{"id":41112,"date":"2016-07-06T02:43:00","date_gmt":"2016-07-06T07:43:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=41112"},"modified":"2016-07-06T02:43:00","modified_gmt":"2016-07-06T07:43:00","slug":"kulturel-miras-ve-tarihsel-bellege-karsi-islenen-suc-terk-edilmis-mulk-sorunu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=41112","title":{"rendered":"K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Miras ve Tarihsel Belle\u011fe Kar\u015f\u0131 \u0130\u015flenen Su\u00e7: Terk Edilmi\u015f M\u00fclk Sorunu"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Ani\"<\/a>Dickran Kuyumjian<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan yakla\u015f\u0131k bir as\u0131r sonra, hayatta kalanlar ve onlar\u0131n torunlar\u0131, h\u00e2l\u00e2, olay\u0131n failleri taraf\u0131ndan bu olay\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 bekliyorlar. Ermeni anavatan\u0131 \u015fu an ba\u015fka bir isimle an\u0131l\u0131yor ve burada, Ermenilerin bu topraklardaki tarihsel varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 inkar edenler ikamet ediyor. T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti \u2018Ermenistan\u2019 ve \u2018Ermeni\u2019 s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerini okul ve tarih kitaplar\u0131ndan, co\u011frafyadan silerek Ermenileri ge\u00e7mi\u015finden mahrum b\u0131rakt\u0131. Zaman i\u00e7erisinde Ermeniler, atalar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fmu\u015f oldu\u011fu yerleri, isimleri de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f k\u00f6y ve kasabalarla ili\u015fkilendirmek i\u00e7in daha fazla u\u011fra\u015facaklard\u0131r. \u00dclkelerinin ge\u00e7mi\u015fi konusunda bilin\u00e7li olarak cahil b\u0131rak\u0131lan yeni ku\u015fak T\u00fcrkler, Cumhuriyetlerinin kurulmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nceki on y\u0131ldan daha az bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde cereyan eden bu olaylara kar\u015f\u0131 kay\u0131ts\u0131z kald\u0131lar.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Katliam ve etnik k\u0131y\u0131mdan olu\u015fan soyk\u0131r\u0131m, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyet\u2019inin kurulu\u015funun ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olarak icra edilip tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r elbette; fakat di\u011fer Soyk\u0131r\u0131m, yani Ermeni k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne ve Ermenilerin tarihsel haf\u0131zas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015flenen su\u00e7 h\u00e2l\u00e2 devam ediyor.<\/p>\n

Cezas\u0131z kalan Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 tan\u0131nm\u0131yor, az biliniyor ve failleri taraf\u0131ndan h\u00e2l\u00e2 ink\u00e2r ediliyor. 1894-1896 y\u0131llar\u0131 ve yine 1909\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 katliamlarla \u00f6ncelenen Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131, T\u00fcrklerin Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na Mihver G\u00fc\u00e7leri\u2019nin yan\u0131nda girmesinden sonra 1915 Nisan\u2019\u0131nda \u0130stanbul\u2019da ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130lk y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde, 1 milyondan fazla Ermeni ya \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ya da Suriye \u00e7\u00f6llerine do\u011fru ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen tehcir s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcme terk edildi[1].<\/p>\n

Gen\u00e7 Arnold Toynbee taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f, detayl\u0131 g\u00f6rg\u00fc tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 bir derlemesi olan \u201cThe Treatment of the Armenians in Ottoman Empire\u201d \u0130ngiltere Parlamentosu taraf\u0131ndan 1916\u2019dan \u00f6nce bas\u0131ld\u0131[2]. Ermenilerin tarihsel anayurdu yerli halk\u0131ndan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve hi\u00e7bir Ermeni bug\u00fcn orada ya\u015fam\u0131yor[3].<\/p>\n

Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 1918 Ate\u015fkesi\u2019nden, 1920 Sevr Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019ndan ya da 1923 Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri\u2019nden sonra bitti mi? Ne yaz\u0131k ki hay\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc m\u00fcteakip T\u00fcrk H\u00fck\u00fcmetleri kendi vatanda\u015flar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131: A) ayr\u0131mc\u0131 pratikler, B) bir ink\u00e2r politikas\u0131 ve hatta Ermeni an\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n kas\u0131tl\u0131 tahribat\u0131, C) Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n ve hatta her zaman Ermeni Yaylas\u0131 olarak bilinen b\u00f6lgedeki Ermenilerin tarihsel varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yalanlayan bir devlet politikas\u0131 yoluyla soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 devam ettirirken, failler de sonradan \u201cinsanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lar\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lacak bu s\u00fcreci kabul etmeyi reddetmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

S\u00f6zde \u201cTerkedilmi\u015f\u201d Ermeni Mallar\u0131n\u0131n Gasp\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cTerk edilmi\u015f m\u00fclkler\u201d teriminin, \u201c\u00e7al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f m\u00fclkler\u201d terimine bir \u00f6rt\u00fc oldu\u011fu en ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri apa\u00e7\u0131k ortadayken, bu kavram bir hukuk terimi olarak Ermeni mallar\u0131n\u0131n ilk gasp\u0131ndan on be\u015f y\u0131l sonra kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. May\u0131s 1915\u2019te, planlanm\u0131\u015f imhan\u0131n hemen hemen ilk ay\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde, J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin \u00fc\u00e7 liderinden biri olan Osmanl\u0131 Dahiliye Naz\u0131r\u0131 Talat Pa\u015fa, kendi Ermeni vatanda\u015flar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u201cSava\u015f\u0131n ve Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc Siyasi Ko\u015fullar\u0131n Sonucu Olarak Ermeniler Taraf\u0131ndan Terk Edilmi\u015f Ta\u015f\u0131nabilir ve Ta\u015f\u0131namaz M\u00fclklerle \u0130lgili Talimatname\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir talimatname yay\u0131nlad\u0131[4]. S\u00f6z konusu talimatname, bu konumdaki m\u00fclkiyetin, \u00f6zel komisyonlar taraf\u0131ndan envantere al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirilen m\u00fclk sahipleri ad\u0131na emanette bulundurulmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. Asl\u0131nda Ermenilere, al\u0131nd\u0131 belgeleri verilmi\u015fti[5]. Yasa bunlara ilaveten Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131\u2019ndan gelen T\u00fcrk g\u00f6\u00e7menlerini, Ermenilerin evlerine ve topraklar\u0131na yerle\u015ftirme ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 da belirliyordu. Ku\u015fkusuz, failler kadar onlar\u0131n bug\u00fcnk\u00fc savunucular\u0131 da tutuklamalar\u0131 ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri basit\u00e7e Ermenilerin sava\u015f alan\u0131ndan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyor ve yetkililer hi\u00e7bir Ermeni\u2019nin geri d\u00f6nmeyece\u011fini biliyorlard\u0131[6]. \u201cTerk edilmi\u015f\u201d mallar sorunu 1918\u2019den 1922\u2019ye kadar, \u201cM\u00fcsadere Kanunu\u201dnu iptal eden Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131[7] da d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere T\u00fcrkiye, Ermenistan ve M\u00fcttefik Devletler aras\u0131nda say\u0131s\u0131z defa g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcld\u00fc. Fakat 1923\u2019te, revize edilmi\u015f Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131ndan hemen \u00f6nce, yeni bir Terk Edilmi\u015f M\u00fclkler Kanunu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Bu kanun, ayr\u0131lma ko\u015fullar\u0131 ne olursa olsun, art\u0131k T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ikamet etmeyen Ermenilerin m\u00fclklerinin m\u00fcsadere edilmesinin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131yordu.[8]*<\/p>\n

Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye vatanda\u015f\u0131 olmalar\u0131 durumunda az\u0131nl\u0131klara koruma hakk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131 ve s\u00f6z konusu hakk\u0131 h\u00e2l\u00e2 sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Ancak, T\u00fcrk Devleti, Lozan\u2019daki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131ndan sonra, Ermenilerin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye d\u00f6nmesini yasaklayan ba\u015fka bir yasay\u0131 uygulamaya koydu. 1926 A\u011fustosu\u2019nda, Atat\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, \u201cLozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi 1924 A\u011fustos\u2019undan \u00f6nce m\u00fcsadere edilmi\u015f t\u00fcm m\u00fclkleri muhafaza edece\u011fini\u201d resmen ilan etti. 1927 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131nda, ba\u015fka bir yasa ile \u201cKurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda\u201d sava\u015fmam\u0131\u015f ya da 1923-1927 aras\u0131nda yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015f olanlar\u0131n T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 iptal ediliyor ve b\u00f6ylece Ermeni Sorunu asl\u0131nda g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fcyordu[9]*.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fka bir yerde, el konulmu\u015f bu mallar\u0131n kapsam\u0131n\u0131 ve de\u011ferini detayl\u0131ca tart\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131m[10]. Bunlar, likit varl\u0131klar (banka mevduatlar\u0131, hisse senetleri, tahviller, sigorta poli\u00e7eleri, alt\u0131nlar, tablolar ve di\u011fer de\u011ferli mallar) ile ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mallardan (evler, d\u00fckkanlar, fabrikalar, han, vak\u0131flar, \u00e7iftlikler, ah\u0131rlar, ambarlar, de\u011firmenler, ekili ve ekili olmayan t\u00fcm araziler, canl\u0131 hayvanlar ve benzeri) olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Ermeni toplumunun en g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr sembolleri olan ve bug\u00fcne birka\u00e7 d\u00fczinesi kalan 2500 civar\u0131nda kilise, 450 manast\u0131r ve 2000 Ermeni okulunu da i\u00e7ermekteydi. Uzmanlar, bu gasp\u0131n toplam de\u011ferinin bug\u00fcn 100 milyar dolar\u0131n \u00fczerinde oldu\u011funu hesaplam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r[11]. B\u00f6ylelikle, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti ge\u00e7en y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n deh\u015fetine, zaman\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck servet ve toprak h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da ekleyerek, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerinin ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fi bitirmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Mallar\u0131n\/An\u0131tlar\u0131n Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Su\u00e7u ile \u0130li\u015fkisi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Halklar\u0131n Kal\u0131c\u0131 Mahkemesi giri\u015fiminin Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ile ilgili olarak 1984\u2019te Paris\u2019te toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 mahkemedeki tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131mda da ifade etti\u011fim \u00fczere, tarihsel, dinsel veya k\u00fclt\u00fcrel eserlerin imhas\u0131, modern soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r; kendi k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinin temel simgeleri durumundaki bu eserleri yaratan halk\u0131n haf\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131 yok etmeye y\u00f6nelik bir giri\u015fimdir.[12] 17 y\u0131l sonra, 1 Ocak 2001\u2019de, Londra\u2019daki The Times dergisindeki bir makalede Alexander Stillie, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131, Holokost ve Bosna Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda S\u0131rp sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n son zamanlardaki eylemleri hakk\u0131nda \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu: \u201c\u00d6ncelikle, birinin direni\u015f azmini k\u0131rman\u0131n, onun k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc yok etmekten ge\u00e7ti\u011fini anlayarak, bilin\u00e7li bir \u015fekilde camileri, an\u0131tlar\u0131 ve k\u00fct\u00fcphaneleri y\u0131kt\u0131lar. Belki daha haince olan\u0131, do\u011fum ve ikametg\u00e2h kay\u0131tlar\u0131 ile beraber ar\u015fivleri ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131lar, b\u00f6ylelikle da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f m\u00fclteciler asla do\u011fmu\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131 veya evlerinde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131 dahi kan\u0131tlayamayacaklard\u0131\u201d.[13] \u00dc\u00e7 ay sonra, aktivist Prof. Michael Sells bu kavram\u0131 peki\u015ftirdi: \u201cS\u0131kl\u0131kla, sadece olabildi\u011fince \u00e7ok insan\u0131n de\u011fil, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel haf\u0131zay\u0131 temsil eden nesnelerin de yok edilmesine y\u00f6nelik \u00e7abalar\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylelikle sa\u011f kalanlar\u0131n art\u0131k d\u00e2hil olduklar\u0131 haf\u0131za birli\u011finin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirdim. \u00c7o\u011fu kez \u2018Niye insanlar dururken nesneleri umursayal\u0131m\u2019 itiraz\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131m. Cevab\u0131m \u015fu oldu: \u2018Bir an\u0131t\u0131 yok etme \u00e7abas\u0131, asl\u0131nda o an\u0131t\u0131 yaratan ve hala onu k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hayatlar\u0131n\u0131n merkezinde bulunduran insanlar\u0131n haf\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131 da yok etme \u00e7abas\u0131d\u0131r\u2019.\u201d[14] Bu konferans ve Prof. Donna-Lee Frieze\u2019in, Raphael Lemkin\u2019in yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f otobiyografisi \u00fczerine yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 makalesi sayesinde, Lemkin\u2019in, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yok olu\u015f veya asimilasyonun, herhangi bir sistematik soyk\u0131r\u0131m giri\u015fiminde oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 temel rol\u00fc h\u00e2lihaz\u0131rda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anlam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[15].<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 y\u0131llarda, belki de Bosna\u2019daki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfusun tehdit alt\u0131nda olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 olu\u015fan hassasiyet sebebiyle, baz\u0131 T\u00fcrk ayd\u0131n ve siyaset\u00e7ilerinde de Ermenilere kar\u015f\u0131 temkinli ama belirgin bir uyan\u0131\u015f s\u00f6z konusuydu. Aral\u0131k 2002\u2019de, Los Angeles Times gazetesinde, T\u00fcrk bir gazeteci taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan makalede, a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin agresif bir \u015fekilde Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019ne girme m\u00fccadelesi verdi\u011fi bir s\u00fcre\u00e7te; Van G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019ndeki Akdamar (Aght\u2019amar) Adas\u0131\u2019ndaki 10. yy. Ermeni Kilisesi\u2019nin restorasyon projesinin k\u00f6keninde, yeni se\u00e7ilmi\u015f Adalet ve Kalk\u0131nma Partisinin, dini ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc ve az\u0131nl\u0131k haklar\u0131na sayg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterme \u00e7abas\u0131nda oldu\u011fu dile getiriliyordu. Restorasyona \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck eden H\u00fcseyin \u00c7elik, K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakan\u0131yd\u0131 ve Tayyip Erdo\u011fan\u2019\u0131n iktidardaki \u0130slamc\u0131 partisinin bir \u00fcyesiydi. Kendisinin \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 derecede samimi yorumlar\u0131, 70 y\u0131ll\u0131k kendi tarihsel revizyonizminin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 ile y\u00fczle\u015fen T\u00fcrk Devlet\u2019inin ikilemi ve ge\u00e7mi\u015f trajedisi hakk\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k bir kavray\u0131\u015f\u0131 ortaya koyuyordu: \u201cBizim kar\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011fumuz durum, devlet i\u00e7indeki dar g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc ki\u015filerin, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Ermeni An\u0131tlar\u0131\u2019na kar\u015f\u0131 ayr\u0131mc\u0131, deklare edilmemi\u015f politikalar\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d Devam\u0131nda \u201cPolitika yapanlar\u0131n korkular\u0131 \u015fudur ki; e\u011fer H\u0131ristiyan yerle\u015fimleri restore edilirse, bu Ermenilerin bir zamanlar burada ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlayacak ve topraklar\u0131m\u0131z \u00fczerindeki Ermeni iddialar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden g\u00fcndeme getirecektir.[16]\u201d<\/p>\n

Mevcut Durum<\/strong><\/p>\n

19 Eyl\u00fcl 2010\u2019da, bas\u0131nda fazlaca yer alan, h\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan da tasdik ve te\u015fvik edilen Akdamar Kilisesi\u2019ndeki Ermeni Cemaati\u2019nin ayini ve kilisenin milyon dolarl\u0131k restorasyonu, Ekim 2009\u2019daki Ermeni-T\u00fcrk Protokolleri\u2019nin imzalanmas\u0131na benzer bir \u015fekilde, \u00e7o\u011fu ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin d\u00fcnyaya ve \u00f6zellikle Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019ne, kendi az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131na ve onlar\u0131n m\u00fclklerine kar\u015f\u0131 sayg\u0131l\u0131 davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir propaganda takti\u011fi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Rum Ortodoks Kilisesi\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 di\u011fer sembolik jestler, Orta\u00e7a\u011f Ermeni \u015fehri Ani\u2019de[17] yap\u0131lan restorasyonlar ve di\u011fer Ermeni Kiliseleri i\u00e7in yenile\u015ftirme projeleri, yetkililere, az\u0131nl\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 ayd\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f T\u00fcrk tavr\u0131 sunmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm verdi. \u015eu not edilmelidir ki, bu yaz\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131rken, 26 Ocak 2011\u2019de, T\u00fcrk D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019ndaki hukuki az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 (Yunanlar, Ermeniler, Yahudiler) Hariciye Hizmet \u0130\u015fleri\u2019ne ba\u015fvurmamalar\u0131 \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 ekleyerek i\u015fe almaya haz\u0131r oldu\u011funa dair bir deme\u00e7 verdi[18].<\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz on y\u0131lda diasporadaki Ermeniler, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m \u00f6ncesinde sat\u0131n al\u0131nan sigorta poli\u00e7elerinin zararlar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layan \u00f6demeleri sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla, uluslararas\u0131 sigorta \u015firketlerine kars\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lan toplu davalar\u0131 kazand\u0131lar, fakat hayatta kalan varisleri olmayanlar i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde bu talepte bulunamad\u0131lar.[19] Bu \u00e7abalar\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin Brian Kabateck ve Mark Gregos ile birlikte pek \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f avukat Vartkes Yeghiayan, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 olaylar\u0131n\u0131n kapsam\u0131nda bulunan sigorta ve di\u011fer varl\u0131klara ili\u015fkin bir\u00e7ok davay\u0131 Kaliforniya Federal Mahkemesi\u2019ne ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131[20]. Toplu davalar a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 ve 2004\u2019te New York Life\u2019a (20.000.000 $)[21] ve Fransa\u2019da 2005- 2007 aras\u0131nda (17.500.000 $) AXA sigortaya kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lan bu davalar kazan\u0131ld\u0131; Alman sigorta \u015firketi Victoria\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lan bir \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc dava ise \u015fimdilik temyiz a\u015famas\u0131ndad\u0131r.[22] S\u00f6z konusu Ermeni davalar\u0131n\u0131n hemen hemen hepsinde, hukuki s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin ve emsallerin Holokost davas\u0131 \u00fczerinden kuruldu\u011fu ve yak\u0131ndan takip edildi\u011fi belirtilmelidir.<\/p>\n

Ermeni, K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131 ve Yunan bireylerin T\u00fcrk devleti aleyhine Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesine ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 benzer davalar, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m kurbanlar\u0131 ve onlar\u0131n torunlar\u0131 ad\u0131na, katliamlar\u0131n sonucu olarak m\u00fcsadere edilmi\u015f m\u00fclklerin milyarlar\u0131 bulan tazmini aray\u0131\u015f\u0131yla, T\u00fcrk devleti ve iki b\u00fcy\u00fck T\u00fcrk bankas\u0131 aleyhine Kaliforniya Federal Mahkemesinde a\u00e7\u0131lan toplu bir davaya yol a\u00e7t\u0131.[23] Ve \u00e7ok yak\u0131n tarihte, Vartkes Yeghiayan; Alex Bakalian ve di\u011ferleri ad\u0131na T\u00fcrk Devleti\u2019ni, \u015fu anda ABD\u2019ye kiralanm\u0131\u015f \u0130ncirlik Hava \u00dcss\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn par\u00e7as\u0131 olan davac\u0131 ailelerinin arazilerine, soyk\u0131r\u0131m esnas\u0131nda el koymakla su\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir dava a\u00e7t\u0131[24].<\/p>\n

Bu, Diaspora Davut\u2019unun T\u00fcrk Golyat\u2019\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131, ne T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 tan\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131 bekleyen ne de buna ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olan, bunlardan ziyade tarihsel ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler, Avrupa Parlamentosu, 20 devlet ve ABD\u2019deki 42 eyaletin resmi i\u015flemleri ile soyk\u0131r\u0131m ve Holokost \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n neredeyse hepsinden alan, uzun d\u00f6nemli bir hukuki s\u00fcreci temsil eder. Bu aktivist politika ayn\u0131 zamanda AB \u00fcyeli\u011finin getirdi\u011fi mecburiyetler dolay\u0131s\u0131yla olu\u015fan daha a\u00e7\u0131k bir T\u00fcrk tavr\u0131yla beslendi ve 4 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, Agos\u2019un kurucusu ve edit\u00f6r\u00fc, ayn\u0131 zamanda 2005 Erivan Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Konferans\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 olan Ermeni-T\u00fcrk gazeteci Hrant Dink\u2019in vah\u015fice \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi sonras\u0131nda ivme kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 T\u00fcrk ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 ile gazetecileri, soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve bunun ayn\u0131 zamanda katledilen karde\u015f yurtta\u015flar\u0131n varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n gasp\u0131n\u0131n bir T\u00fcrk orta s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131ndaki rol\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a konu\u015fuyorlar. T\u00fcrk gazeteci Murat Bardak\u00e7\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, tehcir ve \u00f6l\u00fcmler s\u0131ras\u0131nda Bakan\u0131n kendi eliyle yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Ermeni \u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n (yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 milyon) k\u00f6y k\u00f6y ve g\u00fcn g\u00fcn kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren, \u201cTalat Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Kara Kapl\u0131 Defteri\u201dnin 2005 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki ayn\u0131 bas\u0131m\u0131n\u0131[25] toplu katliam\u0131n gizli ve bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f boyutlar\u0131 \u00fczerine al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yorumlar takip etti.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l, tapu belgeleri ve arsa el de\u011fi\u015fimlerinin n\u00fcshalar\u0131n\u0131 temin etmekle g\u00f6revli Tapu ve Kadastro Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Milli G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi\u2019nden bunlar\u0131 kopyalamak i\u00e7in izin istedi. Be\u015f y\u0131l \u00f6nce Erivan\u2019daki Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Konferans\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bir ba\u015fka kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 olan Murat Belge, \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Devleti d\u00f6nemine ait s\u00f6z konusu defterlerin i\u00e7erdi\u011fi bilgilerin etnik ve siyasi (as\u0131ls\u0131z soyk\u0131r\u0131m, Osmanl\u0131 Vak\u0131flar\u0131 m\u00fclkiyet iddialar\u0131 ve benzeri) istismara malzeme olabilece\u011fi ve \u00fclkemizin i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu ko\u015fullar dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, k\u0131smen ya da tamamen \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131larak da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmamalar\u0131n\u0131n, \u2026 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bulunduklar\u0131 Tapu ve Kadastro Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019nde muhafaza edilmelerinin ve kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclke menfaatleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 tutulmas\u0131n\u0131n uygun olaca\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilmektedir\u201d[26] ifadelerini, MGK\u2019n\u0131n ivedi cevab\u0131ndan aktar\u0131yordu. Zeki bir siyaset analizcisi olan ve Ermenistan\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n 90. Y\u0131l Anmas\u0131\u2019na kat\u0131lan Prof. Bask\u0131n Oran\u2019a, Milli G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi\u2019nin ne saklad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorulunca \u015f\u00f6yle cevaplad\u0131: \u201cA\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a bu gizli not 1915\u2019te ne oldu\u011funu \u00f6rtmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor, fakat derinlerde [ayn\u0131 zamanda] T\u00fcrk sermaye [ya da zenginlik] birikiminin kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 da gizlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.\u201d Kendisine kimden sakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorulunca ise \u201cPek tabii T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015flar\u0131ndan, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n geri kalan\u0131 t\u00fcm kalbiyle hik\u00e2yeyi biliyor\u201d diye cevaplad\u0131. Neden? \u201c\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc e\u011fer 1915 \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye ba\u015flarsak, b\u00fct\u00fcn mesele a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kacak. Bu sebeple Milli G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi hal\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131na s\u00fcp\u00fcrmeye devam ediyor.\u201d[27]<\/p>\n

Tapu kay\u0131tlar\u0131na dair en a\u00e7\u0131k yorumlar, Kas\u0131m 2006\u2019da, bir s\u00f6yle\u015fide Sabanc\u0131 \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Cemil Ko\u00e7ak taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131. \u201cAyn\u0131 kadro, ayn\u0131 zihniyet Cumhuriyeti devam ettiriyor. \u0130\u015fte o zaman da rejim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi olmuyor, iktidar de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi oluyor. \u2026 \u0130ttihat Terakki Partisi isim de\u011fi\u015ftiriyor ve ittihat\u00e7\u0131lar Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi oluyor. \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar Osmanl\u0131\u2019y\u0131 bat\u0131r\u0131yorlar ama Cumhuriyeti de kuruyorlar. Kopu\u015f olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, Ermeni katliam\u0131 da bu y\u00fczden tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lam\u0131yor.\u201d Bir tarih\u00e7i olarak 1915 olaylar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorulunca da Ko\u00e7ak \u015f\u00f6yle yan\u0131tl\u0131yor: \u201cTapu kay\u0131tlar\u0131, bu meselenin \u00f6z\u00fcne ili\u015fkin bilgi kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc 1915 \u00e7ok say\u0131da Ermeni\u2019nin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda servet de el de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Ne boyutta servet de\u011fi\u015fimi oldu\u011fu, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara ne boyutta m\u00fclk devri ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi anlat\u0131mdan \u00e7\u0131kmaz. Bu ancak tapu kay\u0131tlar\u0131ndan okunabilir. Yakla\u015f\u0131k bir milyon Ermeni yerinden ediliyor ve bir daha d\u00f6nm\u00fcyor. O ba\u011flara, bah\u00e7elere, d\u00fckk\u00e2nlara, i\u015fyerlerine birileri sahip oluyor. Tapu kay\u0131tlar\u0131nda bu ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. 1915\u2019ten 1918\u2019e kadarki tapu kay\u0131tlar\u0131ndan Ermenilerin o s\u0131radaki m\u00fclk toplam\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n kimlere ge\u00e7ti\u011fi rahatl\u0131kla g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Bunun ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131ndan \u00e7ekiniliyor\u2026[28]\u201d<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk Devleti\u2019nin bu konudaki hassasl\u0131\u011f\u0131 18 ay sonra, Mart 2008\u2019de, Dr. Hilmar Kaiser\u2019in Armenian Weekly\u2019nin edit\u00f6r\u00fc olan Khachig Mouradian ile r\u00f6portaj\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda yeniden do\u011fruland\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 ar\u015fivlerinde son y\u0131llarda nelerin de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi sorulunca, Kasier \u201c\u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 N\u00fcfus ve Vatanda\u015fl\u0131k \u0130\u015fleri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yeniden a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u2026 Di\u011fer dosyalar\u0131 a\u00e7mas\u0131 ani ve etkileyici\u2026 Fakat -\u2026s\u00f6zde terk edilmi\u015f mallar komisyonun dosyalar\u0131 gibi- hala baz\u0131 dosyalar eri\u015fime a\u00e7\u0131lmad\u0131\u201d cevab\u0131n\u0131 veriyor[29]. Tapu kay\u0131tlar\u0131 ile birlikte Ermenilerin soyk\u0131r\u0131m esnas\u0131nda el konulmu\u015f mal ve m\u00fclklerine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verilmi\u015f belgelerin kamuoyuna a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, Ermenilerin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel haf\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131 iade ederken ulusal ve uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczeylerde hukuki giri\u015fimleri tetikleyecektir.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eu ana kadar T\u00fcrk s\u00f6yleminde \u00f6z\u00fc itibariyle var olmayan Ermeni an\u0131t ve mallar\u0131 sorunu, 1915 olaylar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 T\u00fcrk inat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda kilit bir konumdad\u0131r.[30] Bir y\u0131l \u00f6nce, Prof. Henry Theriault\u2019nun dikkat \u00e7ekti\u011fi \u00fczere: \u201cAmerika\u2019daki sivil haklar hareketi ya da Hindistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Gandhi\u2019nin m\u00fccadelesinde oldu\u011fu gibi tarihsel \u00e7abalar\u0131n kal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 olan\u2026 taleplerin, b\u00fcy\u00fck maddi, politik ve askeri zay\u0131fl\u0131klardan kaynaklanmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u2018zay\u0131f\u0131n\u2019 \u2018g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcye\u2019 kar\u015f\u0131 pozisyonunun ahlaki \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sebebiyle \u2018zay\u0131f\u0131n\u2019 ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r\u2026 Ahlaki me\u015fruiyet jeopolitikada b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr ve zay\u0131f\u0131n, bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015flar\u0131n, marjinalle\u015ftirilmi\u015flerin g\u00fcvenilir m\u00fcttefikidir. \u0130ktidar siyasetine adanm\u0131\u015f olanlar\u0131n, ahlaki me\u015fruiyete inananlarla, belki bu inanc\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131rlar da b\u00f6ylelikle en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fim ayg\u0131t\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7me tuza\u011f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ferler beklentisiyle alay etmeye kalk\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n nedeni bu g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr. Bug\u00fcn, bu Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n bir avantaj\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d[31]*<\/p>\n

\u00c7eviri: Yunus Y\u00fccel & Burcu Karakaya<\/em><\/p>\n

D\u0130PNOTLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1] Bir k\u0131sm\u0131 bu konferans\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u2019\u0131m tarihi hakk\u0131nda yak\u0131n zamanl\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar aras\u0131ndan; geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 \u201cLe Genocide des Armeniens\u201d, Raymond Kevorkian, Paris: Odile Jakob, 2006. Ayr\u0131ca bkz: Taner Ak\u00e7am, \u201cA Shameful Act. The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility\u201d, New York: Metropolitan, 2006.<\/em><\/p>\n

[2] Yak\u0131n zamanda eklerle beraber yay\u0131nland\u0131: James Bryce ve Arnold Toynbee, \u201cThe Treatment of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1915-1916: Documents Presented to Viscount Grey of Fallodon by Viscount Bryce [Sans\u00fcrs\u00fcz edisyon]\u201d, d\u00fczenleme ve sunu\u015f Ara Sarafian, London: Gomidas Institute, 2. ed. 2005.<\/em><\/p>\n

[3] M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f (ger\u00e7ekten veya yalandan) T\u00fcrk ve K\u00fcrt olarak ya\u015fayan, say\u0131lar\u0131 y\u00fcz binler ile iki milyondan fazla olabilece\u011fi tahmin edilen gizlenmi\u015f, saklanm\u0131\u015f, ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc davranan Ermeni vard\u0131r. Bir\u00e7o\u011fu, kendi kimliklerini yava\u015f yava\u015f a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131r. Son zamanlarda, bir\u00e7ok makale ve kitap ile bu n\u00fcfusu daha derinlemesine inceleyen bir\u00e7ok proje vard\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

[4] Shavarsh Toriguian, The Armenian Question and International Law, Beirut: Hamaska\u00efne, 1973, s. 118 ff.; G\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f 2. bask\u0131, La Verne, CA, 1988, s. 85. 28 May\u0131s 1915 tarihli, Talimatname olarak bilinen geride b\u0131rak\u0131lan mallar ile ilgili yasa, Kevork K\u00e9vork Baghdjian\u2019\u0131n The Confiscation of Armenian Prosperities by the Turkish Government Said to Be Abandoned kitab\u0131n\u0131n yeni \u0130ngilizce \u00e7evirisinde ek olarak yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00e7ev. ve ed., A. B. Gureghian, Antelias: Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia, 2010, s. 480-487. Doktora tezinin 1968-9, Montpellier, Facult\u00e9 de Droit et des Sciences Economiques, yeniden yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hali olan, Baghdjian\u2019\u0131n \u00f6nemli ve \u00f6zg\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 La confiscation, par le gouvernement turc, des biens armeniens\u2026dits <\/em>\u226a<\/em>abandonnes<\/em>\u226b<\/em>,Montreal, 1987, ad\u0131yla yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

[5] Baghdjian, The Confiscation of Armenian Properties, s. 83-88; yazar yasan\u0131n bir\u00e7ok maddesini tek tek inceliyor ve T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin envanter ve al\u0131nd\u0131 belgeleriyle ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin tamam\u0131na riayet edip etmedi\u011fini ve bu materyallerin \u015fu anda nerede tutuldu\u011funu sorguluyor.<\/em><\/p>\n

[6] Detayl\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bkz. Dickran Kouymjian, \u201cLa confiscation des biens et la destruction des monuments historiques comme manifestations du processus g\u00e9nocidaire,\u201d L\u2019actualite du Genocide des Armeniens, Paris, 1999, s. 223-224. Fakat T\u00fcrk g\u00f6\u00e7menler taraf\u0131ndan istenmeyen arazi ve m\u00fclkler a\u00e7\u0131k art\u0131rma ile sat\u0131lacakt\u0131 ve geliri Ermeni sahipleri ad\u0131na yat\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131.<\/em><\/p>\n

[7] Bu d\u00f6nemde Ermenistan Cumhuriyet\u2019inin imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 di\u011fer antla\u015fmalar ve antla\u015fma metinleri Toriguian\u2019\u0131n kitaplar\u0131n\u0131n eklerinde bulunabilir; The Armenian Question and International Law, (1973), s. 169 ff, and Baghdjian, The Confiscation of Armenian Properties, \u00e7ev., Appendix I, s. 343-387.<\/em><\/p>\n

[8] Gilbert Gidel, Albert de Lapradelle, Louis Le Fur et Andr\u00e9 N. Mandelstam, Confiscation des biens des refugies armeniens par le Gouvernement turc, Paris: Imprimerie Massis, 1929, s. 87-90; cf., Toriguian, The Armenian Question, 2. ed., s. 88 and Appendix 3, s. 233-320; Gidel, de Lpradelle, Le Fur\u2019un nerdeyse b\u00fct\u00fcn metinleri i\u00e7in bkz. Mandelstam kitap\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131.<\/em><\/p>\n

* \u00c7.N.: 1915 M\u00fcsadere Kanunu ile Ermeni mallar\u0131na el konulmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131ndan sonra, Ocak 1920\u2019de \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan Vahdettin Kararnamesi ile Ermeni mallar\u0131n\u0131n kay\u0131ts\u0131z \u015farts\u0131z iadesi kabul edilir. Ancak, Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00f6ncesi, 14 Eyl\u00fcl 1922\u2019de bu kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve Tasfiye Kanununun baz\u0131 maddelerinde de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131l\u0131p ve alt\u0131 madde daha eklenip uygulan\u0131r. Kouymjian metin i\u00e7erisinde bu yasalara at\u0131f yapmaktad\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

[9] Ibid. Bu, \u00f6z\u00fcnde zorla el konulmu\u015f mallar hakk\u0131ndaki Ermeni hak taleplerini kaderine terk ediyordu. Ermeni G\u00f6\u00e7menlerinin Merkez Komitesi\u2019nin 1925-1928 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki Milletler Cemiyeti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdikleri protestolar T\u00fcrkiye \u00fczerinde etkili olmad\u0131 ve yine T\u00fcrkiye taraf\u0131ndan reddedildi.<\/em><\/p>\n

*[9] \u00c7.N.: 6 A\u011fustos 1924\u2019te y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131 yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Osmanl\u0131 uyruklar\u0131na \u201c2 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde ba\u015fvuru \u015fart\u0131 ile T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti vatanda\u015f\u0131 olmak hakk\u0131n\u0131\u201d verir ama bu hak Ermenilere verilmez. A\u011fustos 1926\u2019da da geri d\u00f6nmeyenlerin m\u00fclklerini kaybedeceklerine dair bir yasa \u00e7\u0131kar. 23 May\u0131s 1927\u2019de Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na kat\u0131lmayanlarla ilgili 1041 No\u2019lu Kanun uyar\u0131nca; Milli M\u00fccadele\u2019ye kat\u0131lmayarak o s\u0131rada T\u00fcrkiye d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan ve 23 Temmuz 1923 ile bu tarih aras\u0131 d\u00f6nmeyen Osmanl\u0131 vatanda\u015flar\u0131, TC vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bu gerek\u00e7eyle vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lanlar\u0131n mallar\u0131na el konulmu\u015ftur.<\/em><\/p>\n

[10] Dickran Kouymjian, \u201cConfiscation and Destruction: A Manifestation of the Genocidal Process,\u201d Armenian Forum, vol. 1, no. 3 (Sonbahar, 1998), s. 3-4, ayr\u0131ca bkz. Kouymjian, \u201cLa confiscation,\u201d s. 222.<\/em><\/p>\n

[11] Detayl\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bkz. Kouymjian, \u201cLa confiscation,\u201d s. 221-223.<\/em><\/p>\n

[12] Dickran Kouymjian, \u201cDestruction des monuments historiques arm\u00e9niens, poursuite dela politique de g\u00e9nocide,\u201d Le Crime de Silence, Paris: Flammarion, 1984, s. 295-310; \u0130ngilizce \u00e7evirisi, \u201cThe Destruction of Armenian Historical Monuments as a Continuation of the Turkish Policy of Genocide,\u201d The Crime of Silence, Permanent Peoples\u2019 Tribunal, London: Zed, 1985, s. 173-185.<\/em><\/p>\n

[13] Alexander Stillie, \u201cDon\u2019t Let the Past Turn into History,\u201d The Times, London, 1 Ocak 2001. Toplumsal haf\u0131zan\u0131n bilin\u00e7li yok edili\u015f s\u00fcreci tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda, Stillie Hitler\u2019in \u201cErmenilerin kaderini kim hat\u0131rl\u0131yor?\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc al\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/em><\/p>\n

[14] Prof. Michael Sells\u2019in 13 Mart 2001 tarihinde GENOCIDE-AND-HOLOCAUST tart\u0131\u015fma grubuna \u201cAn\u0131tlar\u0131n yok edili\u015fi neden \u00f6nemlidir,\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yollad\u0131\u011f\u0131 uzun e-mail; genel tart\u0131\u015fma konusu Buda heykellerinin Taliban taraf\u0131ndan; camilerin, t\u00fcrbelerin ve kabirlerin Bosna-Hersek\u2019te y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fczerineydi.<\/em><\/p>\n

[15] Donna-Lee Frieze, \u201c\u2019Genos \u2013 the Human Group\u2019: How the Concept of \u2018Culture\u2019 Underscores Raphael Lemkin\u2019s Notion of \u2018Genocide\u2019,\u201d The Crime of Genocide: Prevention, Condemnation and Elimination of Consequences, Erivan, 14-15 Aral\u0131k 2010, bu derlemenin i\u00e7inde.<\/em><\/p>\n

[16] Amberin Zaman, \u201cArmenian Church Caught Up in Ethnic Enmity,\u201d Los Angeles Times, Aral\u0131k 25, 2002, s. 12; Zaman T\u00fcrk gazetesi Taraf\u2019ta s\u00fcrekli muhabirdir.<\/em><\/p>\n

[17] Fakat \u00e7o\u011fu ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan kutsal olana sayg\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 muhafazak\u00e2r parti MHP\u2019nin lideri Devlet Bah\u00e7eli\u2019nin, belki de planl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde se\u00e7imlerle ilgili sebeplerle, Ani Ermeni Katedrali harabelerinde namaz k\u0131lmas\u0131 ve sonras\u0131nda Elle T\u00fcrkiye dergisinin Aral\u0131k 2010 say\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in Orta\u00e7a\u011f \u015eehri Ani\u2019nin etraf\u0131ndaki an\u0131tlarda Polonyal\u0131 modellerle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen foto\u011fraf \u00e7ekimi bu \u00e7abalara zarar vermi\u015ftir. \u0130ki olay da uluslar aras\u0131 infiale sebep olmu\u015ftur.<\/em><\/p>\n

[18] Sevil K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckkoum, \u201cAn Open Door in Turkey with No One Knocking,\u201d Hurriyet Daily News, Ocak 26, 2011. Makale ayn\u0131 zamanda T\u00fcrk-Ermeni haftal\u0131k gazetesi Agos\u2019un edit\u00f6r\u00fc Rober Kopta ile bir r\u00f6portaj\u0131 i\u00e7eriyor. Kopta r\u00f6portajda, \u015fu ana kadar T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 i\u015fe al\u0131m\u0131nda ger\u00e7ek bir ilgi g\u00f6stermedi\u011fini, bu sebeple bu kariyer yolunu se\u00e7en gen\u00e7 az\u0131nl\u0131k \u00f6\u011frencilerine te\u015fvik ve cesaretlendirme olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Bu makale, durumu tersine \u00e7evirmek i\u00e7in az\u0131nl\u0131k ba\u015fvurular\u0131 i\u00e7in kota \u00f6neriyor. (Yaz\u0131n\u0131n orjinali i\u00e7in bkz. http:\/\/www.hurriyetdailynews.com\/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=foreign-ministry-says-the-doors-are-open-for-minorities-to-be-diplomat-2011-01-25- \u00e7ev. )<\/em><\/p>\n

[19] Hrayr S. Karaguezian ve Yair Auron, A Perfect In justice. Genocide and Theft of Armenian Wealth, New Brunswick & Londra: Transaction 2009; belgelerin daha eski versiyonlar\u0131 i\u00e7in bkz. Hrayr S. Karaguezian, Genocide and Life Insurance. The Armenian Case, La Verne, CA: University of LA Verne Press, 2006.<\/em><\/p>\n

[20] Soyk\u0131r\u0131mda hayatta kalanlar ve onlar\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in adalet ve tazminat talep eden bu hukuki kampanyan\u0131n tarihi, hukuk\u00e7u ve avukat Michael J. Bazyler\u2019in \u201cGenocide Restitution Civil Litigation in the United States: Comparative Analysis of Armenian Genocide Victims and Other Victim Groups,\u201d adl\u0131 makalesinde olduk\u00e7a g\u00fczel \u00f6zetlenmi\u015ftir, yay\u0131nlanacak \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc B\u00f6l\u00fcm ise Ermeni sigorta davalar\u0131n\u0131n tarihi \u00fczerinedir.<\/em><\/p>\n

[21] Bu konuda Yeghiayan\u2019\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n detaylar\u0131 Michael Bobelian\u2019da bulunabilir, \u201cVartkes\u2019s List,\u201d Legal Affairs (Mart\/Nisan 2006), online http:\/\/www.legalaffairs.org\/issues\/March-April-2006\/feature_bobelian_marapr06.msp. Ayr\u0131ca bkz. Michael Bobelian, Children of Armenia. A Forgotten Genocide and the Century Long Struggle for Justice, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009, s. 134-138, 207-234.<\/em><\/p>\n

[22] Detaylar i\u00e7in bkz. Bazyler, \u201cGenocide Restitution Civil Litigation in the United States.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

[23] \u201cEvents in Turkey From 1915 Find Way To Los Angeles Federal Court,\u201d Wall Street Journal, Temmuz 30, 2010. Toplu dava Los Angeles\u2019tan Garbis Davouyan ve NY Queens\u2019ten Hrayr Turabian ad\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilen m\u00fclklerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra banka mevduatlar\u0131 i\u00e7in de tazminat \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyordu.<\/em><\/p>\n

[24] Armenian Weekly, Aral\u0131k 20, 2010; Yeghiayan\u2019a, potansiyal zararlar i\u00e7in y\u00fczlerce milyon dolar talebinde Michael Bazyler, Kathyrn Lee Boyd ve David Schwarcz adl\u0131 meslekta\u015flar\u0131 e\u015flik ediyordu.<\/em><\/p>\n

[25] Metnin orijinali H\u00fcrriyet, Nisan 27, 2005, fakat takip eden sene tamam\u0131yla d\u00fczenleniyor: Murat Bardak\u00e7\u0131, Talat Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Evrak-\u0131 Metrukesi, \u0130stanbul, 2006.<\/em><\/p>\n

[26] Murat Belge, \u201cBefore Challenging, Check It,\u201d, Radikal, Kas\u0131m 7, 2006. (Yaz\u0131n\u0131n orjinali i\u00e7in bkz. http:\/\/www.radikal.com.tr\/haber.php?haberno=203718&tarih=07\/11\/2006- Kouymjian\u2019\u0131n metninden \u00e7evirmek yerine Murat Belge\u2019nin yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 esas ald\u0131k. \u00e7ev. )<\/em><\/p>\n

[27] Bask\u0131n Oran, Radikal, Eyl\u00fcl 25, 2006.<\/em><\/p>\n

[28] Cemil Ko\u00e7ak\u2019la S\u00f6yle\u015fi, Radikal, Kas\u0131m 13, 2006, \u0130ngilizceye \u00e7eviren M\u00fcge Fatma G\u00f6cek (S\u00f6yle\u015finin orjinali i\u00e7in bkz. http:\/\/www.radikal.com.tr\/haber.php?haberno=204424. Kouymjian, M\u00fcge Fatma G\u00f6cek\u2019in \u00e7evirisini kullan\u0131yor, biz m\u00fclakat\u0131n asl\u0131n\u0131 esas ald\u0131k. \u00e7ev.)<\/em><\/p>\n

[29] Khachig Muradian, Armenian Weekly, Mart 8, 2008. Eri\u015fim http:\/\/khatchigmouradian.blogspot.com\/2008\/03\/interview-with-hilmar-kaiser.html<\/em><\/p>\n

[30] Bu ba\u011flamda, Hrant Dink suikast\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc anmas\u0131nda, T\u00fcrk ve K\u00fcrt sol partileri Ankara\u2019da 19 Aral\u0131k 2011\u2019de, pek \u00e7ok \u015feyin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra soyk\u0131r\u0131m esnas\u0131nda Ermeni m\u00fclklerinden de s\u00f6z ettikleri \u0130ngilizce, Ermenice ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e bir deklarasyon yay\u0131nland\u0131lar: \u201c[Hrant Dink] Bu devletin kurulu\u015f harc\u0131ndaki soyk\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fc de\u015fifre etmi\u015fti. \u201cMalta S\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri\u201d diye bilinen soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n su\u00e7 ortaklar\u0131n\u0131n bu devletin kurulu\u015funda sermaye, siyaset ve devlet y\u00f6netimi kat\u0131ndaki etkin rollerini de\u015fifre etmi\u015fti. Soyk\u0131r\u0131mda gasp edilen Ermeni mallar\u0131n\u0131n ak\u0131betini sorguluyordu.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

[31] Henry Theriault, \u201cThe Final Stage of Genocide: Consolidation,\u201d Armenian Weekly, Ekim 11, 2009.<\/em><\/p>\n

* \u00c7. N: \u00d6zellikle Ermeni M\u00fclklerine ili\u015fkin yasal s\u00fcre\u00e7 hakk\u0131ndaki dipnotlara yard\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in Zeynep Baykal\u2019a te\u015fekk\u00fcr\u00fc bor\u00e7 biliriz.<\/em><\/p>\n

http:\/\/ayrintidergi.com.tr\/kulturel-miras-ve-tarihsel-bellege-karsi-islenen-suc-terk-edilmis-mulk-sorunu\/<\/em><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Ne Zaman Biter? Ermeni Olay\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7EV\u0130R\u0130 DOSYALAR ERMEN\u0130 SOYKIRIMI Dickran KOUYMJIAN Nis 10, 2015 702<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cSoyk\u0131r\u0131m ne zaman biter?\u201d Beklenen cevap \u201ccinayetler bitti\u011fi zaman\u201dd\u0131r. Nazi Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n, kitlesel imha kamplar\u0131n\u0131n kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sona ermesi veya bazen de N\u00fcrnberg Mahkemeleriyle bitti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenir. Her durumda, Nazi Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 evrensel olarak ve hatta faili taraf\u0131ndan bile kabul edilen tarihsel bir ger\u00e7ektir. Kambo\u00e7ya\u2019daki daha g\u00fcncel soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n da -sorumlulardan hesap sorulmamakla birlikte- sona erdi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Ruanda\u2019daki soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n da sona erdi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir ve faillerine uygulanacak cezai yapt\u0131r\u0131m s\u00fcreci devam etmektedir. Ancak di\u011fer baz\u0131 soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar veya soyk\u0131r\u0131msal eylemler kabul g\u00f6rmemi\u015f, cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f, bilinmemi\u015f veya tamamen reddedilmi\u015ftir. Baz\u0131lar\u0131na g\u00f6re Amerika\u2019daki K\u0131z\u0131lderili halk\u0131n\u0131n yok edilmesi bu kategoriye girmekte ve bu s\u00fcrecin farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde devam etti\u011fi tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Sorunun soyk\u0131r\u0131m ve Holokost \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda daha yak\u0131ndan incelenmeye ihtiyac\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bu bildiride bunu yapmak niyetinde de\u011filim. Benim ilgilendi\u011fim, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 olan, kimilerine g\u00f6re Hitler ve Nazi Partisi i\u00e7in Yahudileri, Romanlar\u0131 ve di\u011fer etnik ve sosyal gruplar\u0131 Avrupa\u2019dan silmek i\u00e7in bir model olu\u015fturan Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 olacak.<\/p>\n

Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 kabul edilmemekte, cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmamakta, \u00e7ok az bilinmekte ve failleri taraf\u0131ndan hala reddedilmektedir. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda 1915 Bahar\u0131nda T\u00fcrklerin Almanya ve Avusturya-Macaristan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun olu\u015fturdu\u011fu \u0130ttifak Devletlerinin yan\u0131nda 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na girmesinin ard\u0131ndan ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6ncesinde, 1894-1896 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ve 1909\u2019da \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun Ermeni n\u00fcfusuna y\u00f6nelik yayg\u0131n katliam ve pogromlar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015fti. Uluslararas\u0131 bas\u0131nda bu durum s\u0131kl\u0131kla dile getirildi. Bu y\u0131llarda Bat\u0131l\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetler Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Sultan Abd\u00fclhamit\u2019e kendi \u00fclkesinde d\u00fczeni sa\u011flamas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir\u00e7ok sefer \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131da bulunmu\u015f ve H\u0131ristiyan vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zellikle de Ermenileri koruyacak reformlar\u0131 yapmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u0131srarc\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck Sava\u015f\u0131n hemen \u00f6ncesinde 1914 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ermeni yerle\u015fimlerinde reformlar hayata ge\u00e7irilece\u011fi umudu en \u00fcst seviyedeydi. Ancak bundan 6 ay sonra Ermeni n\u00fcfusunu Ermenistan\u2019dan silme plan\u0131 devreye sokuldu ve uygulanmaya sokulan plan\u0131n ilk y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde ya\u015fayan 1 milyondan fazla Ermeni tahayy\u00fcl edilebilenden daha vah\u015fi \u015fekillerde \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcler veya Suriye \u00e7\u00f6llerinde zorunlu tehcirle \u00f6l\u00fcme g\u00f6nderildiler.<\/p>\n

Ermenilere kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131lan soyk\u0131r\u0131m s\u00fcreci 1918 ate\u015fkesinden (Mondros) sonra bile devam etti; T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin -Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk taraf\u0131ndan- 1923 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki kurulu\u015funa kadar yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 milyon 500 bin ile 2 milyon aras\u0131 Ermeni can vermi\u015fti. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m ba\u015flad\u0131ktan yakla\u015f\u0131k bir y\u0131l sonra, 1916 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u0130ngiliz Parlamentosu, gen\u00e7 Arnold Toynbee taraf\u0131ndan derlenen ve Ermenilerin imhas\u0131n\u0131n detaylar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131kl\u0131klar \u00fczerinden anlatan devasa bir ar\u015fiv olan \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Imparatorlu\u011funda Ermenilere yap\u0131lan Muamele: D\u0131\u015fi\u015flerinden Sorumlu Devlet Bakan\u0131 Fallodon Vikontu Gray\u2019e Verilen Belgeler\u201di yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Ermenilerin tarihsel anavatan\u0131, \u0130\u00d6 1. y\u00fczy\u0131la dayanan medeniyetlerinin be\u015fi\u011fi yerli n\u00fcfustan temizlenmi\u015fti. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, tarihi Ermenistan\u2019da art\u0131k hi\u00e7 Ermeni kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu durumda Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 1918\u2019de sava\u015f\u0131n biti\u015fiyle mi, yoksa 1923\u2019teki Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131yla m\u0131 (Lozan) sona erdi? Hay\u0131r, maalesef -iki temel nedenle- sona ermedi: \u0130lk olarak, failler soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 tan\u0131may\u0131 reddettiler ve ikinci olarak da T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin art arda gelen h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerinin mevcut ve eski Ermeni vatanda\u015flar\u0131na; \u201cA) Ayr\u0131mc\u0131 uygulamalar, B) K\u00fclt\u00fcrel soyk\u0131r\u0131m olarak tan\u0131mlanabilecek, Ermeni k\u00fclt\u00fcrel eserlerinin yok say\u0131lmas\u0131 hatta kas\u0131tl\u0131 imhas\u0131, ve C) Bir resmi devlet politikas\u0131 olarak eskiden Ermeni Platosu olarak bilinen alandaki Ermeni varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n reddi\u201d yoluyla soyk\u0131r\u0131msal s\u00fcrece devam ettiler.<\/p>\n

1919 bahar\u0131nda resmi h\u00fck\u00fcmetin o d\u00f6nemdeki ba\u015fkent Konstantinopol\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen sava\u015f su\u00e7lar\u0131 mahkemelerine ra\u011fmen, soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 tan\u0131may\u0131 reddetmek, hatta \u015fiddetle inkar etmek, 1923\u2019te Cumhuriyetin kurulu\u015fundan bu yana b\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerinin temel ilkesi oldu. \u0130tilaf Devletleri taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6n verilen N\u00fcrnberg Mahkemelerini aksine, bu mahkemeler b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00fcst d\u00fczey T\u00fcrk yetkilileri ve h\u00e2kimlerinden olu\u015fuyordu. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Ermeni vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n kas\u0131tl\u0131 imhas\u0131n\u0131n san\u0131klar\u0131 daha \u00f6nceki katliamlarda oldu\u011fu gibi zorba padi\u015fah\u0131n birlikleri de\u011fil, bir siyasi partinin \u2013 \u0130ttihat ve terakki Cemiyeti\u2019nin liderleri, daha yayg\u0131n bilinen isimleriyle J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerdi. Bu parti, Birinci D\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131na giden y\u0131llarda T\u00fcrk Devletini kontrol etmekteydi, t\u0131pk\u0131 \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Nazi Partisi\u2019nin Almanya\u2019y\u0131 kontrol etmesi gibi. J\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler\u2019i y\u00f6neten \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc otorite, merkez komitenin t\u00fcm \u00fcyeleri, \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 ve sonra sadrazam (Ba\u015fbakan) olan Talat Pa\u015fa, Sava\u015f Bakan\u0131 Enver Pa\u015fa ve Donanma Bakan\u0131 Cemal Pa\u015fa ve onlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra soyk\u0131r\u0131m s\u00fcrecinin ger\u00e7ek mimarlar\u0131 Dr. Naz\u0131m ve Dr. \u015eakir\u2019den olu\u015fuyordu. Bu be\u015f ki\u015fi ve di\u011ferleri Ermeni n\u00fcfusunun imhas\u0131n\u0131 planlama ve bu s\u00fcreci y\u00f6netmek su\u00e7lar\u0131ndan T\u00fcrk mahkemeleri taraf\u0131ndan su\u00e7lu bulundular. \u0130dama mahkum edilmekle beraber, bu karar maalesef g\u0131yabiydi, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc hepsi zaten \u00fclkeyi terk etmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n

Duru\u015fmalar yaln\u0131zca T\u00fcrk Devleti taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmekle kalmad\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda tutanaklar, usul\u00fcnce, T\u00fcrkiye resmi gazetesi Takvim-i Vekayi\u2019de yay\u0131nland\u0131. Birle\u015fik Devletler, Fransa, B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya, \u0130talya, Vatikan ve daha da \u00f6nemlisi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin sava\u015f d\u00f6nemi m\u00fcttefikleri Almanya ve Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n milli ar\u015fivleri tehcir ve kitle imhas\u0131yla ilgili muazzam hacimdeki dosyalar, Ermeni n\u00fcfusunun katledilmesine dair harekat raporlar\u0131, misyoner raporlar\u0131, ki\u015fisel hesaplar ve askeri tebli\u011fler yoluyla g\u00fcnl\u00fck olarak kaydedilen milyonlarca belge i\u00e7eriyordu. D\u00fcnya bas\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00fcnl\u00fck olarak konuyla ilgili haber veriyordu. \u0130lerleyen y\u0131llarda, 1919 askeri mahkemelerinden hemen sonra, Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u00f6nderlik etti\u011fi T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7i hareketinin ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren Ermeni n\u00fcfusuna kar\u015f\u0131 ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k politikas\u0131 izlendi. Bu politika, n\u00fcfusun zorunlu tehciri nas\u0131l tan\u0131mlan\u0131rsa tan\u0131mlans\u0131n -T\u00fcrklerin daha \u00e7ok inanmak istedikleri gibi sava\u015f zaman\u0131 askeri \u00e7\u0131karla ya da etnik temizlikle- yasal olarak katledilen, s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilen Ermenilere ve onlar\u0131n soyundan gelenlere ait olan m\u00fclklerin a\u00e7\u0131k m\u00fcsaderesini i\u00e7eriyordu.<\/p>\n

Ermeni Zenginli\u011finin \u00c7al\u0131n\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ermeni Alt\u0131nlar\u0131 ve Banka Varl\u0131klar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

8 y\u0131l \u00f6nce (1995), Avrupa ve Amerika\u2019daki gazeteler, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde ve sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0130svi\u00e7re bankalar\u0131ndaki hesaplar\u0131na para yat\u0131ran insanlar\u0131n isimlerini yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Bir\u00e7o\u011fu Yahudiydi. Bu listedeki insanlar\u0131n hi\u00e7biri paralar\u0131n\u0131 talep etmemi\u015flerdi \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015flerdi. Bankalar 50 y\u0131l s\u00fcren sessizliklerini bozarken, kendilerine y\u00f6neltilen i\u015fbirlik\u00e7ilik ve g\u00f6z yumma su\u00e7lamalar\u0131n\u0131 \u0130svi\u00e7re bankac\u0131l\u0131k ilkesi olan \u201cmahremiyet\u201d ile savunmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Nazi Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131ndan kurtulanlar\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131 savunan Yahudi diyasporas\u0131 temsilcilerinin destekledi\u011fi kamuoyunun ve Birle\u015fik Devletlerin bask\u0131s\u0131yla Nazi Almanyas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan gaspedilen Yahudi zenginli\u011finin \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019ye ve di\u011fer \u00fclkelere aktar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc anlat\u0131ld\u0131. Yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir \u015fekilde el konulan Yahudi mallar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011feri y\u00fczlerce milyon dolar\u0131 buluyordu. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, bir grup \u0130svi\u00e7re Bankas\u0131, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m kurbanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir fon olu\u015fturdu. Toplanan para milyarlarcayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti Ermeni varl\u0131klar\u0131na 1915\u2019te el koydu. Osmanl\u0131 hazinesi el konulan mallar\u0131n ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 envanterini, Ermeniler katledilmeden ya da Suriye \u00e7\u00f6llerine do\u011fru y\u00fczlerce kilometre s\u00fcr\u00fclmeden \u00f6nce alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen ya da tehcire zorlanan Ermenilerin malvarl\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in senetler bile bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hitler\u2019in Yahudi alt\u0131nlar\u0131 gibi, paralar T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131 ve Avusturya ve Alman bankalar\u0131na yerle\u015ftirildi. Sava\u015ftan sonra 1918\u2019de, Ermeni m\u00fcltecilere neden yard\u0131m verilmesi gerekti\u011fi ile ilgili eski ba\u015fbakan S\u00f6r James Baldwin ve Herbert Asquith taraf\u0131ndan B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Ramsey McDonald\u2019a sunulan resmi raporun d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc paragraf\u0131nda: \u201c1916\u2019da T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan Berlin\u2019deki Reich bankalar\u0131na yat\u0131r\u0131lan toplam 5 milyon T\u00fcrk liras\u0131n\u0131n (yakla\u015f\u0131k 33 ton alt\u0131n) b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131- belki de hepsi Ermenilere aitti.\u201d denmekteydi. 1915\u2019teki Ermenilerin zorunlu tehcirinden sonra tasarruf hesaplar\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmet emriyle Konstantinopol\u2019deki devlet hazinesine oradan da Avrupa\u2019ya aktar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

1925\u2019te Birle\u015fik Devletler Kongresi transfer edilen paran\u0131n de\u011ferini 40 milyon dolar olarak hesaplad\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, ayn\u0131 miktarda alt\u0131n, faizi hari\u00e7 yakla\u015f\u0131k 320 milyon dolar de\u011ferindedir. T\u00fcrk bankalar\u0131 paralar\u0131n yat\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve daha sonra aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 hesaplar\u0131n resmi kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 tuttu\u011funa g\u00f6re, \u015fu sorular\u0131n sorulmas\u0131 gayet me\u015frudur: T\u00fcrk bankalar\u0131 hesaplar\u0131na hi\u00e7bir zaman sahip \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmayan kurbanlar\u0131n ismini ne zaman yay\u0131nlayacak? T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti el konulan Ermeni malvarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n kaydedildi\u011fi hesap defterlerini ne zaman eri\u015fime a\u00e7acak? T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti soyk\u0131r\u0131m kurbanlar\u0131 veya miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in ne zaman fon kuracak? Bir bu\u00e7uk milyondan fazla ki\u015finin katli ve kovulmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti Ermeni servetini \u00e7alm\u0131\u015f, varl\u0131klar\u0131na el koymu\u015f ve tarihi Ermeni eserlerini imha etmi\u015flerdir. T\u00fcm bu olaylar, Ermeni n\u00fcfusundan T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfusuna dikkatlice planlanm\u0131\u015f bir su\u00e7 yoluyla devasa boyutlarda bireysel ve toplumsal zenginli\u011fin aktar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 temsil etmektedir. Soyk\u0131r\u0131mda, katliamlar\u0131 ve h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren bireylerin sorumlulu\u011funun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra devleti idame ettirmeye y\u00f6nelik kazan\u00e7 motivasyonu da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsenmemelidir.<\/p>\n

Sigorta Poli\u00e7eleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin a\u00e7g\u00f6zl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yaln\u0131zca banka hesaplar\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmad\u0131. 1916\u2019da \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Talat Pa\u015fa, Henry Morgenthau ile bir sohbeti s\u0131ras\u0131nda g\u00f6z\u00fc pek ABD b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isine -o s\u0131ralarda ABD hen\u00fcz sava\u015fta de\u011fildi- kendisine Amerikan sigorta \u015firketlerinde hayat sigortas\u0131 olan Ermenilerin tam listesini sa\u011flamas\u0131n\u0131 rica etti, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Talat\u2019\u0131n dedi\u011fi gibi \u201c\u2026Neredeyse hemen hepsi arkada hi\u00e7bir canl\u0131 b\u0131rakmadan \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015flerdi. Zaten Osmanl\u0131 vatanda\u015f\u0131 olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in, bu poli\u00e7elerden gelen paralar yasal olarak Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019ne ge\u00e7meliydi.\u201d T\u00fcrk H\u00fck\u00fcmeti Osmanl\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fterilerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan b\u00fct\u00fcn uluslar aras\u0131 sigortac\u0131lara sigorta poli\u00e7esi olan b\u00fct\u00fcn Ermenilerin titizlikle haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f bir listesini isteyen resmi tebligat g\u00f6nderdi. Bu bak\u0131mdan b\u00fcy\u00fck sigorta \u015firketlerinin Soyk\u0131r\u0131m \u00f6ncesinde ve s\u0131ras\u0131nda yapt\u0131r\u0131lan hayat sigortalar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 ar\u015fivlerini a\u00e7ma konusunda \u0131srarc\u0131 olmak Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n Ermeni kurbanlar\u0131n\u0131n hakk\u0131yla ilgilenen herkes i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde bu sigorta \u015firketleri Yahudi poli\u00e7elerine ili\u015fkin olarak milyarlarca dolar\u0131 Yahudi kurbanlara verdiler veya vermeyi kabul ettiler.<\/p>\n

Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131na uzanan y\u0131llar boyunca, on binlerce sigorta poli\u00e7esi Ermeni bireyler taraf\u0131ndan sat\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131; hemen hemen hepsi de hayat sigortalar\u0131yd\u0131. Sadece birka\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, Kas\u0131m 1999\u2019da, bir grup Ermeni taraf\u0131ndan, \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen atalar\u0131n\u0131n yasal miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 New York Hayat Sigortas\u0131 \u015eirketi\u2019ne \u00fc\u00e7 milyar dolarl\u0131k toplu dava a\u00e7m\u0131\u015flard\u0131. 1915 say\u0131l\u0131 Kaliforniya Senatosu Kanun Tasar\u0131s\u0131 sigorta poli\u00e7esi olan Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m kurbanlar\u0131n\u0131n miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131na sigorta \u015firketlerini Kalifroniya mahkemelerine dava etme hakk\u0131 tan\u0131yordu. Ermeni davas\u0131 karara ba\u011flanmad\u0131, bu y\u00fczden mahkemelerin bu poli\u00e7eler ba\u011flam\u0131nda kendini \u00f6l\u00fcmlerden sorumlu olan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin kibirli miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 sayan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin sorumlulu\u011funu nas\u0131l h\u00fckme ba\u011flayacaklar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k de\u011fil. D\u00f6nemin sigorta \u015firketleri tam da soyk\u0131r\u0131mdan sonraki d\u00f6nemde Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin sigorta poli\u00e7elerinin sahiplerinin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden sorumlu oldu\u011funu belirterek, Amerikan h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin bu poli\u00e7elerden finansal olarak sorumlu tutulmas\u0131 gereken T\u00fcrkiye \u00fczerinde bask\u0131 uygulanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fcler.<\/p>\n

El Konulan M\u00fclkler (Ta\u015f\u0131nmaz Varl\u0131klar) ve Mallar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Likit varl\u0131klar olarak bilinen mevduat hesaplar\u0131, hisse senetleri, bonolar ve sigorta poli\u00e7elerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Ermeniler Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019sinde muazzam miktarda m\u00fclke sahipti, \u00f6ncelikle evleri vard\u0131. Ancak ev sahibi olan toplam Ermeni ailelerinin miktar\u0131 konusunda hi\u00e7bir istatistik bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, ta\u015frada muazzam miktarlarda olmakla birlikte, Ermenilerin sahip olduklar\u0131 topraklar\u0131n tam hesab\u0131 da bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Bilgimiz, belli ba\u015fl\u0131 kasaba ve k\u00f6yler i\u00e7in daha iyi olmakla birlikte bu hisseleri \u00f6\u011frenmek i\u00e7in hala ciddi bir \u00e7aba sarf edilmesi gerekmektedir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, Ermenilere ait olan fabrikalar, tarlalar, \u015firketler, d\u00fckkanlar veya at\u00f6lyelerle ilgili de tahmini bir veri bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Di\u011fer taraftan, cemaat taraf\u0131ndan sahip olunan m\u00fclkler hakk\u0131nda bilgi mevcuttur. Tarihi Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneybat\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131ndaki Ermeni Kilisesi\u2019nin merkezi olan Kilikya Katolikoslu\u011fu (Kilikya kutsal makam\u0131), sahip olduklar\u0131 arazi ve binalar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda detayl\u0131 hesaplar tutmaktad\u0131rlar. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki \u00e7e\u015fitli Ermeni dinsel otoriteleri i\u00e7erisinde en fazla kay\u0131p ya\u015fayan oydu. B\u00fct\u00fcn malvarl\u0131klar\u0131, Katolikoslu\u011fu\u2019nun Akdeniz\u2019in yan\u0131ndaki Sis \u015fehrindeki binalar\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere, ele ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f ya da yok edilmi\u015ftir ve Katolikos ve hayatta kalan b\u00fct\u00fcn rahipler Suriye\u2019ye veya nihayetinde L\u00fcbnan\u2019a yerle\u015fmeye zorlanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu dini cemaatler temelinde yap\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Ermeni Patri\u011fi Ermeni cemaatinin resmi lideriydi. Bu sayede Ermeni Patri\u011fi, t\u00fcm Ermenileri ve Ek\u00fcmenik Patrikli\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131 Rum Ortodokslar\u0131 ve Konstantinopol\u2019deki Hahamba\u015f\u0131\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 Yahudi cemaati d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm di\u011fer H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131 temsil ediyordu. Do\u011frudan Sultan\u2019a \u015fikayette bulunan Ermeni Patri\u011fi kendi yetki alan\u0131ndaki kiliselerin, manast\u0131rlar\u0131n ve okullar\u0131n d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc tutuyordu. 1912\u2019de J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti az\u0131nl\u0131k cemaatlerine -as\u0131l olarak Yunanl\u0131lar, Ermeniler, Yahudiler- imparatorluktaki mal varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerini haz\u0131rlamalar\u0131n\u0131 istedi. \u015eunu unutmamak gerekir ki, imparatorluk Irak\u2019tan Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n ortas\u0131na; Karadeniz\u2019den Arabistan\u2019a kadar geni\u015flemi\u015fti. Olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Ermeni Patri\u011fi hali haz\u0131rda kasaba kasaba kiliselerin, manast\u0131rlar\u0131n ve okullar\u0131n kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131; hatta n\u00fcfusun istatistiklerini bile 1910\u2019da Fransa\u2019da bas\u0131lan kitab\u0131 Ermeni Kilisesi kitab\u0131nda ek olarak basm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra, 1913-1914\u2019te, Birinci D\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde, Patrik illere g\u00fcncel bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapmak i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir g\u00f6rev verdi. Bu kay\u0131tlar halen mevcuttur. Bu bilgi, Ermeni zenginli\u011finin yok edilmesi \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan soyk\u0131r\u0131m sonras\u0131 hesaplamalar\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Liste, Konstantinopol\u2019dekiler ve -her biri faal cemaatler olan- Ermeni Katolik ile Ermeni Protestanlar\u0131n\u0131n kiliseleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda i\u015fler durumda 2039 Ermeni Apostolik Kilisesi i\u00e7ermekteydi.<\/p>\n

1919\u2019daki Paris Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131\u2019nda, Ermeni delegeler \u201cT\u00fcrk Ermenistan\u0131 ve Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019ndeki Ermeni N\u00fcfusun Zarar\u0131 i\u00e7in Tazminat ve Kefaletin Yakla\u015f\u0131k Ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 ortak bir rapor sundular. Rapor, 1860 Ermeni Kilisesi, 229 manast\u0131r, 1439 okul, 29 lise ve papaz okulu ve 42 yetimhaneden bahsediyordu. En ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i rakamlar, Raymond K\u00e9vorkian\u2019\u0131n 1992 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 \u201cSoyk\u0131r\u0131m \u00d6ncesinde Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda Ermeniler\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda dikkatli bi\u00e7imde t\u00fcm\u00fcyle derlendi. Veriler, \u0130stanbul Ermeni Patrikhanesi\u2019nin 1913-1914 y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki 2,538 kiliseyi, 451 manast\u0131r\u0131 ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 2,000 okulu i\u00e7eren yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f ar\u015fivine dayan\u0131yordu. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, \u0130stanbul d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Ermeniler 6 kiliseye sahip olmakla birlikte, manast\u0131rlar\u0131 ve okullar\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Peki, 2500 kilise ve geri kalan Ermeni varl\u0131klar\u0131na ne oldu? Sistematik katliam ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcn yoluyla gasp edilen Ermeni miras\u0131n\u0131n de\u011feri nedir?<\/p>\n

Soyk\u0131r\u0131m s\u00fcrecinde Ermeni milletinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve yagane kayb\u0131 kurbanlar\u0131n hayatlar\u0131 hesaplanamaz ancak g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi gibi her bir \u00f6l\u00fcye bir de\u011fer bi\u00e7ilmektedir. Paris Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131\u2019nda sunulan ortak raporda parasal varl\u0131klar ve m\u00fclkler dikkatlice hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Rakamlar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen veya s\u00fcrg\u00fcne zorlanan 1.800.000 bireye dayand\u0131rarak \u201cYakla\u015f\u0131k Ara\u015ft\u0131rma\u201d geride kalan Ermeni malvarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferini hesaplamay\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Toplam Ermeni n\u00fcfusunun \u00fc\u00e7te birini olu\u015fturan ta\u015frada ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n kay\u0131plar\u0131, yap\u0131lar\u0131 -ev, ah\u0131r, ambar, de\u011firmen- i\u015flenmi\u015f ve i\u015flenmemi\u015f topraklar\u0131, tar\u0131m malzemelerini, ki\u015fisel varl\u0131klar\u0131, mobilyalar\u0131, k\u0131yafetleri, m\u00fccevherleri, y\u0131ll\u0131k mahsul kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, g\u0131da sto\u011funu, hayvan yemlerini ve sermayeyi i\u00e7eriyordu. Karma toplam ta\u015frada ya\u015fayan her bir Ermeni ailesi i\u00e7in yakla\u015f\u0131k 17.000 frank, veya toplam olarak ifade edilirse 4.600.000.000 (D\u00f6rt milyar alt\u0131 y\u00fcz milyon) frank olarak hesapland\u0131. Ba\u015fkent Konstantinopol, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130stanbul, d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u015fehirlerde ya\u015fayan 90.000 Ermeni ailesi i\u00e7in hesaplanan yakla\u015f\u0131k zarar ise aile ba\u015f\u0131na 36.000 frankt\u0131. Toplam 3.235.000.000 (\u00dc\u00e7 milyar iki y\u00fcz otuz be\u015f milyon) Frans\u0131z Frang\u0131na denk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyordu. G\u00f6rece daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir miktar, 75.000.000 frank ise binlerce okul, kilise ve di\u011fer cemaat yap\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in teklif edildi. Toplam varl\u0131klar ve emek kay\u0131plar\u0131 ise 8 milyar franka yak\u0131nd\u0131. Buna, soyk\u0131r\u0131m esnas\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen her bir Ermeni i\u00e7in hesaplanan 5.000 frank\u0131 i\u00e7eren insan hayat\u0131n\u0131n de\u011feri yakla\u015f\u0131k 7 milyar frank da eklendi. Bu kay\u0131plar\u0131n toplam\u0131 1919\u2019da Frans\u0131z Frang\u0131 \u00fczerinden yakla\u015f\u0131k 14.500.000.000 (on d\u00f6rt milyar be\u015f y\u00fcz milyon) frankt\u0131. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc kur ile, trilyonlarca franka denk d\u00fc\u015fmektedir. 1990\u2019daki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise, ge\u00e7en y\u0131l yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m g\u00fcncellemelere g\u00f6re, toplam y\u00fcz milyar dolar civar\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ermeni M\u00fclklerinin Gasp\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

May\u0131s 1915\u2019te -soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n Nisan 1915\u2019te ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 unutmayal\u0131m- yani bu planl\u0131 imha politikas\u0131n\u0131n ikinci ay\u0131nda, Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmeti \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Talat Pa\u015fa arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, kendi Ermeni vatanda\u015flar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u201cSava\u015f ve M\u00fcstesna Politik Durumlar Sonucu Tehcire U\u011frayan Ermeniler Taraf\u0131ndan \u2018Terk Edilen\u2019 Mal, M\u00fclk ve Arazilere Uygulanacak \u0130dare Hakk\u0131nda Y\u00f6netmelik\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 detayl\u0131 bir kararname yay\u0131nlad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Yasa, terk edilen m\u00fclklerle ilgili listeler ve taslak raporlar haz\u0131rlayacak \u00f6zel komitelerin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektiriyordu. M\u00fclkler s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilenlerin isimlerine emanete al\u0131nacakt\u0131. Asl\u0131nda b\u00f6ylesi d\u00f6k\u00fcmler haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f ve Ermenilere verilmi\u015fti. Yerel komiteler kopyalar\u0131n\u0131 saklam\u0131\u015f ve di\u011fer kopyalar Osmanl\u0131 Hazinesine g\u00f6nderilmi\u015fti. Kolay bozulabilen mallar ve hayvanlar sat\u0131lacak ve elde edilen para Ermeni sahiplerinin ad\u0131na bankalara yat\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131. Yasa, Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131ndan d\u00f6nen T\u00fcrk m\u00fcltecilerin uygun belgelendirme ve resmi kay\u0131tlara sahip olmak kayd\u0131yla binlerce kilometrelik bir yolu i\u00e7eren Ermeni evlerine ve arazilerine yerle\u015fmelerini taahh\u00fct ediyordu. Bu son nokta a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a soyk\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n veya onlar\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki temsilcilerinin, soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 basit\u00e7e sava\u015f alan\u0131ndan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan Ermenilerin gidi\u015fi olarak adland\u0131rmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen- ki g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde T\u00fcrklerin ve apolojistlerin s\u00f6yledikleri budur- Balkanlardan gelen T\u00fcrklerin Ermeni arazilerine ve m\u00fclklerine yerle\u015ftirilmesi, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin hi\u00e7bir Ermeninin zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7ten d\u00f6nmeyece\u011fini bildi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Ancak, T\u00fcrk m\u00fclteciler taraf\u0131ndan istenmeyen mal ve m\u00fclkler a\u00e7\u0131k artt\u0131rmada sat\u0131lacak ve paralar Ermeni sahiplerinin ad\u0131na bankaya yat\u0131r\u0131lacaklard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7ekte, ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mallar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu \u00e7eteler taraf\u0131ndan ya\u011fmalanm\u0131\u015f, evler, \u00e7iftlikler, araziler ve d\u00fckkanlar de\u011ferinin alt\u0131nda \u00f6zel komite \u00fcyelerinin arkada\u015flar\u0131na sat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, elde edilen para da komite \u00fcyeleri taraf\u0131ndan saklanm\u0131\u015f veya Konstantinopol\u2019deki Merkezi Hazine\u2019ye aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 4 ay sonra 26 Eyl\u00fcl 1915\u2019teki ikinci bir kararname \u201cterk edilen\u201d Ermeni varl\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki hak taleplerinin nas\u0131l kay\u0131t edilece\u011fini ve uygulanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yordu. Soyk\u0131r\u0131mdan sonra, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru, Ermenistan, di\u011fer iki Kafkas \u00fclkesi G\u00fcrcistan ve Azerbaycan\u2019la birlikte May\u0131s 1918\u2019te ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti. Yeni Ermeni Cumhuriyeti yan\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131ndaki T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya geldi. \u201cTerk edilen\u201d varl\u0131klar sorunu daha sonra yeni Ermeni Cumhuriyeti ve T\u00fcrkiye aras\u0131ndaki ilk anla\u015fma olan Haziran 1918, Batum Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019nda ele al\u0131narak, m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131 garantiye al\u0131nd\u0131 ve olas\u0131 bir devlet m\u00fcsaderesi durumunda sahiplerine uygun tazminatlar\u0131n verilmesine karar verildi.<\/p>\n

Kay\u0131tl\u0131 varl\u0131klar\u0131n Ermeniler taraf\u0131ndan resmi olarak talebi A\u011fustos 1920\u2019de, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan hemen sonra imzalanan Sevr Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 144. maddesinde de vurgulan\u0131yordu. Bu anla\u015fmadaki kanun h\u00fckm\u00fc \u015funlar i\u00e7indi: 1) Terk edilen mallarla ilgili 1915 yasas\u0131n\u0131n iptali; 2) Ermenilerin evlerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc; ve 3) \u0130\u015fyerlerinin ve t\u00fcm ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r-ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mallar\u0131n geri verilmesi. Ermeni taleplerini de\u011ferlendirecek Milletler Cemiyeti Konseyi taraf\u0131ndan atanacak Arabulucu Komisyonlar\u0131 atanacakt\u0131. Ka\u00e7abilen ve hayatta kalmay\u0131 ba\u015faran eski Osmanl\u0131 tebaas\u0131 Ermenilere yeni \u00fclkelerinde vatanda\u015fl\u0131k alm\u0131\u015f bile olsalar, anla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki mallar\u0131 ve hisseleri geri verilecekti. Ermeni Cumhuriyeti gibi T\u00fcrkiye de Sevr Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n imzac\u0131lar\u0131ndand\u0131 ve anla\u015fma her ne kadar imzac\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetler taraf\u0131ndan onaylanmam\u0131\u015f olsa da, hukuk uzmanlar\u0131 anla\u015fmaya ba\u011fl\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklere uyulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini savunmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye taraf\u0131ndan imzalanan daha sonraki anla\u015fmalar olan, Aral\u0131k 1920 Aleksandropol, 1921 Moskova, 1921 Kars, Nisan 1922 Ankara Anla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n hepsi az\u0131nl\u0131k mallar\u0131 konusunda \u00f6zel h\u00fck\u00fcmler i\u00e7eriyordu. Tabii ki bunlar hi\u00e7bir zaman uygulanmad\u0131lar. Daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fc, T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti m\u00fcsadere ile ilgili yeni yasalar \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Fransa ile yap\u0131lan ve Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n \u00e7ekilmesinden sonra -Frans\u0131zlar Kilikya olarak bilinen Akdeniz\u2019in do\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fgal etmi\u015flerdi- Kilikya\u2019daki Ermeni m\u00fclklerini koruyan 1922 tarihli Ankara Anla\u015fmas\u0131, d\u00fc\u015fmandan kurtar\u0131lan alanlardaki, yani Frans\u0131zlar taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edilen ve asl\u0131nda s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f Ermenilerin ait olan t\u00fcm terkedilmi\u015f mallara el koyan yeni bir T\u00fcrk yasas\u0131 ile k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck duruma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Bir y\u0131l sonra, 15 Nisan 1923\u2019te, Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131ndan ya da \u0130ttifak ve \u0130tilaf Devletleri aras\u0131ndaki nihai Bar\u0131\u015f Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019ndan hemen \u00f6nce yap\u0131lan yeni d\u00fczenlemeyle, Terk Edilmi\u015f Mallar Kanunu (Emval-i Metruke), gidi\u015f sebepleri veya ko\u015fullar\u0131 ne olursa olsun art\u0131k T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ya\u015famayan Ermenilerin t\u00fcm varl\u0131klar\u0131na el konulaca\u011f\u0131 ilan edildi.<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da ge\u00e7en tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n nedeni, resmi olarak kurulmu\u015f bir h\u00fck\u00fcmetin ad\u0131m ad\u0131m yeni yasalar ge\u00e7irerek kendi vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 bir\u00e7ok haklar\u0131ndan nas\u0131l mahrum etti\u011fini g\u00f6stermektir. Temmuz 1923\u2019te imzalanan Lozan Anla\u015fmas\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye vatanda\u015f\u0131 olmalar\u0131 durumunda az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve hala sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Ancak, birazdan g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi gibi hi\u00e7bir \u015fey T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin baz\u0131 az\u0131nl\u0131k gruplar\u0131n\u0131 vatanda\u015fl\u0131k haklar\u0131ndan mahrum etmesinin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7emedi. T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti Lozan\u2019daki ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Eyl\u00fcl 1923\u2019te Kilikya\u2019daki ve di\u011fer Do\u011fu illerinden g\u00f6\u00e7m\u00fc\u015f Ermenilerin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc yasaklayan bir yasay\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe koydu. A\u011fustos 1926\u2019da, T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti kamuya \u201cLozan Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi 6 A\u011fustos 1924\u2019ten \u00f6nce (gayr\u0131m\u00fcslimlerce) edinilmi\u015f t\u00fcm mallara el konulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d ilan etti. Ve May\u0131s 1927\u2019de, Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na kat\u0131lmayan ve Temmuz 1923 ile May\u0131s 1927 tarihleri aras\u0131ndan yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015f olanlar\u0131n T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren ba\u015fka bir yasay\u0131 hayata ge\u00e7irdi.<\/p>\n

Bu esas olarak, el konulan mallar\u0131n\u0131 talep eden Ermenilerin kaderlerini belirledi. 1925\u2019ten 1928\u2019e kadar Ermeni M\u00fclteciler Merkez Komitesi taraf\u0131ndan Milletler Cemiyeti\u2019ne yap\u0131lan itirazlar T\u00fcrkiye taraf\u0131ndan dikkate al\u0131nmayarak reddedildi. \u0130tilaf devletlerinin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 art\u0131k Ermenistan\u2019dan yana de\u011fildi. O tarihten itibaren Ermeni Cumhuriyeti Sovyet Cumhuriyeti olmu\u015ftu. Diaspora Ermenileri ve onlar\u0131n dostlar\u0131 kolayca g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilebilecek manevi g\u00fc\u00e7ten sadece birazc\u0131k fazlas\u0131n\u0131 temsil ediyordu. Ermeni mallar\u0131yla ilgili talepler Ermeniler aras\u0131nda unutulmu\u015ftu. B\u00f6ylelikle T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n deh\u015fetine g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn en b\u00fcy\u00fck servet ve toprak h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131ndan birini ekleyerek Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lan i\u015fi tamamlam\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

Tarihi Ermeni Eserlerinin Y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ermeni n\u00fcfusunun Ermeni anavatan\u0131ndan temizlenmesi karar\u0131n\u0131n hayata ge\u00e7irilmesi karar\u0131 al\u0131nd\u0131ktan sonra bunun mant\u0131ksal sonucu yeni ele ge\u00e7irilen topraklardan Ermeni halk\u0131yla ilgili b\u00fct\u00fcn kurumlar\u0131n silinmesiydi. B\u00f6ylelikle \u201cErmenistan\u201d kelimesi b\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrk haritalar\u0131ndan ve belgelerinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla havayollar\u0131 haritalar\u0131 gibi, okul kitaplar\u0131nda ya da pop\u00fcler edebiyatta ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ek olarak el konulup imha edildi. T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti Ermeni medeniyetinin tarihi topraklar\u0131ndaki b\u00fct\u00fcn izlerini silmek i\u00e7in \u00e7ok u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131. 1950\u2019lerin sonlar\u0131nda hali haz\u0131rda NATO \u00fcyesi olan T\u00fcrkiye sistematik olarak do\u011fu illerindeki kasabalar\u0131n, k\u00f6ylerin, mezralar\u0131n ve k\u0131rsal kesimlerin ad\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. T\u00fcrk tarih\u00e7iler ge\u00e7mi\u015fi de\u011fi\u015ftirdik\u00e7e, yeni nesil Ermeniler kendi atalar\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 yerleri bulmakta s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131lar. Fazla turist \u00e7eken ve \u00f6nemli bir Ermeni cemaati bar\u0131nd\u0131ran \u0130stanbul d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, T\u00fcrk kontrol\u00fcndeki eski Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun her yerinde Ermeni k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 yok edilerek ya da ay\u0131rt edici ulusal unsurlardan yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131larak soyk\u0131r\u0131m \u0131srarla devam ettirildi. Ermeni ulusal hayat\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131klar\u0131 Ermeni kiliseleri tarihi Ermeni varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n katlan\u0131lamaz \u00f6rnekleriydi. Kurbanlar\u0131n dini an\u0131tlar\u0131 soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcc\u00fcleri i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir utan\u00e7t\u0131. Say\u0131lar\u0131 ne kadar \u00e7oksa, dezenformasyon kampanyas\u0131 da o kadar zora girecekti. Bundan dolay\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn Ermeni eserleri tehdit alt\u0131ndayd\u0131 ve hala da \u00f6yle. \u015eimdi, Ermeni kiliselerinin zarara u\u011frat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n, harabeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmelerinin veya etkisizle\u015ftirilmelerinin baz\u0131 y\u00f6ntemlerini \u00f6zetleyece\u011fim.<\/p>\n

Kiliselerin, sivil binalar\u0131n ve evlerin soyk\u0131r\u0131m d\u00f6neminde ate\u015fle ya da patlay\u0131c\u0131larla kasti olarak y\u0131k\u0131lmalar\u0131, 1915-1917.<\/p>\n

Neredeyse b\u00fct\u00fcn Ermenistan b\u00f6lgesi etkilenmi\u015fti. 1915-1923 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, sekiz y\u0131ll\u0131k periyodda, 700 kadar dini yap\u0131 k\u0131smen y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131rken, yakla\u015f\u0131k 1000 Ermeni kilisesi ve manast\u0131r\u0131 topra\u011fa g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc. Bu duruma Van iyi bir \u00f6rnektir. Soyk\u0131r\u0131mdan d\u00f6rt sene sonra tarihi kent, bir Ermeni kilisesinin az miktardaki y\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tamamen yokolmu\u015ftu. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u201cyeni\u201d Van \u015fehri, tarihi Van kentinin yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7 kilometre \u00f6tesindedir. Olduk\u00e7a yeni ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u015fehirdir. Ancak, Ermenilerin, Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n ve T\u00fcrklerin y\u00fczy\u0131llarca birlikte ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 tarihi kent de\u011fildir. Van\u2019dan \u00e7ok uzak olmayan, yakla\u015f\u0131k bir saat uzakl\u0131ktaki da\u011flarda, daha \u00f6nce bahsetti\u011fim 429 manast\u0131rdan biri olan ve \u0130sa\u2019n\u0131n gerildi\u011fi \u00e7arm\u0131h\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 muhafaza etti\u011finden dolay\u0131 hac say\u0131lan Varag (Yedi Kilise) bulunmaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, bu manast\u0131rdan geriye fazla bir \u015fey kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Soyk\u0131r\u0131m sonras\u0131 bireysel eserlerin patlay\u0131c\u0131lar veya a\u011f\u0131r silahlarla yok edilmesi.<\/p>\n

Ermeni-T\u00fcrk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131nda, etraf\u0131nda be\u015f k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kiliseyle tenha bir b\u00f6lgede k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir 11-12. y\u00fczy\u0131l manast\u0131r\u0131 olan Khtskonk bulunmaktad\u0131r. Neredeyse ba\u015fka hi\u00e7bir \u015feyin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 uzak bir b\u00f6lgededir. Manast\u0131r\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 y\u0131llar boyunca dinamitle patlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u015fimdi ise yaln\u0131zca kiliselerden birisi kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u0131ss\u0131z 11. y\u00fczy\u0131l kilisesi de duvarlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131kan dinamitlerle patlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmakla beraber kiliseyi ayakta tutan, i\u00e7indeki geleneksel beton n\u00fcvesidir ancak her ne kadar halen ayakta dursa da daha ne kadar dayanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Kas\u0131tl\u0131 ihmal ve k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin i\u015fgalinin cesaretlendirilmesi yoluyla y\u0131k\u0131m<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130yi bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere, Ermeni kiliselerinin d\u0131\u015f cephelerinde kullan\u0131lan ince kesilmi\u015f ta\u015flar m\u00fckemmel prefabrik yap\u0131 malzemeleridir. T\u00fcrk-Ermeni s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na yak\u0131n bir b\u00f6lgede be\u015finci y\u00fczy\u0131lda in\u015fa edilmi\u015f, 480 y\u0131l\u0131 civar\u0131nda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f en eski Ermeni ta\u015f yaz\u0131tlar\u0131 i\u00e7eren Tekor Kilisesi bulunmaktad\u0131r. 1906\u2019da terk edilmi\u015f ve hemen sonras\u0131nda bir depremle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak, y\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 bile heybetli ve etkileyiciydi. 1970\u2019lere gelindi\u011finde \u00e7ok az \u015fey kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve bizim de 1999\u2019daki ziyaretimiz s\u0131ras\u0131nda yaln\u0131zca ta\u015f duvarlar\u0131n baz\u0131 par\u00e7alar\u0131 duruyordu. \u0130ran s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda K\u00fcrtlerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u00f6y olan Soradir\u2019deki kiliseyi ziyaret eden biri k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin d\u0131\u015f cephedeki ince kesilmi\u015f ta\u015flardan kendi evleri ve duvarlar\u0131 i\u00e7in nas\u0131l faydaland\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebilir. Bunu, Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019nun her yerinde g\u00f6rebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n

Ermeni Kiliselerinin camilere, m\u00fczelere, hapishanelere, spor merkezlerine, ambarlara, ah\u0131rlara, \u00e7iftlik evlerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi.<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da bahsetti\u011fimiz Soradir Kilisesi k\u00f6yl\u00fcler taraf\u0131ndan hayvanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in yiyecek veya saman depolad\u0131klar\u0131 bir ambar olarak da kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ermeni s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na gelmeden \u00f6nceki en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehir Kars\u2019ta, Ermeni mimarisinin cevherlerinden 12. y\u00fczy\u0131l yap\u0131m\u0131 Aziz Havariler Kilisesi (Holy Apostles) bulunmaktad\u0131r. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m sonras\u0131 ilk olarak m\u00fczeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve ziyaret\u00e7ilere a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. M\u00fczenin i\u00e7inde, b\u00f6lgedeki Ermeni kiliselerinden toplanm\u0131\u015f ayin e\u015fyalar\u0131n\u0131n sergilendi\u011fi vitrinler vard\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, m\u00fcze yoktur. 1999\u2019da bina camiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Asgari bak\u0131m\u0131n sa\u011flanmamas\u0131ndan kaynakl\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131m.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de geriye kalan b\u00fct\u00fcn Ermeni kiliseleri bu ihmalk\u00e2rl\u0131k nedeniyle tehlike alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. En iyi iki \u00f6rnek Ahtamar Kilisesi ve Ani Katedralidir. Ahtamar Kilisesi soyk\u0131r\u0131mdan \u00f6nce Van G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn ortas\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir adada ya\u015fayan Katolikosun \u00fc\u00e7 ana merkezinden biri olarak hizmet vermi\u015fti. Katolikos buradan, \u00e7ok say\u0131da insan ve y\u00fczlerce insan\u0131n bulundu\u011fu g\u00f6l\u00fcn etraf\u0131ndaki Ermenileri y\u00f6netmi\u015ftir. Adada, yaln\u0131zca Kutsal Ha\u00e7 Kilisesi de\u011fil, ke\u015fi\u015fler i\u00e7in h\u00fccreler, bir adet okul ya da papaz okulu ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla rahiplerden olu\u015fan geni\u015f bir n\u00fcfus vard\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, bu bile\u015fimden H\u0131ristiyan d\u00fcnyas\u0131 i\u00e7in e\u015fsiz olan kilise d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir \u015fey kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 915-921 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Ermeni kral\u0131 Gagik Artzruni taraf\u0131ndan yapt\u0131r\u0131lan kilisenin tamamen ta\u015f olan d\u0131\u015f cephesi Eski Ahitten sahnelerin oyuldu\u011fu bas-r\u00f6lyeflerden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fkentinde g\u00f6stermeye de\u011fer bir par\u00e7ayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Dahas\u0131, Ermeni kiliselerinin \u00e7o\u011fundan farkl\u0131 olarak i\u00e7i tabandan tavana \u0130ncil\u2019den sahnelerin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 fresklerle boyal\u0131yd\u0131, ancak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00e7o\u011fu g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckle fark edilmektedir. Bir adada olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 kilisenin kendisi di\u011fer kiliseler kadar zarar g\u00f6rmemi\u015ftir. Ancak, 1950-60\u2019larda adada bir T\u00fcrk taburu konu\u015flan\u0131nca, top ve silah talimleri i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her ne kadar kilise bin y\u0131ldan fazla s\u00fcre ayakta kalabilmi\u015fse de, volkanik s\u00fcngerta\u015f\u0131ndan yap\u0131lma \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n pervaz\u0131 25 y\u0131ldan fazla bir s\u00fcredir kay\u0131pt\u0131r. K\u00fclt\u00fcr Varl\u0131klar\u0131 ve M\u00fczeler Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin di\u011fer kurumlar\u0131na kubbe \u00e7\u00f6kmeden ya da yapmur ve nem kalan freskleri tamamen yok etmeden bir \u015feyler yap\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in protestolar \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ani Katedrali bak\u0131m sa\u011flama konusundaki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa ikinci \u00f6rnektir. Ermenistan\u2019la mevcut s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n hemen yan\u0131nda bulunan Ani, Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019daki ba\u015fkentidir. Katedral 989-1001 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda in\u015fa edilmi\u015f ve yap\u0131m\u0131nda sivri kemerler, k\u00fcmelenmi\u015f s\u00fctunlar ve y\u00fcksekli\u011fe yap\u0131lan vurgu gibi Avrupa\u2019daki gotik mimariye yak\u0131n \u00f6\u011feleri yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczelli y\u0131l \u00f6nce kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Katedral y\u00fczy\u0131llarca kullan\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f ve Ani bir kent olarak 1500 y\u0131llar\u0131 civar\u0131nda terk edilmi\u015ftir. Y\u0131llarca, Ermeni otoriteleri ve bireyler, \u00e7o\u011funlukla da Ermeni olmayan sanat tarih\u00e7ileri, T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetine Katedralin kuzeybat\u0131 k\u00f6\u015fesindeki \u00e7atlakla ilgili bir \u015feyler yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fiyle ilgili \u015fik\u00e2yette bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r. Muhtemelen depremlerden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc uzun bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce kubbe \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr ama kuzeybat\u0131 k\u00f6\u015fesindeki bo\u015fluk b\u00fct\u00fcn bir duvar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6kmesine neden olabilir. Faal olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan K\u00fclt\u00fcr Varl\u0131klar\u0131 ve M\u00fczeler Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sorundan haberdar edilmesine ra\u011fmen, T\u00fcrkler tamir edilmesine y\u00f6nelik hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yapmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ermenistan\u2019daki 1988 depreminden sonra kilisenin b\u00fct\u00fcn bir k\u00f6\u015fesi \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015f ama T\u00fcrkler Ani\u2019nin \u0130slami kesimlerine odaklan\u0131rken bunu g\u00f6rmezden gelmi\u015flerdir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin do\u011fusundaki en \u00f6nemli iki turizm merkezi olan Ahtamar ve Ani, turizmden ekonomik olarak kar sa\u011flasalar da yetkililer taraf\u0131ndan ihmal edilmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Yollar\u0131n, k\u00f6pr\u00fclerin ve di\u011fer kamu i\u015flerinin in\u015fas\u0131 i\u00e7in y\u0131k\u0131m.<\/p>\n

Buna g\u00fczel bir \u00f6rnek 11. y\u00fczy\u0131lda in\u015fa edilen Ani\u2019deki Aziz Savior Kilisesi\u2019dir. Ortadan ikiye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f durumdad\u0131r. Baz\u0131 yerel kaynaklar \u00fczerine y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6ylemekteyken, di\u011fer kaynaklar yeni bir yol yap\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrer ama Ani\u2019ye giden herhangi bir yol bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Ancak her durumda, bir yar\u0131s\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve di\u011fer yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n da yerle bir olmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in deste\u011fe ihtiyac\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Ermeni mezarl\u0131klar\u0131, okullar\u0131 ve kilise m\u00fclkleri yollar, k\u00f6pr\u00fcler ve di\u011fer kamu i\u015fleri i\u00e7in y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f veya tahrip edilmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Bir eserin Ermenice yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 veya ha\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 silerek Ermeni kimli\u011fini yok etmek.<\/p>\n

Bunu bir kez yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, art\u0131k eser hi\u00e7bir \u015feydir. Kim a\u00e7\u0131klayabilir? Ortalama bir turist Ermeniler ve Sel\u00e7uk T\u00fcrkleri aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131 nerden bilebilir? \u0130stanbul\u2019da bile Ermeni yaz\u0131lar\u0131 en az\u0131ndan bir \u00f6nemli kamu binas\u0131ndan silinmi\u015ftir<\/p>\n

Binalar\u0131, \u00f6zellikle de turistik \u00f6nemi olan eserleri kas\u0131tl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde T\u00fcrklere, genellikle de Orta\u00e7a\u011f Sel\u00e7uk mimarisine atfetme.<\/p>\n

Bu durumun en k\u00f6t\u00fc \u015f\u00f6hretli \u00f6rnekleri Sel\u00e7uk T\u00fcrkleri hen\u00fcz tarih sahnesine bile \u00e7\u0131kmam\u0131\u015fken, 10. y\u00fczy\u0131lda in\u015fa edilen Ahtamar ve Kars Kiliseleridir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Kars Katedrali\u2019nde \u201cHavari Kilisesi Katedrali, Kars\u2019\u0131n Bagratid Ermeni Kral\u0131 Abbas taraf\u0131ndan yapt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u2026\u201d yaz\u0131l\u0131 bir yaz\u0131t ve tarihlerini, tarihlerini, k\u00f6kenini\u2026vs i\u00e7eren bir ifade bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ama g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, turist tablelalar\u0131n\u0131n hi\u00e7birinde Ermeni kelimesi ge\u00e7memektedir ve ziyaret\u00e7iler Abbas (k\u00f6ken olarak Arap\u00e7a bir kelime) gibi bir ismi okuduklar\u0131 zaman, onun Ermeni oldu\u011funu bilmelerinin herhangi bir yolu yoktur.<\/p>\n

Son olarak, bir b\u00f6lgenin Ermenilerin in\u015fa etti\u011fi hali ile de\u011fil, y\u00fczy\u0131llar sonra T\u00fcrkler veya T\u00fcrkmen fetih\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f hali \u00f6rnek al\u0131narak yap\u0131lan f\u0131rsat\u00e7\u0131 restorasyon.<\/p>\n

Bu duruma bir \u00f6rnek de Ani\u2019de, d\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki en ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc Orta\u00e7a\u011f sur duvarlar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Muhtemelen turizmden kaynakl\u0131, T\u00fcrk arkeologlar\u0131 bu duvarlar\u0131 yeniden in\u015fa etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Maalesef, in\u015fay\u0131 Ermeni-H\u0131ristiyan k\u00f6klerini g\u00f6rmezden gelerek ve T\u00fcrk olmayan otoriterlerden \u00f6neri almadan kendileri nas\u0131l g\u00f6rmek istiyorlarsa \u00f6yle yap\u0131yorlar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, birka\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6nce \u00e7ekilen foto\u011fraflarda duvarlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda ta\u015flara \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ha\u00e7lar g\u00f6r\u00fclebilirdi. Bu ha\u00e7lar restore mi edilecek yoksa g\u00f6rmezden mi gelinecek? Ayr\u0131ca, Ani\u2019deki eserleri restore ederken T\u00fcrk uzmanlar onlar\u0131 orijinal Ermeni tasar\u0131mlar\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fil, T\u00fcrk ve Mo\u011fol i\u015fgalcilerinin daha sonra de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u015fekillerine g\u00f6re restore etmeyi se\u00e7tiler.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde T\u00fcrkiye az\u0131nl\u0131k haklar\u0131n\u0131n ve eserlerinin korunmas\u0131 ile ilgili \u00e7e\u015fitli anla\u015fmalara imza atarak uluslararas\u0131 toplumun model bir \u00fcyesi oluyor gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmekle birlikte, bu y\u0131k\u0131ma izin vererek soyk\u0131r\u0131msal politikalar\u0131na devam ediyor. T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan imzalanan bu anla\u015fmalar\u0131n k\u0131sm\u0131 listesi \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/p>\n

1923\u2019te g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f Lozan Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 38-44. Maddeleri, az\u0131nl\u0131k haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131yla ilgilidir. Ne var ki, yabanc\u0131 g\u00f6zlemcilerin d\u00fczenli bir \u015fekilde bildirdikleri gibi T\u00fcrkiye bu ko\u015fullar\u0131 s\u00fcrekli ihlal etmektedir. 1998\u2019den bu yana, \u0130stanbul\u2019daki mevcut Ermeni yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n tadilat\u0131, h\u00fck\u00fcmet iznini gerektirmektedir ve bu her seferinde verilmemektedir. 2003\u2019te bile bu t\u00fcrden bir iznin reddedildi\u011fi oldu. Yeniden in\u015fa ve geni\u015flemeye m\u00fcsamaha g\u00f6sterilmemekte ve kilise ve cemaatin m\u00fclkiyetleri kamula\u015ft\u0131rma hakk\u0131na ba\u015fvurularak s\u0131kl\u0131kla i\u015fgal edilmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin en \u00e7ok g\u00f6r\u00fclen ve turistik eski ba\u015fkenti olan \u0130stanbul\u2019da b\u00f6yle bir e\u011filim varken, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin g\u00f6rece kimsesiz i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelerindeki eserlerin bak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenmesini beklemek safl\u0131k olmaz m\u0131? Ge\u00e7en sene Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019ne ba\u015fvuru tarihi verilecekken yem olarak kullan\u0131lan ve bir hayli reklam\u0131 yap\u0131lan \u201creform\u201dlara ra\u011fmen T\u00fcrkiye, Ermeni hay\u0131r kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n varis olmas\u0131na ve hatta baz\u0131 durumlarda m\u00fclk edinmelerine bile izin vermemektedir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler\u2019in di\u011fer noktalar\u0131n yan\u0131nda az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel haklar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 Uluslararas\u0131 Medeni ve Siyasi Haklar S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019ni onaylam\u0131\u015f ve imzalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1965\u2019te T\u00fcrkiye, Silahl\u0131 Bir \u00c7at\u0131\u015fma Halinde K\u00fclt\u00fcr Mallar\u0131n\u0131n Korunmas\u0131na Dair S\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi imzalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

7 Ocak 1969\u2019da T\u00fcrkiye, az\u0131nl\u0131klara ait k\u00fclt\u00fcrel an\u0131tlar\u0131n bak\u0131m\u0131 ve korunmas\u0131 ile ilgili a\u00e7\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fcmler i\u00e7eren K\u00fclt\u00fcrel An\u0131tlar\u0131n Korunmas\u0131 Uluslararas\u0131 Antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 imzalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Pek \u00e7ok ki\u015fi, tarihi an\u0131tlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 \u00fczerine geni\u015f bir birimi olan UNESCO\u2019nun, en az\u0131ndan genel sanat tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemi teslim edilmi\u015f yap\u0131lar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 konusunda aktif bir rol oynamas\u0131n\u0131 istemektedir. Ancak UNESCO, an\u0131tlar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu \u00fclke y\u00f6netiminin m\u00fcdahale talebi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece b\u00f6yle bir giri\u015fimde bulunamaz Dahas\u0131, \u00e7ok say\u0131da uzman, UNESCO\u2019nun Ermeni eserleriyle aleni ilgisinin olumsuz etkileri olaca\u011f\u0131 konusunda uyar\u0131da bulunmu\u015ftur. Ermeniler hakk\u0131nda 1976\u2019da Londra\u2019da yay\u0131nlanan Az\u0131nl\u0131k Haklar\u0131 Raporu\u2019nun 32. Maddesi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin az\u0131nl\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelere y\u00f6nelik ihlallerini \u015f\u00f6yle sonu\u00e7land\u0131rmaktad\u0131r: \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Do\u011fu\u2019sundaki Ermeni an\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n daha iyi korunduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmek isteriz, ancak bu y\u00f6ndeki eylemlerin sadece geriye kalan an\u0131tlar\u0131n harap edilmelerini h\u0131zland\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 nedeni ile, T\u00fcrkleri bu konuda bask\u0131 alt\u0131na almak konusunda UNESCO veya herhangi bir Bat\u0131l\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmeti uyar\u0131r\u0131z.\u201d<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyan\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel miras\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015f \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir konvansiyon olan UNESCO D\u00fcnya Miras\u0131 Konvansiyonu\u2019nun hi\u00e7bir maddesinde, bir az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel varl\u0131klar\u0131 ya da bir zamanlar sahip olduklar\u0131 m\u00fclklerinin ya da bu mal veya m\u00fclklerin baz\u0131 durumlarda yasal olarak bir ba\u015fka devletin n\u00fcfusuna ait olmas\u0131 sorunu sorgulanmamaktad\u0131r. Bir \u00fcye devletin kendi \u00fclkesindeki, \u00f6zellikle az\u0131nl\u0131klara ya da yabanc\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlere ait olan k\u00fclt\u00fcrel eserlere kar\u015f\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r \u00f6nlemler almas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklayan hi\u00e7bir madde bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Neyse ki, az\u0131nl\u0131klara ait k\u00fclt\u00fcrel varl\u0131klar\u0131 dikkatle koruyan \u00fclkelere bir\u00e7ok parlak \u00f6rnek vard\u0131r. Almanya\u2019da \u00e7ok say\u0131da sinagog restore edilmi\u015f ve m\u00fcze olarak kamuya a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ftr. \u0130srail\u2019de Yahudi devleti M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar ve H\u0131ristiyanlar i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli olan iki eseri Kubbet-\u00fcs Sahra ve Kutsal Kabir Kilisesini k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131kla korumaktad\u0131r. ABD\u2019de, Amerikan Yerlileri\u2019nin kutsal mezarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 hak sahiplerine iade etme ve orijinal hallerine uygun restore etme y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bir e\u011filim bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ancak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de durum b\u00f6yle de\u011fildir. Halen, bilin\u00e7li olarak ihmal edilen ve yerel k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin insaf\u0131na terk edilen y\u00fczlerce k\u00fclt\u00fcrel Ermeni eseri bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

16 y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca depremlere ve erozyona kar\u015f\u0131 ayakta duran kiliseler birka\u00e7 nesil sonra, ne ac\u0131d\u0131r ki- restorasyon ve koruman\u0131n o mahir \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda yok olacaklard\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkeden bilim insan\u0131n\u0131n bu eserler hakk\u0131nda ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapmak, foto\u011fraflamak ve makale yay\u0131nlamak i\u00e7in g\u00f6sterdikleri cesur \u00e7abalara ra\u011fmen, Bat\u0131 devletleri a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 tan\u0131mad\u0131k\u00e7a ve beraberce T\u00fcrk devletini ikna yoluna gitmedik\u00e7e, bu tahrip ve h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sona ermesine ili\u015fkin \u00e7ok az bir umut vard\u0131r. \u015eimdiye kadar ne antla\u015fmalar\u0131n, ne Avrupa Parlamentosu\u2019nun, ne de Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019nin tehditlerinin herhangi bir yarar\u0131 olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin geni\u015f K\u00fcrt toplumuna kar\u015f\u0131 bug\u00fcnk\u00fc y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 politikas\u0131, onun az\u0131nl\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 olan tarihi tutumunun ve uluslararas\u0131 konvansiyonlara kay\u0131ts\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmektedir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde T\u00fcrkiye uluslararas\u0131 yasalar ve imzac\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011fu konvansiyonlara ra\u011fmen 1915\u2019te yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir \u015fekilde el koydu\u011fu topraklar\u0131 ve mallar\u0131 hala elinde tutmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u015eimdi Ne Yap\u0131labilir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ko\u015fullar bir\u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131dan radikal bir \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015fti. Son y\u0131llarda, 1948\u2019de Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilen Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Konvansiyonu ve 1968\u2019de cezai d\u00fczenleme olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle yasal olarak harekete ge\u00e7ilememesi sorunun soyk\u0131r\u0131m kurbanlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcyle insanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015flenen su\u00e7lar\u0131n cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131k bir y\u00f6ntem tesis edildi. Teorik olarak, davalar Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler\u2019e ve Uluslararas\u0131 Adalet Divan\u0131\u2019na ta\u015f\u0131nabiliyor. Sorun ise bu t\u00fcr sorunlar\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmetler taraf\u0131ndan desteklenmesi gereklili\u011finden kaynaklan\u0131yor \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler ve Adalet Divan\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 alanda tan\u0131nan devletlerden olu\u015fan bir cemiyete hizmet etmek \u00fczere tasarlanm\u0131\u015f kurumlar. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan 1991\u2019de \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131yla ve Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131nmas\u0131ndan sonra Ermeni kurbanlar\u0131n maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ahlaki ve fiziksel \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve mallar\u0131n\u0131n iadesi sorununa yeni bir etken eklenmi\u015f oldu. A\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde, uluslararas\u0131 huku\u011fun etkisiyle, bug\u00fcne kadar uygulamay\u0131 \u00e7ok nadir tercih etse de Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti muazzam hukuki bir g\u00fc\u00e7le yetkili k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca, Ermeni ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yle yeni bir diyalog yolu a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ama bildi\u011fim kadar\u0131yla bug\u00fcne kadar Ermeni eserleri veya di\u011fer mallarla ilgili ciddi bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmedi. Asl\u0131nda soyk\u0131r\u0131m hakk\u0131nda anlaml\u0131 bir diyalog ba\u015flatma \u00e7abas\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye h\u00fck\u00fcmeti veya herhangi bir organize grup taraf\u0131ndan sistemli bir \u015fekilde reddedilmektedir. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler ve di\u011fer uluslararas\u0131 organlar\u0131n \u00fcyesi olan Ermenistan resmi kanallar \u00fczerinde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye bask\u0131 uygulayabilir. Ku\u015fkusuz Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n kurbanlar\u0131n\u0131 tespit etme yetkisi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130ki farkl\u0131 davran\u0131\u015f tarz\u0131 daha kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 hale gelebilir. Avrupa ve kendi adalet kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n birle\u015fimiyle, uluslararas\u0131 hukukta yeni bir yol a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi\u2019ne \u00f6nceden yaln\u0131zca devletlerin ba\u015fvuru hakk\u0131 varken, art\u0131k devletlere kar\u015f\u0131 ki\u015filere de bireysel ba\u015fvuru hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Birle\u015fik Devletler\u2019in aktif deste\u011fiyle T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019ne kat\u0131lmaya daha da yakla\u015fmas\u0131yla, \u00f6zellikle Bel\u00e7ika, \u0130talya ya da Fransa gibi soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 resmi olarak kabul eden \u00fcye \u00fclkelerde ikamet eden Ermeni kurbanlar veya miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan dava edilme riskiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yad\u0131r. Gelecekte T\u00fcrkiye kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in kullanamayaca\u011f\u0131 bir yasal sistem ile u\u011fra\u015fmak zorunda kalabilir. Ayr\u0131ca, yeni bir geli\u015fme olan Uluslararas\u0131 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Mahkemesi\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131 insanl\u0131k su\u00e7lar\u0131na da uygulanaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kanuni prosed\u00fcrleri g\u00fc\u00e7lendirecektir ve \u015funu da s\u00f6ylemekten son derece mutluyum ki bug\u00fcn Lahey\u2019de bu yeni organ\u0131n resmi olarak uygulamaya ge\u00e7irilmesi anlam\u0131na gelen, Uluslararas\u0131 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Mahkemesi hayata ge\u00e7ti. Yani bug\u00fcn\u00fc, 11 Mart 2003\u2019\u00fc, bir yere kaydedelim. Gelecekte kutlanacak.<\/p>\n

Ke\u015ffedilen bir di\u011fer f\u0131rsat penceresi ise el konulan mallar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 Ermeni Kilisesi\u2019nin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 pozisyon. Dini binalar\u0131n m\u00fclkiyeti meselesi bireylerin ya da laik kurumlar\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetlerinden farkl\u0131 olarak her zaman tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan bir konu olmu\u015ftur. Yak\u0131n bir zamanda Ermenistan, Rusya ve di\u011fer eski Sovyetler Birli\u011fi \u00fclkelerinin kilise binalar\u0131n\u0131 dini otoritelere iade ettiklerine tan\u0131k olduk. 70 y\u0131ll\u0131k ateist kom\u00fcnizmin yanl\u0131\u015flar\u0131 1920\u2019lerde el konulan kilise mallar\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131ca iadesiyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse e\u011fer, yaln\u0131zca 5 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, 1915\u2019te T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan ya\u011fmalanan mallar\u0131n 21. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda iadesi neden m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmas\u0131n? Ermenistan ve Diyaspora\u2019daki Ermeni Kilisesinin g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesiyle, el konulan kilise mallar\u0131n\u0131 geri almay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan \u0130stanbul Ermeni Patrikli\u011fi ve Kilikya Katolikoslu\u011fu gibi kurumlarla, uluslararas\u0131 kurumlar ve T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinden \u00f6nce kiliselerin h\u0131zl\u0131 restorasyonu i\u00e7in yasal prosed\u00fcr ba\u015flatma konusunda makul olmayan bir yan bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Ermeni Kilisesi Ahtamar ve Ani Katedrali gibi ibadethaneleri neden y\u00f6netmesin?<\/p>\n

Bu konuda son bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce: Her ne kadar 1.5 milyondan fazla Ermeni\u2019nin ismini belirlemek ve miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yerini tespit etmek zor olsa da, tehcir ve katliamlar s\u0131ras\u0131nda ve sonras\u0131nda el konulan Ermeni kiliselerini, manast\u0131rlar\u0131 ve okullar\u0131 tespit etmek sorun olmayacakt\u0131r. Bu kiliselerin isimleri mevcut olmakla birlikte kendileri ya da kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 1915\u2019te nerdelerse orda durmaktalar. Yasal sahipleri Ermeni kilisesi ve onun resmi olarak tan\u0131nan temsilcileri olan \u0130stanbul Ermeni Patrikli\u011fi ve Kilikya Katolikoslu\u011fu\u2019dur. Patrik, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi hi\u00e7 terk etmemi\u015f ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde halen el konulan mallar\u0131 kabul etmek i\u00e7in haz\u0131r beklemektedir. Belki kilisenin mallar\u0131n\u0131n bu \u015fekilde iadesi Ermenilerin soyk\u0131r\u0131m kurban\u0131 olarak ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6nyarg\u0131n\u0131n telafi edilmesi i\u00e7in ilk ad\u0131m olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bir y\u0131l \u00f6nce, Nisan 2002\u2019de Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 konusundaki en sayg\u0131n bilim insan\u0131 Profes\u00f6r Vahakn Dadrian, Harvard \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerle bir seminer verdi, al\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131yorum: \u201c\u0130nsanlar Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019n\u0131 keskin d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131yorlar; bu T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi, fanatizmidir\u2026vs gibi. Do\u011fru, ancak bana g\u00f6re, Holokost\u2019ta oldu\u011fu gibi, soyk\u0131r\u0131m, b\u00fct\u00fcn bu etkenlerin \u00f6tesinde, sonuca hizmet eden bir ara\u00e7 niteli\u011findedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla i\u015flevseldir. Heterojen bir toplum olan T\u00fcrkiye, multietnik Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019ndan \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl ara\u00e7larla neredeyse homojen bir topluma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u2018Yahudisiz Almanya\u2019 (Judenrein) ile \u2018T\u00fcrkler i\u00e7in T\u00fcrkiye\u2019 sloganlar\u0131 amaca y\u00f6nelik bu soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n simgesi niteli\u011findedir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, soyk\u0131r\u0131m sosyal sistemi etnik temizlik yoluyla yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rman\u0131n bir y\u00f6ntemidir.\u201d<\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, b\u00fct\u00fcn soyk\u0131r\u0131mlar bir\u00e7ok benzer \u00f6zellik bar\u0131nd\u0131rsalar da ayn\u0131 de\u011filler. Modern zamanlar\u0131n ilk soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 olan Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 halen devam etmektedir. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n g\u00fcncel a\u015famas\u0131, baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ifadesiyle inkar evresi, yeni can kay\u0131plar\u0131na yol a\u00e7masa da 1915 kurbanlar\u0131n\u0131n ve onlar\u0131n soyundan gelenlerin s\u00fcregelen keder ve psikolojik ac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 azaltamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n bu boyutu, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Soyk\u0131r\u0131m Konvansiyonu\u2019nda do\u011frudan ele al\u0131nmamaktad\u0131r. \u0130nkar, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 en k\u00f6t\u00fc su\u00e7un sona ermesini engellemektedir. Fail eylemini inkar ederse, soyk\u0131r\u0131m \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fcz kalmaya devam eder ve bu da kurbanlar\u0131n tam anlam\u0131yla affetmelerini ve hayatlar\u0131na devam etmelerini engellemektedir. T\u00f6vbe etmemi\u015f olanlar\u0131 affetmenin i\u00e7i bo\u015ftur ve anlams\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yeni bir Holokost ve Soyk\u0131r\u0131m uzman\u0131n\u0131n ikna edici bir \u015fekilde ortaya koydu\u011fu gibi, soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n son a\u015famas\u0131 inkard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu durumda, soyk\u0131r\u0131m ne zaman sona erer? Ancak ink\u00e2r sona erdi\u011fi zaman.<\/p>\n

\u00c7eviri: Duygu TANI\u015e ZAFERO\u011eLU,<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

http:\/\/ayrintidergi.com.tr\/soykirim-ne-zaman-biter-ermeni-olayi\/<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dickran Kuyumjian Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan yakla\u015f\u0131k bir as\u0131r sonra, hayatta kalanlar ve onlar\u0131n torunlar\u0131, h\u00e2l\u00e2, olay\u0131n failleri taraf\u0131ndan bu olay\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 bekliyorlar. Ermeni anavatan\u0131 \u015fu an ba\u015fka bir isimle an\u0131l\u0131yor ve burada, Ermenilerin bu topraklardaki tarihsel varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 inkar edenler ikamet ediyor. T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti \u2018Ermenistan\u2019 ve \u2018Ermeni\u2019 s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerini okul ve tarih kitaplar\u0131ndan, co\u011frafyadan silerek Ermenileri ge\u00e7mi\u015finden […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":41113,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[44,1,9,70],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-41112","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ermeni-soykirimi","category-haberler","category-haklarimiz","category-makaleler"],"yoast_head":"\nK\u00fclt\u00fcrel Miras ve Tarihsel Belle\u011fe Kar\u015f\u0131 \u0130\u015flenen Su\u00e7: Terk Edilmi\u015f M\u00fclk Sorunu - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=41112\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Miras ve Tarihsel Belle\u011fe Kar\u015f\u0131 \u0130\u015flenen Su\u00e7: Terk Edilmi\u015f M\u00fclk Sorunu - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dickran Kuyumjian Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan yakla\u015f\u0131k bir as\u0131r sonra, hayatta kalanlar ve onlar\u0131n torunlar\u0131, h\u00e2l\u00e2, olay\u0131n failleri taraf\u0131ndan bu olay\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 bekliyorlar. 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