{"id":40498,"date":"2016-06-08T03:55:50","date_gmt":"2016-06-08T08:55:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=40498"},"modified":"2016-06-24T04:24:21","modified_gmt":"2016-06-24T09:24:21","slug":"erken-bronz-caginda-m-o-3-500-2-400-ermenistan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=40498","title":{"rendered":"5. Erken bronz \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda (M. \u00d6. 3.500-2.400) Ermenistan"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hakob Simonyan<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"EC<\/a>
EC Yerevan, \u015eengavit, mabedin ate\u015fg\u00e2h\u0131 ve suna\u011f\u0131, M.\u00d6. XXVII.-XXV. y\u00fczy\u0131l, pi\u015fmi\u015f kil (kaz\u0131lar ve foto\u011fraf H. Simonyan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"EC<\/a>
EC Yerevan, \u015eengavit, merkezi kaz\u0131 alan\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131cak hava balonundan g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, M.\u00d6. XXIX.-XXV. y\u00fczy\u0131l (kaz\u0131lar S. Sardaryan, foto\u011fraf G. Davtyan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

M.\u00d6. IV. biny\u0131l ortas\u0131nda Ermenistan\u2019da, son derece \u00f6zg\u00fcn ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u015fekillenerek, bin y\u0131ldan uzun bir s\u00fcre varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcp, geli\u015ferek, merkezinde Ermenistan Y\u00fcksek Platosu, \u00f6zellikle de Ararat Ovas\u0131 ve \u00e7evresindeki da\u011fl\u0131k alan\u0131n bulundu\u011fu, Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019dan \u0130srail\u2019e, Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019dan (Anatolia- \u00e7ev. notu<\/em>) (Amid) Merkezi \u0130ran\u2019a (Godin-Tepe) kadar olan devasa alanlar\u0131 i\u00e7ine al\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, 12 devletin topraklar\u0131 i\u00e7inde belgelenen bu k\u00fclt\u00fcr, bilim d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda farkl\u0131 isimler alt\u0131nda tan\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7lerinde en tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olanlar Kur-Araks ve \u015eengavit isimleridir. Bu k\u00fclt\u00fcr, binlerce yerle\u015fimin s\u0131k bir a\u011fla Ermenistan Platosu ile \u00e7evre b\u00f6lgelerindeki verimli vadileri, y\u00fcksek platolar\u0131 ile y\u00fcksek s\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rten yerle\u015fik tar\u0131m ekonomisiyle belirgindi. Erken bronz \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n suni h\u00f6y\u00fck-yerle\u015fimleri, yer-yer 12 metre ve daha fazla kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa sahip (Aygevan, Mokhrab\u0131lur, Nor\u015fun-Tepe) g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc k\u00fclt\u00fcrel katmanlar\u0131yla \u00f6zg\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\"EC<\/a>
EC Yerevan, \u015eengavit, mabet, M.\u00d6. XXVII.-XXV. y\u00fczy\u0131l (kaz\u0131lar ve foto\u011fraf H. Simonyan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Pi\u015fmemi\u015f tu\u011fladan olu\u015fan mimari \u015fekli bu k\u00fclt\u00fcre has bir \u00f6zelliktir. Saman ve kum kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 kilden, kal\u0131plar sayesinde haz\u0131rlanan ve g\u00fcne\u015fte kurutulan \u00e7i\u011f tu\u011flalar, konut ve di\u011fer yap\u0131lar\u0131n, kalelerin, tap\u0131naklar\u0131n, hidro-m\u00fchendislik yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n vs. in\u015fas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan temel yap\u0131 maddesiydi. Evlerin temellerine nehir ta\u015f\u0131, yar\u0131l\u0131 veya i\u015flenmemi\u015f bazalt (\u015eengavit, Hari\u00e7, Karaz, Amiranis-Gora vs.) diziliyordu. Yuvarlak, 4-10 m. \u00e7ap\u0131nda ve dikd\u00f6rtgen planl\u0131 yap\u0131lar yayg\u0131nd\u0131. Bu yap\u0131lar d\u00fcz ve kalaslardan olu\u015fan \u00e7at\u0131lara sahipti. Yuvarlak planl\u0131 yap\u0131lar ise a- sun\u00ee e\u011fimli, merkezinde \u0131\u015f\u0131kland\u0131rma ve havaland\u0131rma sorununu \u00e7\u00f6zen a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan yap\u0131, b- basit, \u201chazara\u015fen\u201d (k\u0131rlang\u0131\u00e7-\u00e7ev. notu<\/em>) tipi, kam\u0131\u015ftan ve kil s\u0131val\u0131 bir katmanla \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc \u00e7at\u0131lara sahip (\u015eengavit, Mokhrab\u0131lur) yuvarlak duvarl\u0131 yap\u0131lar. Tabanlar, bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f topraktand\u0131. Kil s\u0131val\u0131, 10 cm kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa kadar ula\u015fan (\u015eengavit) ve k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 boyal\u0131 (\u011earakepek-Tepe) tabanlar da bulunmaktayd\u0131. Kil duvarlar\u0131 dekoratif s\u00fcsleme sayesinde hareketlendirme ve farkl\u0131 renkteki tu\u011flalar\u0131n \u015fekillendirerek dizilmesiyle yap\u0131lar\u0131n s\u00fcslenmesi ve renk oyunlar\u0131 sayesinde duvarlar\u0131n tekd\u00fczeli\u011fine hareketlilik getirme \u00f6rnekleri (\u015eengavit, Nakhicevan-Mokhrab\u0131lur, Yan\u0131k-Tepe vs.) tespit edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\"EC<\/a>
EC Tavu\u015f b\u00f6lgesi, Co\u011faz, 2 No\u2019lu mezar, M.\u00d6. XXV. y\u00fczy\u0131l (kaz\u0131lar G. Are\u015fyan ve H. Simonyan, foto\u011fraf H. Simonyan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Dini yap\u0131lar\u0131n i\u00e7 taraf\u0131, ate\u015f\u011f\u00e2hlar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fc, sadece \u015eengavit k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne has, bir metre \u00e7apa ula\u015fan, i\u00e7 alan\u0131 ara duvarlarla \u00fc\u00e7 k\u0131sma ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve geometrik resimlerle s\u00fcslenmi\u015f f\u0131r\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f kilden haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f ocaklardan olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Bu ocaklar\u0131n yan\u0131nda kad\u0131n, erkek ve tap\u0131lan hayvanlardan at, k\u00f6pek, bo\u011fa ve ko\u00e7 heykelcikleri bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

1-10 hektar alan kaplayan yerle\u015fim yerleri, ta\u015f (\u015eengavit, Garni, Persi, Khorenia-Cavakhk) ve pi\u015fmemi\u015f tu\u011fladan (Mokhrab\u0131lur, G\u00f6y-Tepe, Gudaberteke) yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f surlar ve suni havuzlarla (Norabats, K\u0131vatskhalebi, Khizannat-gora) \u00e7evriliydi. S\u0131k yap\u0131la\u015fmayla g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpan merkezi yerle\u015fimler (\u015eengavit, Mokhrab\u0131lur vs.) ise, uydu yerle\u015fim yerleriyle \u00e7evriliydi.<\/p>\n

\"EC<\/a>
EC Lori b\u00f6lgesi, Vanadzor jeoloji m\u00fczesi, dua eden kad\u0131n r\u00f6lyefiyle \u00e7\u00f6mlek par\u00e7as\u0131, M.\u00d6. XXIX.-XXVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l (foto\u011fraf H. Simonyan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u015eengavit k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131, karma\u015f\u0131k dini sisteme sahipti. Mokhrab\u0131lur yerle\u015fiminin merkezi b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, III. yap\u0131 katman\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lan, sert t\u00fcf ta\u015f\u0131ndan yap\u0131l\u0131, dikd\u00f6rtgen planl\u0131 (7,4×5,5m) \u201ckule\u201d yap\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fu k\u0131sm\u0131nda 3,9 m. uzunlu\u011funda tek par\u00e7a bazalttan yap\u0131l\u0131 sunak ta\u015f\u0131 yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Ta\u015f yap\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda kilden yapma yap\u0131lar ve kutsal ate\u015fg\u00e2h\u0131n k\u00fcllerinin biriktirildi\u011fi k\u00fcl kuyular\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eengavit yerle\u015fiminde t\u00fcften \u00e7ok say\u0131da heykelcikler, pi\u015fmi\u015f kilden ocak ate\u015fg\u00e2hlar bulunmu\u015ftur. 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda kaz\u0131larda bulunan, \u00f6zel ayinler i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f dikd\u00f6rtgen planl\u0131 bir odada, cephesi r\u00f6lyef kabartmalarla s\u00fcsl\u00fc kilden yapma ve \u00fczerinde tahtadan yapma bir heykelin bulundu\u011fu, karma\u015f\u0131k bir tap\u0131nma sistemine sahip bir tap\u0131nak bulunmu\u015ftur. Kar\u015f\u0131 cephede bulunan ate\u015fg\u00e2hda ak\u0131t\u0131lan kan\u0131n topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 kupa, oturma yerinde ise geyik boynuzundan yapma kurban aleti bulunmaktayd\u0131. Yar\u0131 yar\u0131ya toprak alt\u0131nda bulunan odaya giden merdivenlerin sa\u011f\u0131ndaki, kilden yapma havuzlarda kutsal k\u00fcl toplanmaktayd\u0131. Tap\u0131nakta, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ihtimalle rahibelere has bir i\u015faret olan, fallus \u015feklinde talisman-kolyeler bulunmu\u015ftur. Yap\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer odas\u0131 ise g\u00fcndelik i\u015flere ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Pulur \u00f6ren yerinde de benzer bir yap\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"EC<\/a>
EC Yerevan, \u015eengavit, aslan heykelci\u011fi, M.\u00d6. XXVII.-XXV. y\u00fczy\u0131l, pi\u015fmi\u015f kil (kaz\u0131lar H. Simonyan ve M. Rothmann, foto\u011fraf H. Simonyan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"EC<\/a>
EC Armavir b\u00f6lgesi, Mokhrablur, kad\u0131n heykelci\u011fi, M.\u00d6. XXIX.-XXVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l, pi\u015fmi\u015f kil (S. Sardaryan koleksiyonu, foto\u011fraf V. Hakobyan) (Al\u0131nt\u0131: U podnojiya, 2008, ris. 4)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"EC<\/a>
EC Yerevan, \u015eengavit, erkek heykelci\u011fi, M.\u00d6. XXVII.-XXV. y\u00fczy\u0131l, pi\u015fmi\u015f kil (kaz\u0131lar S. Sardaryan, foto\u011fraf H. Simonyan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"EC<\/a>
EC Yerevan, \u015eengavit, siyah cilal\u0131 k\u00fcp, M.\u00d6. XXIX -XXVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l (kaz\u0131lar S. Sardaryan, foto\u011fraf H. Simonyan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"EC<\/a>
EC Yerevan, \u015eengavit, 1 No\u2019lu mezardan bro\u015f, M.\u00d6. XXVII.-XXV. y\u00fczy\u0131l, alt\u0131n (kaz\u0131lar S. Sardaryan, foto\u011fraf H. Simonyan. Al\u0131nt\u0131: \u0540\u0540\u0548, 2007, \u0561\u0572. XI1)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"EC<\/a>
EC \u015eirak b\u00f6lgesi, G\u00fcmr\u00fc, 1959, boru sapl\u0131 balta, M.\u00d6. XXVII.-XXV. y\u00fczy\u0131l, bronz (ilk yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131 H. Martirosyan, foto\u011fraf V. Hakobyan. Al\u0131nt\u0131: Tr\u00e9sors de l\u2019Arm\u00e9nie ancienne, 1996, foto 13, M\u00fcteakiben: Arm\u00e9nie )<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"EC<\/a>
EC Yerevan, Varda\u015fen (eski Cra\u015fen), Yerevan yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndan hazine, gagal\u0131 balta, M.\u00d6. IV.-III. biny\u0131l, bronz (kaz\u0131lar H. Martirosyan, foto\u011fraf V. Hakobyan, Al\u0131nt\u0131: \u0423 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0438\u044f, 2008, \u0440\u0438\u0441. 2)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"EC<\/a>
EC Yerevan, Varda\u015fen (eski Cra\u015fen), Yerevan yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndan hazine, balta, M.\u00d6. IV.-III. biny\u0131l, bronz (kaz\u0131lar H. Martirosyan, foto\u011fraf V. Hakobyan, Al\u0131nt\u0131: \u0423 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0438\u044f, 2008, \u0440\u0438\u0441. 3)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"EC<\/a>
EC Lori b\u00f6lgesi, Vanadzor jeoloji m\u00fczesi, ko\u00e7 ba\u015fl\u0131 tak\u0131 i\u011fnesi, M.\u00d6. XXVII.-XXV. y\u00fczy\u0131l, bronz (foto\u011fraf H. Simonyan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"EC<\/a>
EC Yerevan, \u015eengavit, kolye-hamail, M.\u00d6. XXV.-XXIV. Y\u00fczy\u0131l, obsidyen, alt\u0131n (kaz\u0131lar H.Simonyan ve M. Rothmann, foto\u011fraf V. Hakobyan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"EC<\/a>
EC Aragadsotn b\u00f6lgesi, Agarak, hamile kad\u0131n heykelci\u011fi, M.\u00d6. XXIX.-XXVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l, pi\u015fmi\u015f kil (kaz\u0131 ve foto\u011fraf P. Avetisyan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Erken \u015fehir tipi yerle\u015fimler, tap\u0131naklar, surlar, geli\u015fmi\u015f zanaatlardan metal\u00fcrji, ta\u015f i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi, \u00e7\u00f6mlek\u00e7ilik, tekstil, \u015farap ve bira \u00fcretimi, ta\u015f\u0131ma, ortak tart\u0131 sistemi ve di\u011fer \u00f6zellikler, medeniyet e\u015fi\u011fine ayak basm\u0131\u015f olan \u015eengavit k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc geli\u015fmesinin y\u00fcksek seviyesini kan\u0131tlamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7eviren: Diran Lokmag\u00f6zyan<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hakob Simonyan M.\u00d6. IV. biny\u0131l ortas\u0131nda Ermenistan\u2019da, son derece \u00f6zg\u00fcn ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u015fekillenerek, bin y\u0131ldan uzun bir s\u00fcre varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcp, geli\u015ferek, merkezinde Ermenistan Y\u00fcksek Platosu, \u00f6zellikle de Ararat Ovas\u0131 ve \u00e7evresindeki da\u011fl\u0131k alan\u0131n bulundu\u011fu, Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019dan \u0130srail\u2019e, Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019dan (Anatolia- \u00e7ev. notu) (Amid) Merkezi \u0130ran\u2019a (Godin-Tepe) kadar olan devasa alanlar\u0131 i\u00e7ine al\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":40502,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[76,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-40498","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ermenistanin-arkeolojik-mirasi","category-haberler"],"yoast_head":"\n5. Erken bronz \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda (M. \u00d6. 3.500-2.400) Ermenistan - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=40498\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"5. Erken bronz \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda (M. \u00d6. 3.500-2.400) Ermenistan - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Hakob Simonyan M.\u00d6. IV. biny\u0131l ortas\u0131nda Ermenistan\u2019da, son derece \u00f6zg\u00fcn ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u015fekillenerek, bin y\u0131ldan uzun bir s\u00fcre varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcp, geli\u015ferek, merkezinde Ermenistan Y\u00fcksek Platosu, \u00f6zellikle de Ararat Ovas\u0131 ve \u00e7evresindeki da\u011fl\u0131k alan\u0131n bulundu\u011fu, Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019dan \u0130srail\u2019e, Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019dan (Anatolia- \u00e7ev. notu) (Amid) Merkezi \u0130ran\u2019a (Godin-Tepe) kadar olan devasa alanlar\u0131 i\u00e7ine al\u0131r. 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IV. biny\u0131l ortas\u0131nda Ermenistan\u2019da, son derece \u00f6zg\u00fcn ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u015fekillenerek, bin y\u0131ldan uzun bir s\u00fcre varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcp, geli\u015ferek, merkezinde Ermenistan Y\u00fcksek Platosu, \u00f6zellikle de Ararat Ovas\u0131 ve \u00e7evresindeki da\u011fl\u0131k alan\u0131n bulundu\u011fu, Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019dan \u0130srail\u2019e, Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019dan (Anatolia- \u00e7ev. notu) (Amid) Merkezi \u0130ran\u2019a (Godin-Tepe) kadar olan devasa alanlar\u0131 i\u00e7ine al\u0131r. 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