{"id":40609,"date":"2016-06-10T06:57:14","date_gmt":"2016-06-10T11:57:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=40609"},"modified":"2016-06-10T06:57:14","modified_gmt":"2016-06-10T11:57:14","slug":"sessizlikten-sessizlige-ermeni-kimligi-ve-muslumanlastirilmis-ermeniler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=40609","title":{"rendered":"Sessizlikten sessizli\u011fe? Ermeni kimli\u011fi ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Ermeniler"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Laurence<\/a>Laurence Ritter<\/h5>\n

Sosyoloji doktoru<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

K\u0131sa s\u00fcre \u00f6nce \u00abgizli\u00bb ve \u00ab\u00a0M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u00a0\u00bb Ermeniler meselesi su y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de baz\u0131 tabular\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131ndan yararlanarak baz\u0131 Ermenilerin kimlik uyan\u0131\u015flar\u0131 olgunun fark\u0131na varmay\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Max Sivaslian ile birlikte haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00abK\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 art\u0131klar\u0131\u00a0\u00bb kitab\u0131n\u0131n yazar\u0131, sosyolog Laurence Ritter bu makalede bize Ermenilerin T\u00fcrkiye toplumunda kendilerini tan\u0131mlamakta ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 zorluklar\u0131 ve az ya da \u00e7ok karma\u015f\u0131k durumlar\u0131 aktar\u0131yor. Yerle\u015ftikleri \u00fclkelerde k\u00fclt\u00fcr kayb\u0131na u\u011frayan diaspora Ermenileri ile bu gruplar aras\u0131nda paralellik kuruyor. \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u201d Ermenilerin kimlik tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 diasporada asimilasyon ve kimlik sorunlar\u0131nda yank\u0131 buluyor. Laurence Ritter otoriterle\u015fen bir sistemde T\u00fcrkiyeli Ermenilerin kimliklerine yeniden sahip \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131na dair mevcut hareketi tehdit eden unsurlar\u0131 da belirtiyor.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/strong>\u00ab\u00a0Gizli Ermeniler\u00a0\u00bb ya da \u00ab\u00a0M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Ermeniler\u00a0\u00bb meselesi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 2000\u2019li y\u0131llarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Fethiye \u00c7etin\u2019in iki kitab\u0131, Agos gazetesi ve T\u00fcrkiye bas\u0131n\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan haberler eski Ermeni b\u00f6lgelerinde ya\u015famaya devam etmi\u015f hayatta kalan Ermenilere dair sessizli\u011fi kademeli olarak bozdu. 1915 soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131ndan sonra hayatta kalanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu kendilerini Ortado\u011fu \u00fclkelerinde, ard\u0131ndan da Avrupa\u2019da (\u00f6zellikle Fransa\u2019da), Amerika\u2019da ve Sovyetlere dahil edilmi\u015f k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kafkas cumhuriyetinde buldu. Anadolu\u2019nun do\u011fusundaki topraklarda -1915 \u00f6ncesi Ermeni n\u00fcfusun \u00e7o\u011funlukta oldu\u011fu yerlerde- kalanlar\u0131n kaderi ise uzun zaman g\u00f6rmezden gelindi. Bu topraklarda kalanlar soyk\u0131r\u0131m sonras\u0131 Patrikhane\u2019nin verilerinin g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gibi 1919-20\u2019de say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n 100 bin olarak de\u011ferlendirildi\u011fi \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu \u00e7ocuk ve kad\u0131nlardan olu\u015fuyordu. Bu \u201ci\u00e7 kurtulanlar\u201d\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131 hayatta kalmalar\u0131n\u0131 baz\u0131 K\u00fcrt a\u015firetlerinin mu\u011flak korumas\u0131na bor\u00e7luydular, kad\u0131nlar ve gen\u00e7 k\u0131zlar \u00e7o\u011fu zaman ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131larak zorla evlendirildi, bulunan yetimler katliam b\u00f6lgelerinin T\u00fcrk ya da K\u00fcrt ailelerine dahil edildi. On y\u0131llar boyunca Hrant Dink\u2019in \u201cg\u00f6\u00e7ebe ruhlar\u201d olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cbu \u201cisimsiz\u201d Ermeniler hayatta kald\u0131lar ve baz\u0131lar\u0131, katliam\u0131n ertesindeki ilk ku\u015faktan itibaren kendi aralar\u0131nda evlenebildiler.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin 2005-2012 aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7ekingen a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6te ba\u015fka bir fakt\u00f6r bu meselenin\u00a0 bug\u00fcn \u0130stanbul\u2019un k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Ermeni cemaati d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da biliniyor olmas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor. K\u00f6ylerinde hayatta kalabilen bu Ermeniler 1978\u2019de kurulan PKK ve K\u00fcrtlere kar\u015f\u0131 bask\u0131lar artt\u0131k\u00e7a K\u00fcrtler gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlere ka\u00e7mak zorunda kald\u0131lar. \u0130stanbul\u2019a gelebilenler Ermeni toplumu ile yak\u0131nla\u015f\u0131p Patrikhane\u2019nin kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ald\u0131lar. K\u00fcrt\u00e7e ya da T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fan bu ki\u015filerin \u00e7o\u011funun hala Ermeni aidiyetini kan\u0131tlamas\u0131 imkans\u0131z durumda.<\/p>\n

Kendisi de Malatya do\u011fumlu Hrant Dink gazetesi Agos\u2019ta inkarc\u0131 T\u00fcrk devleti ve bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde diaspora, Ermenistan ya da \u0130stanbul Ermenileri i\u00e7in rahats\u0131zl\u0131k verici- bu konuya yer verilmesine ve \u201ck\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 art\u0131klar\u0131\u201d tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131na katk\u0131da bulundu. E\u015fi Rakel Dink \u201cgizli Ermeni\u201d a\u015firetlerinden birine mensuptur, bu deyim \u00fcyelerinin din de\u011fi\u015ftirmemi\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131 belirtmektedir. Bu a\u015firet 60\u2019l\u0131 ve 70\u2019li y\u0131llarda kay\u0131p Ermenileri aramak \u00fczere Anadolu\u2019ya giden \u201cmisyonerler\u201d taraf\u0131ndan bulunmu\u015ftu. Kimi \u0130stanbullu Ermenilerin haberdar oldu\u011fu bu \u201cmisyonlar\u201d kendisi de Yozgatl\u0131 olan ve 60\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren \u201ckay\u0131p\u201d Ermenilerin hayatta kald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bilen Patrik \u015enork Kalustyan taraf\u0131ndan organize edilmi\u015fti. Ba\u015fka \u0130stanbullu Ermeniler de bu \u00e7abalara kat\u0131ld\u0131lar, ancak T\u00fcrk yetkililerden gelebilecek herhangi bir muhtemel misyonerlik su\u00e7lamas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in Patrikhane taraf\u0131ndan verilen talimat sadece din de\u011fi\u015ftirmemi\u015f Ermenileri tespit etmekti. Rakel Dink\u2019in ailesinin de aralar\u0131nda yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 pek \u00e7ok aile bu \u015fekilde belirlendi ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 Ermeni okullarda okutmak \u00fczere \u0130stanbul\u2019a g\u00f6ndermeleri kendilerine \u00f6nerildi. Daha sonra \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n kendi b\u00f6lgelerine geri d\u00f6nmeleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyordu ama yukar\u0131da belirtildi\u011fi gibi PKK\u2019ya y\u00f6nelik bast\u0131rma operasyonlar\u0131 ve Anadolu\u2019nun az geli\u015fmi\u015fli\u011fi daha fazla aileyi g\u00fcvenli\u011fin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00f6ylerde kalmaktansa \u0130stanbul\u2019da toplanmaya itti. \u00c7ok say\u0131da ki\u015fi de 1980 darbesiyle misyonlar\u0131na son verildi\u011fi ve ba\u015fl\u0131ca sorumlular\u0131 tutuklan\u0131p i\u015fkenceden ge\u00e7ti\u011fi i\u00e7in 80\u2019li y\u0131llardan itibaren \u0130stanbul\u2019a tek ba\u015flar\u0131na geldiler.<\/p>\n

Vakalar\u0131n farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n zor bir terminoloji ve s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130stanbul\u2019da, Hristiyan olarak kalm\u0131\u015f bu Ermenilerden baz\u0131lar\u0131, Patrikhane\u2019den resmi bir vaftiz belgesi alabildi. T\u00fcrk kanunlar\u0131na g\u00f6re Ermeni olarak tan\u0131nmak i\u00e7in Ermeni Apostolik Kilisesi\u2019nin bir \u00fcyesi olmak gerekiyor. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda oldu\u011fu gibi modern T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de Ermeni az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n dini cemaat olmak d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir yasal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunmuyor. Patrikhane\u2019nin tavr\u0131 bug\u00fcne kadar de\u011fi\u015fmeden kald\u0131 : Ermeni olarak tan\u0131nmak isteyen herkes \u00f6nce din dersleri almal\u0131, sonra n\u00fcfus idaresinde ismini Ermeni isim ve soyisimle de\u011fi\u015ftirmeli, bu ko\u015fullar yerine gelirse kilise onlar\u0131 vaftiz etmeyi kabul edebilir. B\u00f6ylece cemaate dahil kabul edilebilirler. B\u00f6yle bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 pek \u00e7ok ki\u015fi i\u00e7in cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 olmaktad\u0131r, kimileri bu y\u00fczden Ermenistan\u2019da E\u00e7miyadzin\u2019de vaftiz olmay\u0131 tercih etmi\u015ftir. Ancak E\u00e7miyadzin\u2019in tavr\u0131 bu \u201cihtida etmi\u015f\u201d Ermenilere kar\u015f\u0131 zaman zaman belirsizdi, ama vaftiz genellikle reddedilmedi. \u00a0Ermenistan\u2019daki ve diasporadaki Ermeni kiliseleri \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Patrikhane ile ayn\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlamalara tabii de\u011fil. Her iki durumda da vaftiz konusu Ermeni aidiyeti ile Hristiyan aidiyeti aras\u0131nda bir ba\u011f kuruyor, daha da fazlas\u0131 Apostolik Ermeni Kilisesi\u2019ne mensubiyetle ili\u015fkilendiriyor. Do\u011fu\u2019da ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerinde ya\u015fayan ve sessizli\u011fe mahkum edilmi\u015f Ermenilerin durumunda ise bu toplumlar\u0131n kimliklerinin ger\u00e7ekli\u011fini kapsay\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fekilde tan\u0131mlamay\u0131 iddia etmeden farkl\u0131 durumlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmek gerekiyor.<\/p>\n

Belgelenmi\u015f \u015fu farkl\u0131 konfig\u00fcrasyonlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn :<\/p>\n

– Kendi aralar\u0131nda evlenmi\u015f ve baz\u0131 Hristiyan pratiklerini korumu\u015f ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011fa hi\u00e7 ge\u00e7memi\u015f olanlar<\/p>\n

– Kendi aralar\u0131nda evlenmekle birlikte ya soyk\u0131r\u0131m s\u0131ras\u0131nda, ya da sonras\u0131nda ku\u015faklar boyunca M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ama Ermenin aidiyetlerine dair bir bilinci korumu\u015f olanlar. Ermeni kimli\u011fine dair en fazla talepleri bu grubun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ya da d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc ku\u015fak \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n

– Kendi aralar\u0131nda evlenmemi\u015f ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla soyk\u0131r\u0131m s\u0131ras\u0131nda ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lan ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan gen\u00e7 k\u0131zlar\u0131n ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n soyundan gelenler. Bu grup Fethiye \u00e7etin taraf\u0131ndan \u201ctorunlar\u201d olarak anlat\u0131lanlara ait. Ama bu grupta da karma\u015f\u0131k bir kaderi payla\u015fan aileler ve k\u00f6kenleri \u00fczerine ger\u00e7ek bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya giden bireyler var. Ermeni kimli\u011finden pek bir \u015fey kalmam\u0131\u015f ama ku\u015faklarca s\u0131r olarak sakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ani olan bu ke\u015ffin torunlar\u0131 kimliklerine yeni sahiplenme bi\u00e7imleri bulmaya ve s\u00f6z almaya g\u00f6t\u00fcrmeyece\u011fine dair bir emare yok. T\u00fcrk ya da K\u00fcrt ailelerde ve \u0130stanbul Ermeni toplumu nezdinde bu giri\u015fimler \u00e7o\u011fu zaman hi\u00e7 iyi kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Bu s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma \u00e7abas\u0131 ilk iki gruptaki sakl\u0131 Ermenilerin ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc gruptaki torunlar\u0131n \u201cKripto Ermeniler\u201d ve son derece olumsuz bir anlam i\u00e7eren \u201ck\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 art\u0131klar\u0131\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 unutturmamal\u0131. Anadolu\u2019nun do\u011fusundaki k\u00f6ylerdeki T\u00fcrk ve K\u00fcrt n\u00fcfus bu toplumlar\u0131 alg\u0131lama \u015fekli M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan toplumlar aras\u0131ndaki kesin ayr\u0131mla bi\u00e7imleniyor. Kullan\u0131lan terimler dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ailelerin kaderlerini yans\u0131tm\u0131yor ve bu gruplar da ayr\u0131mlar olu\u015fturuyorlar. \u00d6rne\u011fin Sasun\u2019da Hristiyan olarak kalm\u0131\u015f bir adam bizimle i\u00e7inde bir kilisenin bulundu\u011fu eski bir Ermeni k\u00f6y\u00fcnde ya\u015fayan bir kuzenini tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor. Onuna yerel diyalektte Ermenice konu\u015fuyor sonra bize d\u00f6n\u00fcp \u201cO M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla evlendi, bizim i\u00e7in art\u0131k bizden de\u011fil\u201d diyor. Bu \u00f6zel durumda evlendi\u011fi ki\u015finin bir K\u00fcrt m\u00fc, yoksa M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir Ermeni mi oldu\u011funu anlamak zor.\u00a0 Ama bu adam i\u00e7in her hal\u00fckarda gruba aidiyet kopmu\u015f durumda, oysa uzak k\u00f6ylerde M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Ermeniler hala bir k\u00fcf\u00fcr olan \u201cgavur\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle tan\u0131mlan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Daha net bir \u015fekilde, Ad\u0131yamanl\u0131 bir ailede, 50\u2019li ya\u015flar\u0131ndaki Bedros\u2019un ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yeniden a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131ndan beri S\u00fcryani kilisesine gidiyor ve kilisede pazarlar\u0131 ayin i\u00e7in toplananlar\u0131n %70-80\u2019i Ermeniler. Bedros\u2019un kar\u0131s\u0131 anlat\u0131yor : \u201cBen Malatyal\u0131y\u0131m. Babam \u0130ncil\u2019ini hep saklad\u0131 ama ayn\u0131 zamanda camiye de gitti, oysa ben sadece kiliseye gidiyorum\u201d. Bu mikro toplulu\u011fun gen\u00e7leri Ermeni olman\u0131n ne anlama geldi\u011fine dair hi\u00e7bir \u015fey bilmediklerini anlat\u0131yorlar. S\u00fcryani kilisesine gitmek bir \u015fekilde Hristiyan aidiyetini simgeliyor ama bu aidiyetin dil, tarih, gelenekler ve usuller gibi referanslar\u0131 eksik. Kendi aralar\u0131nda evlenmi\u015f bu ailelerde katliamlara dair haf\u0131za aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsa da kimlik sadece k\u0131r\u0131nt\u0131larla iletilmi\u015f oluyor.<\/p>\n

Diaspora\u2019n\u0131n aynas\u0131 toplumlar ?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu k\u00fclt\u00fcrs\u00fczle\u015fme, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fma derecesinden daha fazla, bu toplumlar\u0131 belirleyen fakt\u00f6r\u00a0 ve \u015fu soruyu ortaya at\u0131yor : bu ailelerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 diasporada olu\u015fmu\u015f ailelerden o kadar da farkl\u0131 m\u0131 ? Soyk\u0131r\u0131mdan 100 y\u0131l sonra d\u00fcnyadaki ger\u00e7ek Ermeni say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l de\u011ferlendirebiliriz ? Diasporada aktar\u0131lan nedir ? Diaspora mekanlar\u0131n\u0131, kiliseyi, siyasi partilerini, hem\u015fehri derneklerini 20\u2019li y\u0131llardan itibaren s\u00fcrg\u00fcn yerlerinde yaratabildi ve bu kurumlar ilk ku\u015faklar\u0131 kimli\u011fin belirledi\u011fi semtlerde toplanan herkes i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131. Sonras\u0131nda 70\u2019li ve 80\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n hareketleri \u00f6zellikle Fransa\u2019da bu toplumlar\u0131n bir uyan\u0131\u015f\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. \u00d6te yandan Marsilya\u2019da, Lyon ya da Fresno\u2019da bir ailenin i\u00e7indeki parkurlar \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 oldu : bir karde\u015f aktivist iken ve kendini \u00f6yle tan\u0131mlarken di\u011feri sadece ismen Ermeni olabildi.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Ermenilerin asl\u0131nda diasporada Ermeni aidiyeti tan\u0131m\u0131na gayet benzer bir mesele oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Bizim i\u00e7in, her kimli\u011fi kuran \u015feylerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Ermeniler sadece soyk\u0131r\u0131m sonras\u0131 diasporay\u0131 belirleyen \u015feylerle kendilerini tan\u0131mlamaya devam edemezler. Ermenistan bu diasporan\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k merkezi de de\u011fil. Ermenistan ayr\u0131ca varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in kendini yeniden s\u00fcrekli olarak tan\u0131mlamak zorunda.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fma olgusunun bu topluluklar i\u00e7in merkezi bir yerde oldu\u011funu ama esas belirleyicinin, diasporada oldu\u011fu gibi, k\u00fclt\u00fcr kayb\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n

\u0130ki k\u0131y\u0131da var olma : \u201cBir k\u00f6pr\u00fcn\u00fcn ortas\u0131nday\u0131z\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mevcut durumda pek \u00e7ok Ermeni T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de mu\u011flak bir \u201ciki arada bir derede\u201d durumunda kal\u0131yor. \u0130stanbul\u2019da pek \u00e7ok semtte kimileri kendileriyle ayn\u0131 vilayet hatta yan\u0131 k\u00f6yden gelen K\u00fcrtlerle kom\u015fular. Ermenilikle ili\u015fkileri \u2013ki baz\u0131lar\u0131 dinin gereklerini yerine getiren M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar- M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f Ermeniler aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan evlilikler. Sasonlu bir ailede karde\u015flerin 70 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gen\u00e7li\u011finde S\u00fcryani kilisesinde vaftiz olmu\u015f, \u0130stanbul\u2019a 80\u2019li y\u0131llarda geli\u015finde Ermeni olarak tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve Hristiyan iken, \u0130stanbul\u2019a 90\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda gelen en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fc\u011f\u00fc dindar bir M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve o da Ermeni olan kar\u0131s\u0131 ba\u015f\u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc tak\u0131yor ve her g\u00fcn mahallesinin camisinde ibadet ediyor.<\/p>\n

Bu Ermenileri s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmak ya da onlar\u0131 sadece Ermeniler olarak adland\u0131rmak sorunlu : baz\u0131lar\u0131, hep kendi aralar\u0131nda evlenmi\u015f olsalar da, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f durumdalar, hatta inan\u00e7l\u0131 ve dindarlar, di\u011ferleri kendi aralar\u0131nda evlenmi\u015f ve Hristiyan kalm\u0131\u015f ama ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde M\u00fcsl\u00fcman g\u00f6r\u00fcnenler. Bu son grup atalar\u0131n topra\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k, 1915\u2019in haf\u0131zas\u0131 ve kendi aralar\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015f olma ve K\u00fcrt \u00e7o\u011funluklu k\u00f6ylerde ya\u015fam tarzlar\u0131 homojenle\u015fmi\u015f olsa da farkl\u0131 olma bilincinin besledi\u011fi \u00f6zel bir Ermeni kimli\u011fi aktarm\u0131\u015f durumda.<\/p>\n

Sason\u2019da do\u011fmu\u015f elli ya\u015flar\u0131nda bir kad\u0131n\u0131n bize aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, hepsi Ermeni olan ailesinin pek \u00e7ok \u00fcyesi \u201ck\u00f6pr\u00fcn\u00fcn ortas\u0131nda\u201d kal\u0131yorlar : bir aidiyetin iki k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n aras\u0131nda, bir tarafta Hristiyanl\u0131k, di\u011fer tarafta M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131k, bir tarafta k\u0131r\u0131lan, inkar edilen ve saklanan, di\u011ferinde dayat\u0131lan bir kimlik.<\/p>\n

Bu Ermenilerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu cumhuriyetin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda her T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131n\u0131n soyad\u0131 almas\u0131 zorunlulu\u011fu s\u0131ras\u0131nda soyisimlerini kaybettiler. \u00c7o\u011fu saklanmak ya da yetimlerin durumundaki gibi h\u0131zl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrs\u00fczle\u015fmeyi sa\u011flamas\u0131 i\u00e7in ilk ku\u015faktan Ermenice isimlerini terk ettiler\/ettirildiler. Baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelert \u2013\u00f6rne\u011fin Sason- haricinde dili unuttular ve\u2013bir duan\u0131n hat\u0131ras\u0131, ha\u00e7 i\u015fareti, geleneksel bayramlar gibi-\u00a0 birka\u00e7 da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k \u00f6\u011fenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda dinlerini kaybettiler. Sasonlu 60 ya\u015f\u0131nda bir kad\u0131m gen\u00e7ken kom\u015fu k\u00f6yden S. ile evlendirilmi\u015fti. Ailesi M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve kendi aralar\u0131nda evlenseler de korkudan ya da konformizmden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc hayatta kalanlar ilk ku\u015faktan itibaren camiye gider olmu\u015flard\u0131. S. ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 evlilikte kocas\u0131 Hristiyan oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in kendisi de \u2013kendi deyimiyle- \u201cyeniden Hristiyan olmu\u015ftu\u201d.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ya da ihtida etmi\u015f Ermenileri tan\u0131mlamak esas hususu g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131yor : bu hayatta kalanlar i\u00e7in 1915\u2019in \u015fiddetini Ermenilerin \u2013bug\u00fcn \u00e7o\u011fu harabe halindeki- bin y\u0131ll\u0131k yerle\u015fim yerlerini hedef alan k\u00fclt\u00fcrel soyk\u0131r\u0131m izledi. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m sadece fiziksel bir imha olmad\u0131, bir milleti olu\u015fturan ve maddi topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ruhsal evrenini belirleyen ne varsa onlar\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131 \u015feklinde tezah\u00fcr etti : dini yap\u0131lar, an\u0131tlar, mezarl\u0131klar, k\u00f6yler ve elbette okullar, kul\u00fcpler, \u015fehirlerde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00fckkanlar. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m s\u0131ras\u0131nda hayatta kalmak amac\u0131yla sonras\u0131nda ise korkudan tabii olunan lineer bir \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131rma s\u00fcre\u00e7lerindense, soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 devam ettiren ve tamamlayan kitlesel bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrs\u00fczle\u015ftirme s\u00fcreci ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yay\u0131z. Patrikhane ve T\u00fcrkiye devleti Ermenilere Osmanl\u0131 millet sisteminden \u00e7ok az farkl\u0131 bir stat\u00fc sunuyor. Ermeniler dini bir cemaat \u00fcyeleri olarak kabul ediliyor. Oysa Ermeniler her \u015feyden \u00f6nce bir millet ve Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 devlet dini olarak 301-307 y\u0131llar\u0131nda kabul eden ilk toplum. Ama tarihleri Hristiyanl\u0131kla ba\u015flam\u0131yor. Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kabul\u00fc zaten daha \u00e7ok politik bir ama\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131yordu, Bizansl\u0131lar ve di\u011fer halklardan ayr\u0131lmay\u0131 ve daha Zerd\u00fc\u015ftl\u00fckle ili\u015fkilendirilen daha \u00f6nceki inan\u0131\u015flar\u0131 \u015fiddetle ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131 i\u00e7eriyordu.<\/p>\n

Tehlike alt\u0131nda bir kimlik yeniden sahiplenmesi<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de iki seneden fazlad\u0131r s\u00fcren otoriterle\u015fme, PKK\u2019yi desteklemekle su\u00e7lanan K\u00fcrt toplumuna y\u00f6nelik bask\u0131lar 2010\u2019dan beri kaydedilen ilerlemelerin sonu anlam\u0131na geldi.<\/p>\n

Diyarbak\u0131r\u2019da Surp Giragos Kilisesi\u2019nin yeniden a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 pek \u00e7ok Ermeni\u2019ye par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f kimliklerini yeniden ke\u015ffetme imkan\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015fti. Ve bunu sadece dini yolla de\u011fil, T\u00fcrkiyeli K\u00fcrtlerin ba\u015f \u015fehirlerinden birinde bir Ermeni mekan\u0131n\u0131n yeniden yarat\u0131lmas\u0131yla yapabiliyorlard\u0131. Bu mekan dil derslerinin verildi\u011fi ve birka\u00e7 ayinin d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi bir bulu\u015fma yeriydi. N\u00fcfusun \u00e7o\u011funlukla T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ba\u015fka bir bask\u0131 alt\u0131ndaki toplulu\u011fu Alevilerden olu\u015ftu\u011fu Dersim\u2019de Ermeniler \u201cDersim Ermenileri Derne\u011fi\u201d kurarak kamusal alanda s\u00f6z ald\u0131lar. K\u0131sa s\u00fcre \u00f6nce ayn\u0131 geli\u015fmeye Mu\u015f\u2019ta tan\u0131kl\u0131k ettik. Oysa 2007\u2019deki ara\u015ft\u0131rmam\u0131zda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz aileler dernekle\u015fme fikrine hem devletin bask\u0131s\u0131, hem de K\u00fcrt n\u00fcfusun tepkisinden \u00e7ekinerek s\u0131cak bakm\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu kamusal alanda s\u00f6z alma olgular\u0131 -bu vilayetler ve \u015fehirlerde Ermeni varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirten mekanlar\u0131n yeniden kurulmas\u0131 ile- eyleme de d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Her ne kadar bu olgu s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalsa da g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir i\u015faretti, bir korku a\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hrant Dink\u2019in katlinden sonra do\u011fudaki \u201csessizlerin sesi\u201d susmu\u015fsa da miras\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye toplumunun tabular\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131kan Agos\u2019un \u2013hem gazete hem de vak\u0131f olarak- devam etmesi ve Nor Zartonk hareketiyle devral\u0131nd\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye parlamentosunda bug\u00fcn \u00fc\u00e7 Ermeni vekilin bulunmas\u0131 \u2013ki bu vekillerden HDP\u2019den se\u00e7ilen Garo Paylan s\u00fcrekli tehdit alt\u0131nda- da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir de\u011fi\u015fimdir, ama Ankara\u2019da iktidar\u0131n bast\u0131rma politikas\u0131yla g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131yor. \u0130ktidar T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de beklenen reformlara son veriyor ve Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n son d\u00f6nemi ile Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn otoriterli\u011fini ya da 80\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n askeri rejimlerinin kur\u015fun gibi a\u011f\u0131r y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlatan \u015fiddet sarmal\u0131n\u0131 devam ettiriyor. Il\u0131ml\u0131 \u0130slamc\u0131 parti maskesi d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Erdo\u011fan \u00fclkedeki se\u00e7imleri kendi \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu lehine olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman manip\u00fcle edebiliyor, sadece do\u011fuda K\u00fcrtleri de\u011fil ama daha \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir sivil toplum kurmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve demokrasi ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 umudu ta\u015f\u0131yan herkesi \u2013gazetecileri, akademisyenleri, Gezi gen\u00e7li\u011fini vs\u2026- bast\u0131r\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6yle bir ba\u011flamda farkl\u0131 kaderlere sahip ama aidiyet talepleri olan ailelerden gelen Ermenilerin yeniden do\u011fu\u015fu gayet tehdit alt\u0131nda. Bu tehdit Ermenilerin kendi kimlik tan\u0131mlar\u0131ndan da kaynaklan\u0131yor olabilir : Fransa\u2019ya ula\u015fabilen hayatta kalanlar\u0131n haf\u0131zas\u0131 1915\u2019in travmas\u0131 \u00fczerinden aktar\u0131ld\u0131 ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla katliamda tak\u0131ld\u0131 kald\u0131 : \u00f6nceki ya\u015fam ve sonraki ilk ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 pek yer bulamad\u0131 bu aktar\u0131mda. 40\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llara kadar Marsilya\u2019n\u0131n Ermeni mahallelerinin baz\u0131 kad\u0131nlar\u0131 hala geleneksel k\u0131yafet giyerlerdi ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e hayatta kalanlar aras\u0131nda yayg\u0131n bir \u015fekilde konu\u015fulurdu. Ermenice \u00f6\u011fretilen Pazar okulu asl\u0131nda k\u00fclt\u00fcrs\u00fczle\u015fme korkusuna bir cevapt\u0131. Bu mahallelerde hayatta kalanlar\u0131n ya\u015fam tarz\u0131 20-30\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n siyah beyaz resimleriyle aktar\u0131ld\u0131 ama bu resimler g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayata dair \u00e7ok az \u015fey i\u00e7eriyordu. 1915 sonras\u0131 farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerde kendilerini bulan hayatta kalan Bat\u0131 Ermenilerinden diasporay\u0131 olu\u015fturan k\u0131sm\u0131 asl\u0131nda 80\u2019li y\u0131llardan itibaren \u0130stanbul\u2019da olacak Do\u011fu Ermenileriyle benzer geleneklere sahipti.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye toplumu, kanunlar ve Patrikhane i\u00e7in bu kimli\u011fin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 sabit. \u00c7e\u015fitli olan diaspora i\u00e7in kimlik d\u00f6rt ku\u015fakta de\u011fi\u015fime u\u011frad\u0131 ama t\u00fcm bir halk\u0131 ve milleti bilin\u00e7 ya da bilin\u00e7alt\u0131 d\u00fczeyinde me\u015fgul eden paradigmalarla elbette belirleniyor. Ermenistan\u2019da, Marsilya\u2019n\u0131n bir semtinde ya da \u0130stanbul\u2019da bir kilisede hayatta kalanlar\u0131n torunu Ermenilerle bulunmak \u00e7ift bir hareketi mecbur k\u0131l\u0131yor : bir yandan d\u00fcn oldu\u011fu gibi bug\u00fcn de Ermeni kimli\u011finin temelleri, \u00f6te yandan da \u00e7o\u011funlukla M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr kayb\u0131na maruz b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f topluluklara a\u00e7\u0131lacak yer \u00fczerinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek. Bize g\u00f6re bu konu dini olmaktan \u00e7ok bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u015foku sorununu ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kalan Ermenilere verilen stat\u00fc sebebiyle hayli siyasi bir meseleyi olu\u015fturuyor<\/p>\n

http:\/\/repairfuture.net\/index.php\/tr\/identite-baska-bir-bakis\/sessizlikten-sessizlige-ermeni-kimligi-ve-muslumanlastirilmis-ermeniler<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Laurence Ritter Sosyoloji doktoru K\u0131sa s\u00fcre \u00f6nce \u00abgizli\u00bb ve \u00ab\u00a0M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u00a0\u00bb Ermeniler meselesi su y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de baz\u0131 tabular\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131ndan yararlanarak baz\u0131 Ermenilerin kimlik uyan\u0131\u015flar\u0131 olgunun fark\u0131na varmay\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Max Sivaslian ile birlikte haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00abK\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 art\u0131klar\u0131\u00a0\u00bb kitab\u0131n\u0131n yazar\u0131, sosyolog Laurence Ritter bu makalede bize Ermenilerin T\u00fcrkiye toplumunda kendilerini tan\u0131mlamakta ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 zorluklar\u0131 ve az ya da \u00e7ok […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":40610,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[21,1,70],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-40609","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gunumuzde-bati-ermenileri","category-haberler","category-makaleler"],"yoast_head":"\nSessizlikten sessizli\u011fe? Ermeni kimli\u011fi ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Ermeniler - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=40609\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Sessizlikten sessizli\u011fe? Ermeni kimli\u011fi ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Ermeniler - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Laurence Ritter Sosyoloji doktoru K\u0131sa s\u00fcre \u00f6nce \u00abgizli\u00bb ve \u00ab\u00a0M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u00a0\u00bb Ermeniler meselesi su y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de baz\u0131 tabular\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131ndan yararlanarak baz\u0131 Ermenilerin kimlik uyan\u0131\u015flar\u0131 olgunun fark\u0131na varmay\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Max Sivaslian ile birlikte haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00abK\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 art\u0131klar\u0131\u00a0\u00bb kitab\u0131n\u0131n yazar\u0131, sosyolog Laurence Ritter bu makalede bize Ermenilerin T\u00fcrkiye toplumunda kendilerini tan\u0131mlamakta ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 zorluklar\u0131 ve az ya da \u00e7ok […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=40609\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2016-06-10T11:57:14+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2016\/06\/Laurence-Ritter.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"100\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"100\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"16 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/?p=40609#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/?p=40609\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/akunq.net\\\/tr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/096f1d38a12cce57fb855b485ed24c9e\"},\"headline\":\"Sessizlikten sessizli\u011fe? 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Ermeni kimli\u011fi ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Ermeniler - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=40609","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Sessizlikten sessizli\u011fe? Ermeni kimli\u011fi ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Ermeniler - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","og_description":"Laurence Ritter Sosyoloji doktoru K\u0131sa s\u00fcre \u00f6nce \u00abgizli\u00bb ve \u00ab\u00a0M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u00a0\u00bb Ermeniler meselesi su y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de baz\u0131 tabular\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131ndan yararlanarak baz\u0131 Ermenilerin kimlik uyan\u0131\u015flar\u0131 olgunun fark\u0131na varmay\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. 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