{"id":40912,"date":"2016-06-25T03:29:33","date_gmt":"2016-06-25T08:29:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=40912"},"modified":"2016-06-24T04:38:40","modified_gmt":"2016-06-24T09:38:40","slug":"erken-ortacag-301-670-doneminde-ermeni-mimarisi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=40912","title":{"rendered":"12. Erken Orta\u00e7a\u011f (301-670) d\u00f6neminde Ermeni mimarisi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hovhannes Sanamyan<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Tarihi<\/a>
Tarihi Ermenistan, Van G\u00f6l\u00fc, Akhtamar adas\u0131, Aziz Ha\u00e7 kilisesi, 915-921 (foto\u011fraf Z. Sarg\u0131syan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"Tarihi<\/a>
Tarihi Ermenistan, Ani, katedral, 989-1001 (foto\u011fraf Z. Sarg\u0131syan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n erken feodalizm sanat\u0131na has \u00f6zelliklerden biri, \u00f6zg\u00fcn kilise mimarisidir. Sosyoekonomik ve \u015fehir ili\u015fkilerinin temelden de\u011fi\u015fimi, 301 y\u0131l\u0131nda H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n devlet dini olarak ilan edilmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dini-siyasi yeni prensipler, Van Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Helenistik Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n geleneklerinden kaynaklanan milli \u00f6zg\u00fcn mimarisinin \u015fekillenmesi ve geli\u015fmesi \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\"Tarihi<\/a>
Tarihi Ermenistan, Ani, S\u0131mbata\u015fen surlar\u0131, X. y\u00fczy\u0131l (foto\u011fraf Z. Sarg\u0131syan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n konumu, Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n kav\u015fa\u011f\u0131nda bulunmas\u0131, eski \u015fehirlerin (Arta\u015fat, Va\u011far\u015fapat, Van vs.) yeniden yap\u0131lanmas\u0131na ve geli\u015fmesine, yeni merkezlerin kurulmas\u0131na (D\u0131vin, Ar\u015fakavan) olanak sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Erken Orta\u00e7a\u011f Ermenistan \u015fehirleri, \u00e7ok say\u0131da m\u00fchendislik ve savunma yap\u0131lar\u0131, d\u00fcnyevi i\u00e7erikli ya\u015fam, toplumsal ve kullan\u0131m yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan, ayr\u0131ca krall\u0131k, beylik ve y\u00fcksek r\u00fctbeli din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n saray komplekslerinden, kabul salonlar\u0131 ve prefektoryumlardan (trapez<\/em>) olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"EC<\/a>
EC S\u00fcnik b\u00f6lgesi, Tatev manast\u0131r\u0131 kompleksi, IX.-XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131l (foto\u011fraf H. Simonyan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"EC<\/a>
EC Vayots Dzor b\u00f6lgesi, Noravank, prens Burtel\u2019in mezar \u015fapeli, 1339 (foto\u011fraf H. Simonyan<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"EC<\/a>
EC Vayots Dzor b\u00f6lgesi, Noravank, Tanr\u0131 babam\u0131z\u0131n r\u00f6lyefi, 1221 (foto\u011fraf H. Simonyan. Al\u0131nt\u0131: S. Sa\u011fumyan, 2000, Noravank, Yerevan, ec 3)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"EC<\/a>
EC Vayots Dzor b\u00f6lgesi, Noravank, Meryem ana r\u00f6lyefi, 1221 (foto\u011fraf H. Simonyan<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ermenistan, iki y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca, d\u00fcnyadaki ilk ve tek H\u0131ristiyan devlet olmu\u015ftur. Bu y\u00fczden de, IV. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Ermenistan\u2019da, kom\u015fu \u00fclkelerde \u00f6rne\u011fi olmayan, mimari prensipler do\u011frultusunda, H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k kurallar\u0131ndan kaynaklanan yeni tip mabetlerin, kilise binalar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131na ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 tabiidir. Bunun neticesinde, olu\u015fturulan farkl\u0131 formlar\u0131n\u0131n sadece Ermeni mimarisine \u00f6zg\u00fcn olan Ermeni kilise mimarisi stili \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

IV.-VII. y\u00fczy\u0131llardan genellikle an\u0131tsal ve dini yap\u0131lar g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ermenistan\u2019daki ilk kiliseler tekli veya \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bazilik tipte olmu\u015ftur. Daha b\u00fcy\u00fck say\u0131da kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan tekli bazilik kiliseleri d\u00f6rt gruba ay\u0131rmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. a) i\u00e7sel sunakl\u0131 (Te\u011f, Lernakert, Agarak), b) d\u0131\u015ftan belirgin sunakl\u0131 (Parpi, Voskevaz, Veri\u015fen), c) tek tarafl\u0131 d\u0131\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc (Garni, Tanahat, D\u0131vin) ve d) \u00fc\u00e7 taraftan b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerle \u00e7evrili (G\u0131ntevank, Kurtan, G\u00fclagarak) kiliseler. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bazilik kiliseler genellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirler ve dini merkezlerde (Kasa\u011f, A\u011ftsk, A\u015ftarak, Ye\u011fvard, Yereruk, Dsidsrenavank, D\u0131vin, Ko\u011fb vs.) kurulmu\u015flard\u0131r. IV. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n Ermeni mimarlar\u0131, daha Ksenofon taraf\u0131ndan betimlenmi\u015f olan ve \u00f6rne\u011fini Ermeni evlerinin ah\u015fap \u201chazara\u015fen\u201d (k\u0131rlang\u0131\u00e7-\u00e7ev. notu<\/em>) \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131ndan ald\u0131klar\u0131, tamamen yeni, merkezi kubbeli bir kilise modeli olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

Ermenistan\u2019daki en eski kubbeli an\u0131t, 301-303 y\u0131llar\u0131nda kral III. T\u0131rdat ve Grigor Lusavori\u00e7 (ayd\u0131nlat\u0131c\u0131-\u00e7ev. notu<\/em>) taraf\u0131ndan in\u015fa ettirilen Ecmiadsin katedralidir. Ermeni mimarlar\u0131n bu \u00f6nemli sanatsal edinimi daha sonralar\u0131 \u00fclke s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015f\u0131p, Bizans ile merkezi ve bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019ya yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"EC<\/a>
EC Lori b\u00f6lgesi, Ha\u011fbat, ha\u00e7kar, XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l, t\u00fcf (foto\u011fraf H. Simonyan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"EC<\/a>
EC Ge\u011farkunik b\u00f6lgesi, Meds Mezra, ha\u00e7kar, 881, bazalt (foto\u011fraf Z. Sarg\u0131syan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ermenistan\u2019da, V. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131nda, i\u00e7 plan\u0131n\u0131n temelinde kayna\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir alan olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 fikrinin yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131, farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerdeki merkezi kubbeli kiliseler yayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazan\u0131r. Tekor, Odzun, M\u0131ren ve Gayane\u2019nin \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bazilik kiliselerinden esinlenen Bagavan\u2019\u0131n kubbeli bazilikleri, P\u0131t\u011fni ve Aru\u00e7\u2019un tekli kubbeli ve D\u0131vin ile Talin\u2019in \u00fc\u00e7 sunakl\u0131, kubbeli kiliseleri bu gruba girmektedir.<\/p>\n

VI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda olu\u015fturulmaya ba\u015flanan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kubbeli, \u201cserbest ha\u00e7\u201d tipi kiliseler, ha\u00e7 \u015feklindeki plan\u0131n\u0131n daha belirgin ve net ifade edildi\u011fi farkl\u0131 tipleriyle, d\u00f6rt sunakl\u0131 (Moro Dzor, Arzni, Parpi), \u00fc\u00e7 sunakl\u0131 (Dorbant, Pemza\u015fen, Da\u015ftadem), tek sunakl\u0131 (Ko\u015f, Karm\u0131ravor, L\u0131mbatavank) olarak VI.-VII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda daha m\u00fckemmelle\u015ftirilir. Ermenistan\u2019da, ha\u00e7 planl\u0131 merkezi kubbeli yap\u0131lar\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesinin bir sonraki a\u015famas\u0131nda \u201cmastara tipi\u201d kiliseler (Mastara, Voskepar, Artik) olu\u015fur. Bu yap\u0131lar\u0131n en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck kubbeyle nihayetlenen i\u00e7 alan\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve geni\u015fli\u011finin y\u00fckselen an\u0131tsall\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Merkezi kubbeli sistemin Ermenistan\u2019da geli\u015fimi, VI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda yeni a\u015famaya ula\u015f\u0131p, k\u00f6\u015felerdeki odac\u0131klara sahip, d\u00f6rt sunakl\u0131, Avan-H\u0131rpsime tipi kiliseler (Arnahovit, Sisavan, Ardsvaber) olu\u015fturulur.<\/p>\n

\"EC<\/a>
EC Lori b\u00f6lgesi, Sanahin manast\u0131r kompleksi, X.-XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l (foto\u011fraf Z. Sarg\u0131syan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

VI.-VII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, merkez plan\u0131n\u0131n daha belirgin oldu\u011fu ha\u00e7 planl\u0131 merkezi kubbeli yap\u0131lardan geli\u015fen \u00e7ok sunakl\u0131 kilise tipi (Ye\u011fvard, \u0130rind, Aragads) geli\u015ftirilir.<\/p>\n

\"EC<\/a>
EC Lori b\u00f6lgesi, Ha\u011fbat, ha\u00e7kar, XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l, t\u00fcf (foto\u011fraf H. Simonyan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"EC<\/a>
EC Aragadsotn b\u00f6lgesi, Ye\u011fvard, mezar-\u015fapel, 1301 (foto\u011fraf H. Baze)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"Tarihi<\/a>
Tarihi Ermenistan, Ani, Tigran Honents taraf\u0131ndan yapt\u0131r\u0131lan Ayd\u0131nlat\u0131c\u0131 Aziz Grigor kilisesi, 1215, r\u00f6lyef (foto\u011fraf Z. Sarg\u0131syan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"EC<\/a>
EC Tavu\u015f b\u00f6lgesi, Go\u015favank, ha\u00e7kar, haz\u0131rlayan usta Po\u011fos, 1291 (foto\u011fraf Z. Sarg\u0131syan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ha\u00e7 planl\u0131 merkezi kubbeli kiliselerin yeni tiplerinin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 \u00e7abas\u0131, VII. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131nda, y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n mimari ba\u015fyap\u0131t\u0131 olan ve \u00e7okgen planl\u0131, d\u00f6rt sunakl\u0131 i\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131n, \u00fc\u00e7 basamakl\u0131 d\u0131\u015f cepheyle y\u00fckseldi\u011fi Z\u0131vartnots kilisesiyle ta\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Erken Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n Ermeni mimarisinin t\u00fcm edinimleri bu mabette birle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n erken Orta\u00e7a\u011f d\u00f6neminin memoryal an\u0131tlar\u0131, genelde kabirler (A\u011fts\u0131k, Amaras, Ani, Ecmiadsin), an\u0131tlar (Avan, Aru\u00e7, D\u0131se\u011f, Talin vs.), dikilita\u015flar (Ange\u011fakot, O\u015fakan, Vo\u011fcaberd), \u00f6l\u00fc an\u0131tlar\u0131 (Odzun, A\u011fudi) ve kha\u00e7karlar (D\u0131vin, Talin, Makenis, Dsidsernavank) tipik milli olu\u015fumlar olarak, uluslar aras\u0131 sanatta \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir yer tutmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7eviren: Diran Lokmag\u00f6zyan<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hovhannes Sanamyan Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n erken feodalizm sanat\u0131na has \u00f6zelliklerden biri, \u00f6zg\u00fcn kilise mimarisidir. Sosyoekonomik ve \u015fehir ili\u015fkilerinin temelden de\u011fi\u015fimi, 301 y\u0131l\u0131nda H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n devlet dini olarak ilan edilmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dini-siyasi yeni prensipler, Van Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Helenistik Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n geleneklerinden kaynaklanan milli \u00f6zg\u00fcn mimarisinin \u015fekillenmesi ve geli\u015fmesi \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n konumu, Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n kav\u015fa\u011f\u0131nda bulunmas\u0131, eski […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[76,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-40912","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ermenistanin-arkeolojik-mirasi","category-haberler"],"yoast_head":"\n12. Erken Orta\u00e7a\u011f (301-670) d\u00f6neminde Ermeni mimarisi - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=40912\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"12. Erken Orta\u00e7a\u011f (301-670) d\u00f6neminde Ermeni mimarisi - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Hovhannes Sanamyan Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n erken feodalizm sanat\u0131na has \u00f6zelliklerden biri, \u00f6zg\u00fcn kilise mimarisidir. Sosyoekonomik ve \u015fehir ili\u015fkilerinin temelden de\u011fi\u015fimi, 301 y\u0131l\u0131nda H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n devlet dini olarak ilan edilmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dini-siyasi yeni prensipler, Van Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Helenistik Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n geleneklerinden kaynaklanan milli \u00f6zg\u00fcn mimarisinin \u015fekillenmesi ve geli\u015fmesi \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. 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Dini-siyasi yeni prensipler, Van Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Helenistik Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n geleneklerinden kaynaklanan milli \u00f6zg\u00fcn mimarisinin \u015fekillenmesi ve geli\u015fmesi \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. 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