{"id":41081,"date":"2016-07-01T04:00:42","date_gmt":"2016-07-01T09:00:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=41081"},"modified":"2016-07-01T04:00:42","modified_gmt":"2016-07-01T09:00:42","slug":"121-ekonomi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=41081","title":{"rendered":"121. Ekonomi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ekonominin yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sovyet Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n hemen t\u00fcm ekonomisi, 1941-45 y\u0131llar\u0131nda cephenin taleplerine g\u00f6re uyarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ermenistan da, di\u011fer baz\u0131 Sovyet cumhuriyetleri gibi sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda y\u0131k\u0131ma maruz kalmam\u0131\u015f olup, \u00fclke y\u00f6neticileri, ekonomiyi aya\u011fa kald\u0131rmak ve bar\u0131\u015f d\u00f6nemi taleplerine uyarlama giri\u015fimlerine ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

H\u00fck\u00fcmet, 1945 A\u011fustosunda, d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k kalk\u0131nma plan\u0131 haz\u0131rlama \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na y\u00f6nelir. Konunun irdelenmesi esnas\u0131nda, b\u00fcrokrasinin yumu\u015fat\u0131lmas\u0131 ve kolektif kurulu\u015flar\u0131n yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nerileri ortaya at\u0131l\u0131r. Lakin b\u00fcy\u00fck fedak\u00e2rl\u0131klar sonucunda sava\u015fta elde edilen zafer, var olan sistemin en kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011fu konusunda yanl\u0131\u015f bir kan\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Bu ise, sava\u015f \u00f6ncesi ekonomiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f anlam\u0131na gelmektedir.<\/p>\n

Ekonominin yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve geli\u015fmesi, sadece ilgili enerji taban\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fartlar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu nedenle, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda elektrik santralleri kurulmas\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na \u00f6nem verilir. 1948 y\u0131l\u0131nda Dzoraget ve Kanaker hidroelektrik santralleri (HES) in\u015fa edilir. Sevan baraj\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131yla, Sevan-Hrazdan yeralt\u0131 hidroelektrik santralinin yap\u0131m\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Bu santralin yap\u0131m\u0131 sayesinde Ermenistan\u2019da \u00fcretilen elektrik enerjisi %30 art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

Sava\u015f\u0131n bitiminden sonra yap\u0131m\u0131na ba\u015flanan Sevan-Hrazdan kaskad\u0131n\u0131n en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc santrali olan G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f HES\u2019inin ilk blo\u011fu 1953 y\u0131l\u0131nda kullan\u0131ma ge\u00e7er.<\/p>\n

Demir d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki metal\u00fcrji dal\u0131 geli\u015ftirilir. Kacaran molibden fabrikas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ncelikli olarak kullan\u0131ma ge\u00e7irilmesi konusunda \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir.<\/p>\n

Sanayinin geli\u015fimi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ermenistan\u2019da ekonominin geli\u015fmesine paralel olarak, yeni fabrikalar kurulur. Ermenistan\u2019da 1946-1950 y\u0131llar\u0131nda, Yerevan\u2019da kablo ve elektrikli makine yap\u0131m\u0131, al\u00fcminyum, hidrot\u00fcrbin, oto rektifiye, G\u00fcmr\u00fc\u2019de bisiklet, Spitak\u2019ta \u015feker vb. fabrikalar\u0131 in\u015fa edilir.<\/p>\n

1950 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fclkenin sanayi \u00fcretimi 1945 y\u0131l\u0131na oranla yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7 misli artar. Sanayi geli\u015fimini artt\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla 50\u2019li y\u0131llarda halk ekonomisi kurullar\u0131 d\u00fczenlenir. Bu kurullar\u0131n temel konusu, yerel \u00f6zellikler g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurularak, \u015firketlerin do\u011fru da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ile hammadde ve i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 olur. Daha sonra ekonomide \u00f6nemli rol oynayacak olan yeni sanayi dallar\u0131 o y\u0131llarda \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131nda \u015fekillenir ve geli\u015fir.<\/p>\n

Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 y\u0131llarda \u00fclke ekonomisinin yeniden \u015fekillenmesi ve geli\u015fmesi konusunda, Ermenistan Kom\u00fcnist Partisi Merkez Komitesi birinci sekreterli\u011fi g\u00f6revini 1937-1953 y\u0131llar\u0131nda s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Grigor Harutyunyan ile halefi Suren Tovmasyan (1953-1960) \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Daha \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemde, Ermenistan\u2019da kimya sanayinin tesis edilmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131l\u0131r. 1958 y\u0131l\u0131nda SSCB h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan kimya sanayinin geli\u015ftirilmesi karar\u0131 al\u0131n\u0131r. Bu siyaset sonucunda, Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n kimya tesislerinin say\u0131s\u0131 1980\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n sonuna kadar 46\u2019ya ula\u015f\u0131r. Yerevan\u2019daki \u201cPolivinilasetat\u201d, Alaverdi ve Kirovakan\u2019daki kimya tesisleri \u00fcretime ge\u00e7er.<\/p>\n

\u00dcretimin sava\u015f sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde geli\u015fmesi sayesinde Ermenistan, giderek bir tar\u0131m \u00fclkesinden sanayi \u00fclkesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

1960-1980\u2019li y\u0131llarda \u00fclkede 390\u2019\u0131n \u00fczerinde sanayi tesisi kurulur. \u00c7arentsavan, Hrazdan, Abovyan vb. gibi, bu d\u00f6nemde kurulan bir dizi yeni \u015fehir, sanayi merkezlerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde, \u00fclkenin ula\u015ft\u0131rma sisteminde de iyile\u015ftirmeler ya\u015fan\u0131r. Sevan-\u015eorja-Zod, Masis-Nurnus-\u0130cevan-Hrazdan demiryollar\u0131, Yerevan metrosu ile \u201cZvartnots\u201d, \u201cErebuni\u201d ve G\u00fcmr\u00fc havaalanlar\u0131 in\u015fa edilir. Sanayinin \u015fehirlerde merkezile\u015fmesi, \u015fehir n\u00fcfusunun artmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar. \u00dclkenin 27 \u015fehri ve 31 kasabas\u0131nda, \u00fclke n\u00fcfusunun 2\/3\u2019si toplan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fkent Yerevan, Ermenistan sanayisinin en \u00f6nemli merkezi olur. En g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc fabrikalar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 bu \u015fehirde kurulur. Bu sebeple de, \u015fehir n\u00fcfusu suni olarak artar. 1990 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ermenistan n\u00fcfusunun yakla\u015f\u0131k 1\/3\u2019i Yerevan\u2019da ikamet etmektedir.<\/p>\n

Sanayinin geli\u015fimi, ba\u015fta Sevan G\u00f6l\u00fc olmak \u00fczere, bir dizi ekolojik sorunu da beraberinde getirir. Hrazdan Nehri \u00fczerinde kurulan HES\u2019ler, Sevan\u2019dan al\u0131nan suyla \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, g\u00f6l sular\u0131n\u0131n ak\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131yla, su seviyesi d\u00fc\u015fer. Arpa-Sevan su t\u00fcneli ve Ermenistan atom santralinin in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131n, bu sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde belli bir oranda iyile\u015ftirme sa\u011flamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Sevan G\u00f6l\u00fc sorunu g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme ula\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Radyoelektronik, makine ve torna yap\u0131m\u0131 gibi sanayi dallar\u0131n\u0131n Ermenistan\u2019da geli\u015fme g\u00f6stermesine ra\u011fmen, \u00fclkedeki hemen t\u00fcm sanayi kollar\u0131 merkeze ve di\u011fer \u00fclkelere ba\u011fl\u0131 durumda olup, Ermenistan hammaddeye ve nihai \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00fcretme imk\u00e2n\u0131na sahip olmaz.<\/p>\n

Tar\u0131m sorunlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tar\u0131m ekonomisinin insan g\u00fcc\u00fcne dayal\u0131 olup, kolektif \u00e7iftliklerin emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn de sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda son derece azalm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, ekili alanlar hissedilir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde eksilir.<\/p>\n

Tar\u0131m\u0131 bu zor durumdan kurtarmak amac\u0131yla, sava\u015f sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde baz\u0131 kararlar al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen bu \u00f6nlemler amac\u0131na ula\u015fmaz.<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 giri\u015fimler, tar\u0131m\u0131n makinele\u015fmesine y\u00f6neliktir. K\u00f6ylerde tar\u0131m makinesi say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n giderek artmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, teknoloji eksikli\u011fi kendisini hissettirir.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6ylerin elektri\u011fe kavu\u015fmas\u0131na \u00f6zel bir ihtimam g\u00f6sterilir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 hidroelektrik santrallerinin yap\u0131m\u0131 te\u015fvik edilir. Ermenistan\u2019da, 1950 y\u0131l\u0131nda 50\u2019nin \u00fczerinde hidroelektrik santrali k\u00f6ylerde faaliyet g\u00f6sterir. Bu sayede k\u00f6ylerin %68\u2019i elektri\u011fe kavu\u015fur.<\/p>\n

Kolektif \u00e7iftliklerdeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ciddi bilimsel temellerden uzak yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 netice tatmin edici olmaz. 30 May\u0131s 1950 tarihinde kolektif \u00e7iftliklerin b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fclmesi karar\u0131 al\u0131n\u0131r. Ermenistan\u2019daki kolektif \u00e7iftliklerin say\u0131s\u0131 1950\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n sonunda 1043\u2019ten 666\u2019a iner. Tar\u0131m \u015fehirlerinin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 Kru\u015f\u00e7ev\u2019in fikridir. Tar\u0131m \u015fehirleri, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin apartmanlarda ya\u015fay\u0131p, \u015fehirliler gibi hayat \u015fartlar\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrece\u011fi modern \u015fehirler olacakt\u0131r. \u015eehir ve k\u00f6y aras\u0131ndaki fark, benzer basit metotlarla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

SSCB h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin 1950 y\u0131l\u0131nda alm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu karar, \u00fclkenin tar\u0131m ekonomisine b\u00fcy\u00fck zarar verir. Otlaklar, \u00e7imenlikler ve ba\u011flardan k\u0131s\u0131tlanacak alanlar\u0131n tah\u0131l ekimi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131p, bu alanlar\u0131 180 bin hektar artt\u0131rma plan\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bu karar\u0131n hayata ge\u00e7irilmesiyle, binlerce hektar otlak ve \u00e7imenlik alan kullan\u0131lmaz duruma gelir.<\/p>\n

Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerden al\u0131nan vergiler giderek artar. Devlet \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck fiyatlarla al\u0131m yapar. 25 Kopekle al\u0131nan 1 litre s\u00fct, halka 2,70 Rupli\u2019ye, 14 Kopekle al\u0131nan 1 Kg. et 11,40 Rupli\u2019ye sat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

H\u00fck\u00fcmet bu siyasetiyle, zaman-zaman fiyatlar\u0131 indirme imk\u00e2n\u0131na sahip olur. Lakin bu durum, vergi y\u00fck\u00fc artt\u0131r\u0131lan k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn hesab\u0131na ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir.<\/p>\n

D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretler, k\u00f6yl\u00fcy\u00fc farkl\u0131 kaynaklar bulmaya iter ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcler \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatlerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kendi topraklar\u0131nda ge\u00e7irir.<\/p>\n

Sava\u015f sonras\u0131ndaki on y\u0131llar boyunca, tar\u0131m alan\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131lar da elde edilir. Talin, Hrazdan, Spitak, Kotayk kanallar\u0131, Azat, \u015eamb ve daha ba\u015fka barajlar in\u015fa edilir. Ararat Ovas\u0131\u2019ndaki k\u00f6ylerde \u00e7ok say\u0131da su pompalama istasyonlar\u0131 ve artezyen kuyular\u0131 kurulur. Sulak alanlar 48 hektar art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterir, 16 hektar alan batakl\u0131k tar\u0131m alan\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u00dclke y\u00f6neticilerinden, Ermenistan Kom\u00fcnist Partisi Merkez Komitesi birinci sekreteri Yakov Zarubyan (1960-1966), Anton Ko\u00e7inyan (1966-1974) ve Karen Demirciyan\u2019\u0131n (1974-1988) hem tar\u0131m ekonomisi, hem de t\u00fcm halk ekonomisinin geli\u015fimi konusundaki rol\u00fc belirgindir.<\/p>\n

Tar\u0131m ekonomisinin geri kalmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131yla, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi Kom\u00fcnist Partisi Merkez Komitesi\u2019nin 1953 Eyl\u00fcl\u00fcnde alm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu \u00f6zel kararla al\u0131m fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckseltilmesi, vergilerin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi iyile\u015ftirilmeler ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. Tar\u0131m \u00fcretiminin ve kolektif \u00e7iftliklerin bu sayede artan gelirleri, 1953 y\u0131l\u0131nda 53 milyon Rubliden, 1962 y\u0131l\u0131nda 116,5 milyona ula\u015f\u0131r. K\u00f6yl\u00fclerin maddi gelirlerinin art\u0131\u015f\u0131, konut in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik eder ve k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin hayat \u015fartlar\u0131 d\u00fczelir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm bunlara ra\u011fmen, k\u00f6yl\u00fc kendi \u00fcretti\u011finin sahibi olarak kabul edilmedi\u011finden dolay\u0131, var olan sistemde k\u00f6kl\u00fc olmayan giri\u015fimler sayesinde tar\u0131m\u0131 krizden \u00e7\u0131kartma denemeleri, fiili olarak ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olur.<\/p>\n

Tar\u0131m, bu \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda d\u00fczenli olarak kriz ya\u015far ve devlet taraf\u0131ndan ele al\u0131nan \u00f6nlemler ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olur.<\/p>\n

Halk\u0131n sosyal durumu<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sonunda halk son derece a\u011f\u0131r sosyal \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda ya\u015famaktayken, y\u00f6neticiler bu durumu iyile\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla baz\u0131 giri\u015fimlerde bulunur. 1947 y\u0131l\u0131nda g\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131ndaki karne sistemi kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve para reformu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. Ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen bu siyaset, mal-para ili\u015fkilerinde geli\u015fme sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

1960-1970\u2019li y\u0131llarda Ermenistan n\u00fcfusunun sosyal g\u00fcvenlik d\u00fczeyi, \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemlerle k\u0131yasland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda belli bir d\u00fczelme g\u00f6sterir. Ekonominin geli\u015fmesi, \u00fccretlerin ve emekli maa\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. \u0130n\u015faat sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn geli\u015fimi, halk\u0131n konut \u015fartlar\u0131na olumlu etki eder. K\u00f6ylerde de in\u015faat \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesine y\u00f6nelik \u015fartlar olu\u015fur. K\u00f6ylerde, eski toprak evlerin yerine yeni, ta\u015f evler in\u015fa edilmeye ba\u015flan\u0131r. Halk\u0131n hayat \u015fartlar\u0131nda d\u00fczelme ya\u015fan\u0131r. T\u00fcm \u00fclke sath\u0131nda elektrik ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve buzdolab\u0131, televizyon, gaz ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra ise gazocaklar\u0131 gibi yeni teknik geli\u015fimler evlerde kullan\u0131ma girer. Lakin t\u00fcm SSCB \u00fclkelerinde oldu\u011fu gibi, Ermenistan n\u00fcfusunun da refah seviyesi, geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Halk\u0131n sosyal durumu, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde maddi imk\u00e2nlar\u0131na, \u00f6zellikle de \u00fccretlere ba\u011fl\u0131 kal\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle m\u00fchendislik bilimleri alan\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n \u00fccretleri son derece d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u00dclkenin baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde sadece sezonluk i\u015f olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 (y\u0131l\u0131n sadece belli d\u00f6nemlerinde i\u015f imk\u00e2n\u0131 olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131), y\u0131lda yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 bin ki\u015fi Rusya ve di\u011fer \u00fclkelere \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya gider.<\/p>\n

\u00dclke n\u00fcfusunun sosyal g\u00fcvenlik \u015fartlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan \u00e7ok say\u0131da zorluk neticesinde halk\u0131n hayat standard\u0131 giderek d\u00fc\u015fer.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.findarmenia.com\/arm\/history\/29\/643<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ekonominin yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 Sovyet Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n hemen t\u00fcm ekonomisi, 1941-45 y\u0131llar\u0131nda cephenin taleplerine g\u00f6re uyarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ermenistan da, di\u011fer baz\u0131 Sovyet cumhuriyetleri gibi sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda y\u0131k\u0131ma maruz kalmam\u0131\u015f olup, \u00fclke y\u00f6neticileri, ekonomiyi aya\u011fa kald\u0131rmak ve bar\u0131\u015f d\u00f6nemi taleplerine uyarlama giri\u015fimlerine ba\u015flar. H\u00fck\u00fcmet, 1945 A\u011fustosunda, d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k kalk\u0131nma plan\u0131 haz\u0131rlama \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na y\u00f6nelir. Konunun irdelenmesi esnas\u0131nda, b\u00fcrokrasinin yumu\u015fat\u0131lmas\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[65,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-41081","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ermenilerin-tarihi","category-haberler"],"yoast_head":"\n121. Ekonomi - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=41081\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"121. 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