{"id":40414,"date":"2016-06-06T07:15:12","date_gmt":"2016-06-06T12:15:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=40414"},"modified":"2016-06-24T04:22:24","modified_gmt":"2016-06-24T09:22:24","slug":"yeni-tas-ve-bakir-tas-eneolit-devrinde-ermenistan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=40414","title":{"rendered":"3. Yeni ta\u015f ve bak\u0131r-ta\u015f (Eneolit) devrinde Ermenistan"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"EC<\/a>
EC Vavots Dzor b\u00f6lgesi, Areni-1 ma\u011fara kopleksinin kuzeyden genel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, M.\u00d6. VII. biny\u0131l- Orta\u00e7a\u011f (foto\u011fraf H. Simonyan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Grigor Are\u015fyan<\/strong><\/p>\n

G\u00fcneybat\u0131 Asya\u2019da medeniyetin geli\u015fmesi, yakla\u015f\u0131k 12.000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, son buzullar\u0131n erimesinden sonra ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 gruplar, Akdeniz\u2019in do\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131 boyunca, av hayvanlar\u0131 ve tah\u0131l \u00fcr\u00fcnleriyle zengin Levant\u2019ta, Do\u011fu Toros s\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcney yama\u00e7lar\u0131nda ve Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n kuzey s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda (g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde g\u00fcneydo\u011fu T\u00fcrkiye), ilk s\u00fcrekli yerle\u015fim yerlerini in\u015fa eder. Bir-iki biny\u0131l sonra yabani tah\u0131l \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini k\u00fclt\u00fcre d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmeye ve hayvanlar\u0131 ehlile\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flarlar. Yeni ta\u015f veya Neolit devri olarak an\u0131lan bu d\u00f6nem, M. \u00d6. 5.500-5.000 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine kadar s\u00fcrer.<\/p>\n

\"EC<\/a>
EC Armavir b\u00f6lgesi, Akna\u015fen, kaz\u0131 b\u00f6lgesinden bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm, M.\u00d6. VI. biny\u0131l (kaz\u0131lar ve foto\u011fraflar R. Badalyan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Do\u011fu Toroslar\u0131n kuzeyinde kalan ortam tamamen farkl\u0131yd\u0131. Buradan, Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu\u2019yu g\u00fcney Rus steplerinden ay\u0131ran B\u00fcy\u00fck Kafkas S\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131\u2019na kadar uzanan b\u00f6lge geni\u015f, fakat s\u0131rada\u011flarla kesilen bir alan olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6lge, keskin y\u00fczey farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131yla g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpmaktad\u0131r. Buras\u0131, \u00e7ok say\u0131da tecrit edilmi\u015f b\u00f6lgelerin var oldu\u011fu Ermenistan Platosu\u2019dur. Bu b\u00f6lgenin olumlu iklimsel \u00f6zellikleri, yerel halka, avc\u0131 ve toplay\u0131c\u0131 ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme imk\u00e2n\u0131 sa\u011flamaktayd\u0131. Hayvanlar\u0131 evcille\u015ftirme denemeleri, s\u00fcrekli g\u0131da stoklar\u0131 elde etme gereklili\u011finden, k\u0131smen de meraktan kaynaklanmaktayd\u0131. Avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 ekonomisi, Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n bir\u00e7ok k\u0131sm\u0131nda, t\u00fcm yeni ta\u015f devri s\u00fcresince a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k sahibi olmu\u015ftur. Co\u011frafi \u00e7e\u015fitlilik, topluluklar\u0131n yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmesine neden olmakta, bu ise b\u00f6lgesel etkile\u015fimleri geli\u015ftirmekteydi.<\/p>\n

\"EC<\/a>
EC Armavir b\u00f6lgesi, Arata\u015fen, kaz\u0131larla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan konutlar, M.\u00d6. VI. biny\u0131l (kaz\u0131lar ve foto\u011fraflar R. Badalyan ve P. Lombard. Al\u0131nt\u0131: Au Pied Mont Ararat. Splendeurs de L\u2019Arm\u00e9nie Antique, 2007, p. 30, m\u00fcteakiben: Au Pied)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli husus olan, Ermeni Platosu\u2019ndaki son derece zengin obsidyen kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Ermenistan\u2019daki yeni ta\u015f devri k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc etkilemi\u015ftir. Arten, Hatis, Nemrut da\u011flar\u0131, Vorotan Nehri havzas\u0131 ve di\u011fer ocaklardan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan obsidyen b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda, farkl\u0131 yollardan ihra\u00e7 edilip, t\u00fcm g\u00fcneybat\u0131 Asya\u2019ya ihra\u00e7 edilmekteydi. Bu ta\u015f \u00e7e\u015fidi, tar\u0131m aletlerinden dini i\u00e7erikli e\u015fya ve s\u00fcs e\u015fyalar\u0131na kadar, b\u00fcy\u00fck say\u0131da \u00fcretilen \u00fcr\u00fcnleri haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck talebe haiz obsidyen ocaklar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015flenmesi maddi birikim olu\u015fturmu\u015f ve \u00f6nce toplumlar, daha sonra da daha b\u00fcy\u00fck sosyal birimler aras\u0131nda ekonomik katmanlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ise, yerle\u015fim i\u00e7in elveri\u015fli b\u00f6lgelerde b\u00fcy\u00fck yerle\u015fim yerlerinin d\u00fczenlenmesini beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir. Yakla\u015f\u0131k M. \u00d6. 6.000 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ararat Ovas\u0131\u2019nda, Araks Nehri\u2019nin sol k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki kollar\u0131 civar\u0131nda yerle\u015fim gruplar\u0131 \u015fekillenir. Uluslar aras\u0131 arkeoloji projeleri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan Arata\u015fen, Masis b\u0131lur ve Akna\u015fen an\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 sayabiliriz.<\/p>\n

\"EC<\/a>
EC Ararat b\u00f6lgesi, Masis-tepe, kaz\u0131larla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan konutlar, M.\u00d6. VI. biny\u0131l (kaz\u0131lar G. Are\u015fyan ve P. Avetisyan, foto\u011fraflar H. Simonyan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ge\u00e7 Neolitik d\u00f6nemine ait bu k\u00f6yler, s\u0131k in\u015fa edilmi\u015f evler ve farkl\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131n y\u0131\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131yla olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Kille s\u0131val\u0131 veya pi\u015fmemi\u015f tu\u011fladan in\u015fa edilen yap\u0131lar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 yuvarlak veya elips planl\u0131yd\u0131. Halk birka\u00e7 \u00e7e\u015fit bu\u011fday, arpa ve mercimek yeti\u015ftirip, koyun, ke\u00e7i ve b\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f hayvan beslemekte, aktif bir \u015fekilde avc\u0131l\u0131k ve bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kla u\u011fra\u015fmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu yerle\u015fim yerlerinde obsidyen, nehir ta\u015f\u0131, kemik, boynuz ve kilden h\u00fcnerle haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcnler bulunmu\u015ftur. Tahta ve deri i\u015fleme ve deri elbise dikme niyetiyle aletlerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, Ermenistan sakinlerinin M. \u00d6. VI. bin y\u0131lda organik malzemeler i\u015fleme konusunda ustala\u015f\u0131p, y\u00fcksek geli\u015fim d\u00fczeyine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"EC<\/a>
EC Ararat b\u00f6lgesi, Masis-tepe, kaz\u0131larla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan konutlar, M.\u00d6. VI. biny\u0131l (kaz\u0131lar G. Are\u015fyan ve P. Avetisyan, foto\u011fraflar H. Simonyan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n ge\u00e7 yeni ta\u015f devri ekonomisine, iki \u00f6nemli \u00fcretim kollar\u0131 olan \u00e7\u00f6mlek\u00e7ilik ve bak\u0131r madenlerinin i\u015flenmesi eklenir. Bu sonuncusu, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n maden i\u015fleme alan\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk ad\u0131mlardan biri olmu\u015ftur. Belirtilen yerle\u015fim yerlerinden bulunan ve M. \u00d6. VI. biny\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131yla tarihlenen \u00e7\u00f6mlekler aras\u0131nda yerel kaba \u00fcretimler \u00e7o\u011funluktad\u0131r. Burada, Halaf<\/em> stili, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ihtimalle Kuzey Mezopotamya\u2019dan ithal edilmi\u015f olan kaliteli, renkli kaplar da bulunmu\u015ftur. Genelde boncuklardan olu\u015fan s\u00fcs e\u015fyalar\u0131, bak\u0131rdan haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f olup, bilinen ilk madeni eser \u00f6rnekleridir.<\/p>\n

Bak\u0131r boncuklar ile zarif \u00e7\u00f6mleklerin \u00fcretimi, yeni bir uzak ticaret \u015feklinin geli\u015fimini beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir. Art\u0131k, uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f zanaat merkezleri de, hammadde sa\u011flayan b\u00f6lgeler kadar \u00f6nem kazanmaktayd\u0131. Toplumlar aras\u0131ndaki uzun s\u00fcreli ili\u015fkilerin istikrar kazanmas\u0131, g\u00fcneybat\u0131 Asya ve g\u00fcneydo\u011fu Avrupa aras\u0131nda ilerde geli\u015fecek olan bak\u0131r-ta\u015f devri (kalkolitik<\/em>) d\u00f6neminin en belirgin \u00f6zelliklerinden biridir.<\/p>\n

\"EC<\/a>
EC Ararat b\u00f6lgesi, Masis-tepe, kaz\u0131 alan\u0131ndan bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm, M.\u00d6. VI. biny\u0131l (kaz\u0131lar G. Are\u015fyan ve P. Avetisyan, foto\u011fraflar H. Simonyan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Eneolitik<\/em> veya bak\u0131r-ta\u015f devri olarak da an\u0131lan Kalkolitik<\/em> d\u00f6nem, g\u00fcneybat\u0131 Asya\u2019da, M. \u00d6. 5500-5200 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ba\u015flay\u0131p, iki biny\u0131l kadar, M. \u00d6. 3500\/3400 y\u0131llar\u0131na kadar s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olup, bak\u0131r i\u015flemecili\u011finin geli\u015fimi ve ihracat\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan karakteristiktir.<\/p>\n

Son k\u0131rk y\u0131l i\u00e7inde, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Ermenistan alan\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm sath\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da kalkolitik yerle\u015fim yerleri bulunmu\u015ftur. Bunlardan d\u00f6rd\u00fc, Ararat Ovas\u0131\u2019nda bulunan A\u011fab\u0131lur ve Te\u011fut, Vayots Dzor b\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde bulunan Areni-1 ve S\u00fcnik\u2019te bulunan Godedzor k\u0131smen a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bunlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc kalkolitik d\u00f6nemin ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131na ait olup, M. \u00d6. 4.500-3.400 y\u0131l\u0131yla tarihlendirilmektedir. Her birinin k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn di\u011ferinden farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131 ilgin\u00e7tir.<\/p>\n

\"EC<\/a>
EC Vayots Dzor b\u00f6lgesi, Areni-1 ma\u011faras\u0131 kompleksi, renkli cenaze \u00e7\u00f6mle\u011fi, yakla\u015f\u0131k M.\u00d6. 3900 (kaz\u0131lar B. Gasparyan, G. Are\u015fyan ve R. Pinhasi, foto\u011fraflar D. Zardaryan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Te\u011fut, yar\u0131-g\u00f6\u00e7ebe \u00e7obanlara ait k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u00f6y olup, yar\u0131 g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc, yuvarlak planl\u0131 kul\u00fcbelerden olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Burada ya\u015fayanlar, ba\u015fka yerlerden ithal ettikleri kaliteli \u00e7\u00f6mlekler ve bak\u0131r aletler kullanmaktayd\u0131. Adab\u0131lur, \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc. Bu yerle\u015fim yeri, sokaklar boyunca uzanan geni\u015f, \u00e7ok odal\u0131 yap\u0131lardan olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Burada, at\u00f6lye ve toprak heykel kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Arpa Nehri vadisindeki Areni-1 ma\u011faras\u0131, defin i\u015fleriyle ilgili ayinlerle ilgili kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ma\u011faran\u0131n kuru ortam\u0131 ve stabil \u0131s\u0131s\u0131, organik maddelerin korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u015fahane \u015fartlar olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Genellikle di\u011fer kaz\u0131 yerlerinde korunmayan ve burada bulunan tah\u0131l, meyveler, bez, deri ve hatta ot \u00fczerinden, kalkolitik d\u00f6nemde yarat\u0131lan \u00f6rneklerin hayret uyand\u0131ran d\u00fcnyas\u0131na ula\u015fmaktay\u0131z. Ma\u011faran\u0131n derinlerinde bulunan, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bug\u00fcne kadar bilinen ve M. \u00d6. 4.000 y\u0131l\u0131na ait olan en eski \u015farap imalathanesi ve M. \u00d6. 3.600\u2019e ait \u00e7ar\u0131k benzersizdir.<\/p>\n

\"EC<\/a>
EC Vayots Dzor b\u00f6lgesi, Areni-1 ma\u011fara kompleksi, dinkler ve kilden tap\u0131nma objeleri, yakla\u015f\u0131k M.\u00d6. 4000 (kaz\u0131lar B. Gasparyan, G. Are\u015fyan ve R. Pinhasi, foto\u011fraflar H. Simonyan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Go\u011fedzor, y\u00fcksek alpin yaylalar ortam\u0131nda bulunan, hareket halinde bulunan \u00e7obanlar i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir ge\u00e7i\u015f noktas\u0131 ve takas merkezi olup, iki-\u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcnl\u00fck y\u00fcr\u00fcme yolu mesafesindeki ocaklardan getirilen obsidyen buradan da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Kil \u00fczerinde bulunan m\u00fch\u00fcrlerin i\u015faretleri, \u00f6zel e\u015fyalar\u0131n, b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle aile servetinin i\u015faretlenmesi gelene\u011fine i\u015faret etmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00f6ren yerlerinin kaz\u0131lar\u0131, kalkolitik d\u00f6nemindeki eski Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n, M. \u00d6. VI.-IV. biny\u0131llarda Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu\u2019da k\u00f6k salm\u0131\u015f olan ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da teknolojik bulu\u015flar, yenilikler ile k\u0131talararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerle ilerleyen sosyal-ekonomik durumunu a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7eviren: Diran Lokmag\u00f6zyan<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"EC<\/a>
EC Vavots Dzor b\u00f6lgesi, Areni-1 ma\u011fara kopleksi, \u00e7ar\u0131k, yakla\u015f\u0131k M.\u00d6. 3600, deri, saman (kaz\u0131lar B. Gasparyan, G. Are\u015fyan ve R. Pinhasi, foto\u011fraf D. Arakelyan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"EC<\/a>
EC Armavir b\u00f6lgesi, Arata\u015fen, kemik m\u0131zrak ve ta\u015f baltalar, M.\u00d6. VI. biny\u0131l (kaz\u0131lar R. Badalyan ve P. Lombard, \u00e7izim H. Sarg\u0131syan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"EC<\/a>
EC \u015eirak b\u00f6lgesi, Ani Pemza, i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131m, M.\u00d6. VI. biny\u0131l, obsidyen, Ermenistan Tarih M\u00fczesi (foto\u011fraf V. Hakobyan. Al\u0131nt\u0131: U podnojiya Ararata, 2008, ris. 1, m\u00fcteakiben: U podnojiya)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"EC<\/a>
EC Ararat b\u00f6lgesi, Masis-tepe, baltac\u0131k, M.\u00d6. VI. biny\u0131l, steatit (kaz\u0131lar G. Are\u015fyan ve P. Avetisyan, foto\u011fraflar H. Simonyan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"EC<\/a>
EC S\u00fcnik b\u00f6lgesi, Godedzor, renkli \u00e7\u00f6mlek, M.\u00d6. IV. biny\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131 (kaz\u0131lar ve foto\u011fraflar P. Avetisyan ve K. \u015eatenye)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"EC<\/a>
EC S\u00fcnik b\u00f6lgesi, Godedzor, renkli \u00e7\u00f6mlek, M.\u00d6. IV. biny\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131 (kaz\u0131lar ve foto\u011fraflar P. Avetisyan ve K. \u015eatenye)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"EC<\/a>
EC S\u00fcnik b\u00f6lgesi, Godedzor, renkli \u00e7\u00f6mlek, M.\u00d6. IV. biny\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131 (kaz\u0131lar ve foto\u011fraflar P. Avetisyan ve K. \u015eatenye)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"EC<\/a>
EC Vayots Dzor b\u00f6lgesi, Areni-1 ma\u011faras\u0131 kompleksi, renkli cenaze \u00e7\u00f6mle\u011fi, yakla\u015f\u0131k M.\u00d6. 3900 (kaz\u0131lar B. Gasparyan, G. Are\u015fyan ve R. Pinhasi, foto\u011fraflar D. Zardaryan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Grigor Are\u015fyan G\u00fcneybat\u0131 Asya\u2019da medeniyetin geli\u015fmesi, yakla\u015f\u0131k 12.000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, son buzullar\u0131n erimesinden sonra ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 gruplar, Akdeniz\u2019in do\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131 boyunca, av hayvanlar\u0131 ve tah\u0131l \u00fcr\u00fcnleriyle zengin Levant\u2019ta, Do\u011fu Toros s\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcney yama\u00e7lar\u0131nda ve Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n kuzey s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda (g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde g\u00fcneydo\u011fu T\u00fcrkiye), ilk s\u00fcrekli yerle\u015fim yerlerini in\u015fa eder. Bir-iki biny\u0131l sonra yabani tah\u0131l \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini k\u00fclt\u00fcre d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmeye ve […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":40415,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[76,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-40414","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ermenistanin-arkeolojik-mirasi","category-haberler"],"yoast_head":"\n3. 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