\u015fk\u0131r Sadri Maksudov, [Arkal]6<\/sup><\/a>, <\/sup>Tatar Zeki Velidov , [Togan] Kemalist k\u00fclt\u00fcr reformunun akt\u00f6rlerindendir.<\/p>\n

1908 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki J\u00f6n-T\u00fcrk devrimi, T\u00fcrk bilincini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015ftir. 1918 yenilgisinin utanc\u0131, Almanya\u2019da oldu\u011fu gibi bir gurur patlamas\u0131n\u0131 tetikler. Birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc askeri s\u0131\u00e7raman\u0131n\u00a0 ve Cumhuriyetin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, Mustafa Kemal T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye yeni bir tarih, bir T\u00fcrk tarihi ve Arap ve Acem etkilerden ar\u0131nacak yeni bir dil vermeyi arzulamaktad\u0131r. Halifeli\u011fin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, Cumhuriyetin laikle\u015ftirilmesi daha sonralar\u0131 Baas\u00e7\u0131 ve sonra Nas\u0131rc\u01317 <\/sup>olan Arap \u00fclkelerinde oldu\u011fu gibi, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan ulusal kimlik s\u00f6yleminin kabul\u00fcn\u00fc getirdi.<\/p>\n

Benzer bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel s\u00fcre\u00e7 Rusya\u2019da meydana gelmekte; belki de biraz da Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n ret davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fundan, Asya de\u011ferlerine bir geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fe tan\u0131k oluyoruz: \u00a0S\u00f6ylemi i\u00e7erisinde Rus tarihinde Asya ge\u00e7mi\u015finin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na at\u0131fta bulunan \u201cAvrasya\u201d denilen hareketin (yeniden) do\u011fu\u015fu. Bu hareket, ge\u00e7mi\u015f on y\u0131llar\u0131n tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131 endi\u015feleri ile birle\u015fiyor ve \u201cAvrasyac\u0131l\u0131k\u201d g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc \u201cAsya\u2019n\u0131n ke\u015ffinden\u201d al\u0131yor. Asl\u0131nda t\u00fcm bu hareketler ayn\u0131 noktada birle\u015fse de, Bak\u00fc ile Ankara aras\u0131nda bir rekabet de ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Ankara m\u0131 Bak\u00fc m\u00fc? <\/strong><\/p>\n

Ocak 1926\u2019da, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ya\u015fayan Tatar m\u00fclteci Ayaz \u0130shaki, T\u00fcrk-Tatar halklar\u0131 i\u00e7in ortak bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr, tek bir dil ve \u201cT\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck ayd\u0131n merkezini Angora, Sivas veya Erzurum\u2019a\u201d<\/em>9 <\/sup>ta\u015f\u0131may\u0131 \u00f6neriyordu. Ancak Mart 1926\u2019da, Asya\u2019ya olan bu ilgi\u00a0 Bak\u00fc\u2019de10<\/sup> d\u00fczenlenen ilk Kongre ile somutla\u015ft\u0131. Ama\u00e7 Bak\u00fc\u2019y\u00fc T\u00fcrkofon d\u00fcnyan\u0131n entelekt\u00fcel ba\u015fkenti yapmakt\u0131; Bak\u00fc\u2019deki bu kongre T\u00fcrk T\u00fcrkologlar ve \u0130stanbul\u2019da s\u00f6z sahibi olan Kazanl\u0131 Tatarlar i\u00e7in ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7land\u0131: T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck <\/em>ayd\u0131n merkezi Anadolu\u2019nun d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131. Otuzlu y\u0131llar\u0131n Kemalist k\u00fclt\u00fcr reformlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcndeminin ne olaca\u011f\u0131 Bak\u00fc\u2019de tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yordu. Orhun yaz\u0131tlar\u0131 ile ilgili bir sergi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. Eski T\u00fcrk tarihi kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n kolayca anla\u015f\u0131labilir bir dilde yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131 \u00f6nerilir, Bak\u00fc de bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma m\u00fczesi ile hayat bulacak b\u00fcy\u00fck bir etnoloji ve T\u00fcrkoloji merkezi olacakt\u0131r. Ku\u015fkusuz kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar Mustafa Kemal ad\u0131na kadeh toku\u015ftururlar ancak Stalin a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde Mustafa Kemal\u2019in \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir: Bak\u00fc\u2019de t\u00fcm T\u00fcrk dillerinin yaz\u0131m sistemi kurulur. T\u00fcrkiye Kongre\u2019ye kat\u0131lan T\u00fcrk delegeleri (Fuat K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc ve H\u00fcseyinzade Ali) heyecanla beklenmektedir ve sunacaklar\u0131 raporlar\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmet kararlar\u0131nda etkili olaca\u011f\u0131 sezilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bak\u00fc\u2019de, Ankara\u2019n\u0131n da 1928 ila 1932 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fayaca\u011f\u0131 bir T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc co\u015fkusu, ge\u00e7mi\u015f ile yeniden bulu\u015fma sevinci, \u201cger\u00e7ek\u201d T\u00fcrk dilini yeniden bulmak i\u00e7in \u201chalka d\u00f6nme\u201d arzusu hakimdir; ayn\u0131 soru i\u015faretleri mevcuttur: hangi alfabe kabul edilmeli? Bunun k\u00fclt\u00fcrel sonu\u00e7lar\u013111<\/sup> neler olur? Alfabe sorunu, 1863 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana ilk kez T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de\u011fil Azerbaycan\u2019da g\u00fcndeme getirilir ve Bak\u00fc\u2019de, bir komite Latin alfabesinin yay\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 Kongre \u00f6ncesine kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr. \u00a0Kongre taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6nerilen alfabe asl\u0131nda Bak\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn, Latin alfabesini 1928 y\u0131l\u0131nda kabul eden Ankara\u2019dan bir ad\u0131m \u00f6nde oldu\u011funun somut g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n

Daha sonralar\u0131 Kemalizm T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ilk M\u00fcsl\u00fcman laik cumhuriyet oldu\u011funa inand\u0131rmay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131r. Ancak Kazan, Bak\u00fc, K\u0131r\u0131m ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 \u00e7ok daha ileriydiler ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye bu fikri ithal edenler de asl\u0131nda ta kendileriydi. Azerbaycan bu \u00f6nc\u00fc rol\u00fcnde tek de de\u011fildi \u00fcstelik: k\u0131sa \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc K\u0131r\u0131m Tatar cumhuriyetinin (1918) kurulu\u015fu kad\u0131n ve erkeklere e\u015fit oy kullanma12<\/sup> hakk\u0131 \u00f6n g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. Bak\u00fc kongresi T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in bir t\u00fcr meydan okumad\u0131r ve Sovyet devleti T\u00fcrkolojiye verdi\u011fi destek bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bir ad\u0131m ileridedir.<\/p>\n

Adem T\u00fcrk m\u00fcyd\u00fc? <\/strong><\/p>\n

Kemalist T\u00fcrkler, Bat\u0131l\u0131 alimlerden bayra\u011f\u0131 devralarak ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 ilerletebilir ve T\u00fcrkolojiye \u201cmilli\u201d bir gidi\u015fat kazand\u0131rabilir, ki yeni \u2013ve ger\u00e7ek- bir kimlik aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu o d\u00f6nemde gayet de anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r olabilirdi. Bu Bak\u00fc ile bir rekabetin sonucu mudur? T\u00fcrklerin bir y\u00fcksekten atma durumu s\u00f6z konusu mudur? Kemalistler tarih ve arkeolojinin sonu\u00e7 ve vaatleri ile yetinememi\u015flerdir. Bak\u00fc kongresinin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131 takip eden y\u0131llarda bir yandan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de tarihi ara\u015ft\u0131rma i\u00e7in bir devlet \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesine tan\u0131k olundu \u00f6te yandan da Cahun\u2019un kitaplar\u0131n\u0131n da etkisi ile G\u00f6kalp\u2019in romantik hayallerinin etkisi artt\u0131.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131 (Orhun yaz\u0131tlar\u0131 gibi) bilinenle veya ke\u015fifleri incelemekle yetinmeyecekti. Tarih ve arkeolojinin bilinmeyenlerini ve belirsizliklerini de inceleyecekti. Yeni ke\u015ffedilen S\u00fcmerler, Etr\u00fcskler, Giritliler, Hititler gibi baz\u0131 medeniyetlerin k\u00f6keni sorun yaratmaktayd\u0131. Daha genel bir deyi\u015f ile, \u201cneolitik devrimin\u201d, M.\u00d6. 4000 y\u0131llar\u0131nda insano\u011flunun ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi belirleyici ilerlemenin Hindistan, Mezopotamya, M\u0131s\u0131r ve Avrupa\u2019da nas\u0131l yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunu anlamak zordur.<\/p>\n

Bilimsel toplumlarda, b\u00fcy\u00fck karde\u015f Rosny\u2019nin halk\u0131n anlayabilece\u011fi dilde yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 romanlar\u0131n\u0131n da g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gibi, jeoloji ve tarih \u00f6ncesi aras\u0131nda kalan konular ilgi \u00e7ekmektedir. L\u00e9on Cahun\u2019un ard\u0131ndan, son buzulla\u015fma sonras\u0131nda Orta Asya\u2019y\u0131 kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u00e7 denizin hatlar\u0131n\u0131n yeniden olu\u015fturmay\u0131 denediler. Olay\u0131 halk\u0131n anlayaca\u011f\u0131 \u015fekilde anlatan bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi haritalar \u00f6nerdi hatta H.G. Wells, Evrensel tarihin Eskizi <\/em>(1925) isimli eserinde bu konuya de\u011finmi\u015ftir. Bu eser 1927 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye Milli E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7evrilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk T\u00fcrkologlar bu denizin k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda geli\u015fmekte olan ve di\u011ferlerine g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha ileride olan proto-t\u00fcrk bir medeniyet oldu\u011funu hayal etmektedirler. Binlerce y\u0131l \u00f6nce denizin kurumas\u0131 bu T\u00fcrk halklar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli g\u00f6\u00e7lerinin bir nedeni olabilirdi. Kemalist tarih\u00e7iler bir t\u00fcr kumlar\u0131n Atlantis\u2019i hayali kurmaktayd\u0131. Hayalleri, milli co\u015fkunun da etkisiyle mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 zorluyordu. L\u00e9on Cahun\u2019un 1873 y\u0131l\u0131nda ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bu fikirler yeniden kullan\u0131lacakt\u0131: -Brakisefal \u0131rk\u0131ndan- T\u00fcrkler dil ve medeniyetlerini \u00e7ok uza\u011fa k\u0131tan\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na kadar ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131lar. Bu tarih tezleri <\/em>ile S\u00fcmerlilerin k\u00f6keni sorununun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyordu ve \u00c7inlilerin, Hintlilerin, M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n ve neolitik d\u00f6nemde t\u00fcm Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdikleri ilerlemelere de bir a\u00e7\u0131klama bulacaklar\u0131na inan\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Cahun, bunlara zaten dil bilimsel bir a\u00e7\u0131klama getirdi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. T\u00fcrkler onun fikirlerini alarak daha ileriye ta\u015f\u0131mak istediler: T\u00fcrk ve Hint-Avrupa dillerinin ayn\u0131 k\u00f6kten olduklar\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlamak ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7eden hareket ederek d\u00fcnyan\u0131n t\u00fcm dillerinin men\u015feini anlatmak gerekecekti: g\u00fcne\u015f-dil teorisi <\/em>otuzlu y\u0131llarda geli\u015ftirildi. Tarih tezleri <\/em>ve g\u00fcne\u015f-dil teorisi <\/em>o d\u00f6nemin Kemalist ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 hareket ge\u00e7irir; tarih \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nem, eski tarih, dilbilim tarihi, antropoloji d\u00f6nemin hakim bilim dallar\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyan\u0131n T\u00fcrk men\u015fei ile a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 Anadolu tarihini, \u201cd\u00fcn\u00fcr\u201d sorununu da \u00e7\u00f6zer. T\u00fcrkler dokuz y\u00fczy\u0131ld\u0131r Anadolu\u2019da ya\u015famaktad\u0131rlar ama Anadolu\u2019da Ermeniler ve Rumlar da vard\u0131r. Ermeni sorunu bildi\u011fimiz vah\u015fet ile halledilmi\u015fti. Ancak Yunanistan toprak talep ediyordu ve 1919 y\u0131l\u0131nda\u00a0 bat\u0131da askeri i\u015fgal ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. 1922 askeri zaferi, m\u00fcbadeleler Atat\u00fcrk\u2019e yetmemi\u015fti; zaferin ard\u0131ndan \u0131rsi d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtmek ve s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 etmek, Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n milli talepleri ile ilgili t\u00fcm tarihi temeli yok etmek, Anadolu\u2019nun Yunanl\u0131lar gelmeden \u00e7ok \u00f6nce T\u00fcrk oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlamak gerekiyordu.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi arkeolojiden yararlanmak arzusundayd\u0131: 1930 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hititler art\u0131k iyice biliniyordu (1906 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bo\u011fazk\u00f6y kaz\u0131lar\u0131 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131). Ancak dil konusu hala karanl\u0131kt\u0131 ve d\u00f6nemin alimleri bilinen eski dillerle hi\u00e7bir ba\u011flant\u0131 bulam\u0131yorlard\u0131. T\u00fcrk dil bilimcileri bu gedik i\u00e7ine batacaklard\u0131: Hititlerin eski T\u00fcrkler oldu\u011funu, g\u00f6\u00e7 yolu ile Orta Asya\u2019dan geldiklerini s\u00f6ylemek cezbediciydi. Sonu\u00e7 olarak dil bilimi Hititlerin Hint-Avrupa ailesinden oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlamak \u00fczere olsa da \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli de\u011fil, ne de olsa 1936-1937 y\u0131l\u0131nda g\u00fcne\u015f-dil teorisi <\/em>t\u00fcm dillerin T\u00fcrk\u00e7eden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u201ckan\u0131tlayacakt\u0131\u201d!<\/p>\n

Kemalist tarih\u00e7iler, bilimsel bilginin en ileri noktalar\u0131 ile karanl\u0131kta kalm\u0131\u015f noktalar\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131p, \u201cyeni bir ge\u00e7mi\u015f\u201d olu\u015fturarak, Osmanl\u0131lara de\u011fil de T\u00fcrklere ait \u015fanl\u0131 bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fi yeniden olu\u015fturma ihtiyac\u0131na cevap vermi\u015f oldular. \u0130slami ge\u00e7mi\u015f ile kopma kesin olarak tamamlanm\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Etienne Copeaux T\u00fcrkiye uzman\u0131, jeopolitik alan\u0131nda doktora \u201cTarihin icad\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bu metin, yaz\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamlad\u0131ktan sonra yay\u0131nlanan ve ayn\u0131 y\u0131l sunumunu yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m doktora tezimin bir \u00f6zeti olarak haz\u0131rland\u0131. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131m\u0131n sonucunu, Autrement yay\u0131nlar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kitleyle ilk kez payla\u015fmay\u0131 deniyordum. Hi\u00e7bir geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f ya da ilgi g\u00f6steren olmad\u0131. T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ilerin \u201ctarih tezi\u201d o kadar […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":42263,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[44,22,1,70],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-42261","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ermeni-soykirimi","category-gunumuzde-bati-ermenistan","category-haberler","category-makaleler"],"yoast_head":"\nT\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi ve tarihin icad\u0131- 1. 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B\u00f6l\u00fcm - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Etienne Copeaux T\u00fcrkiye uzman\u0131, jeopolitik alan\u0131nda doktora \u201cTarihin icad\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bu metin, yaz\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamlad\u0131ktan sonra yay\u0131nlanan ve ayn\u0131 y\u0131l sunumunu yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m doktora tezimin bir \u00f6zeti olarak haz\u0131rland\u0131. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131m\u0131n sonucunu, Autrement yay\u0131nlar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kitleyle ilk kez payla\u015fmay\u0131 deniyordum. Hi\u00e7bir geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f ya da ilgi g\u00f6steren olmad\u0131. 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B\u00f6l\u00fcm - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=42261","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi ve tarihin icad\u0131- 1. B\u00f6l\u00fcm - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","og_description":"Etienne Copeaux T\u00fcrkiye uzman\u0131, jeopolitik alan\u0131nda doktora \u201cTarihin icad\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bu metin, yaz\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamlad\u0131ktan sonra yay\u0131nlanan ve ayn\u0131 y\u0131l sunumunu yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m doktora tezimin bir \u00f6zeti olarak haz\u0131rland\u0131. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131m\u0131n sonucunu, Autrement yay\u0131nlar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kitleyle ilk kez payla\u015fmay\u0131 deniyordum. Hi\u00e7bir geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f ya da ilgi g\u00f6steren olmad\u0131. T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ilerin \u201ctarih tezi\u201d o kadar […]","og_url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=42261","og_site_name":"Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","article_published_time":"2016-10-13T11:32:11+00:00","article_modified_time":"2016-10-20T09:50:07+00:00","og_image":[{"width":360,"height":270,"url":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2016\/10\/02.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"admin","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"admin","Est. reading time":"17 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=42261#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=42261"},"author":{"name":"admin","@id":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/#\/schema\/person\/096f1d38a12cce57fb855b485ed24c9e"},"headline":"T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi ve tarihin icad\u0131- 1. 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