{"id":38951,"date":"2016-03-09T01:37:42","date_gmt":"2016-03-09T06:37:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=38951"},"modified":"2016-03-09T01:37:44","modified_gmt":"2016-03-09T06:37:44","slug":"osmanlida-kadin-orgutlenmesi-nasil-baslamisti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=38951","title":{"rendered":"Osmanl\u0131’da kad\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi nas\u0131l ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Kadinlar\"<\/a>Saadet K\u0131c\u0131r<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0130kinci Me\u015frutiyetin ilan\u0131n\u0131n hayat\u0131n her alan\u0131nda ya\u015fatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve e\u015fitlik\u00e7ilik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin bir yans\u0131mas\u0131 da kad\u0131nlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda oldu.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

O zamana kadar ev i\u00e7ine hapsolmu\u015f kad\u0131nlar kendi durumlar\u0131n\u0131 sorgulamaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Bu sorgulama k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bularak, kad\u0131nlar\u0131 duruma m\u00fcdahil olma yollar\u0131n\u0131 aramaya itti. Kad\u0131nlar \u201cart\u0131k yeter\u201d diyerek farkl\u0131 taleplerle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131\u2019da kad\u0131nlar bu \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ortam\u0131ndan faydalanarak \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeye temel olarak iki koldan ba\u015flad\u0131:Dernekler ve dergiler.<\/p>\n

Dernekler kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlendikleri ve m\u00fccadele y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckler yerler haline geldi. Kad\u0131n derneklerini \u00e7e\u015fitli ba\u015fl\u0131klar alt\u0131nda toplamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. \u0130lk olarak kad\u0131nlar yard\u0131m derneklerinde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Bu derneklerin amac\u0131 kimsesiz kad\u0131nlara ve \u00e7ocuklara yard\u0131m etmekti.\u00a0 E\u011fitim ama\u00e7l\u0131 dernekler k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n e\u011fitimi ile ilgilendiler. \u00dclke savunmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik dernekler\u00a0orduya yard\u0131m etmek amac\u0131yla kuruldu. K\u00fclt\u00fcrel ama\u00e7l\u0131 dernekler kad\u0131nlar\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel a\u00e7\u0131dan bilgilenmesini hedeflemekteydi.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6nemin siyasi partileri taraf\u0131ndan kurulan kad\u0131n dernekleri de vard\u0131. Bunlardan bir tanesi Enver pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan kurulan\u00a0Osmanl\u0131 Kad\u0131nlar\u0131 \u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma Cemiyeti’<\/i>ydi ki\u00a0cemiyette hi\u00e7 kad\u0131n \u00fcye olmamas\u0131<\/b>\u00a0Kad\u0131nlar D\u00fcnyas\u0131 Dergisi<\/i>\u2019nde \u00e7ok\u00e7a ele\u015ftirilmi\u015fti. Dernek arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kad\u0131nlar askere al\u0131narak orduda geri hizmette \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmak amac\u0131yla \u201ckad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i taburlar\u0131\u201d olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftu. Ancak kad\u0131nlara evlilik \u015fart\u0131 da getirilerek aile hayat\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc \u00f6nlenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\u00a0 Bu d\u00f6nemde feminist olarak niteleyebilece\u011fimiz tek dernek Ulviye Mevlan taraf\u0131ndan kurulan ve Kad\u0131nlar D\u00fcnyas\u0131 Dergisi\u2019ni \u00e7\u0131karan,\u00a0Osmanl\u0131 M\u00fcdafaa-i Hukuk-i Nisvan Cemiyeti<\/i>\u2019dir.<\/p>\n

Kad\u0131nlar kendi aralar\u0131nda toplant\u0131lar d\u00fczenliyorlard\u0131<\/b><\/p>\n

Kad\u0131nlar haklar\u0131n\u0131 aramak i\u00e7in sadece kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli toplant\u0131lar d\u00fczenliyordu. Bunlardan en \u00f6nemlisi \u2018\u2019Beyaz Konferanslar\u2019\u2019 ad\u0131yla d\u00fczenlenenlerdi. Fatma Nesibe Han\u0131m bu konferanslara konu\u015fmac\u0131 olarak kat\u0131ld\u0131. Bu konferanslarda konu\u015fulanlar daha sonradan P.B. imzas\u0131yla yay\u0131nland\u0131. Konferanslar\u0131n en az on kez yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve konferanslara 300\u2019e yak\u0131n kad\u0131n\u0131n kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmakta. Fatma Nesibe Han\u0131m konferanslarda kad\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu durumu \u00e7ok sert bir \u015fekilde ele\u015ftiriyor, \u015f\u00f6yle diyordu;
\n\u201cHilkat bana da demir bir pen\u00e7e, sert bir kalp verseydi, yapaca\u011f\u0131m ilk i\u015f bir\u00e7ok erke\u011fin kafas\u0131n\u0131 paralamak olurdu.\u2019\u2019
\nBa\u015fka konu\u015fmas\u0131nda; \u2018\u2019\u0130\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz durumun su\u00e7unu o budala\u00a0 validelerimizde aramal\u0131y\u0131z\u2018\u2019 diyerek annelerin ataerkil sistemin devam ettiricileri oldu\u011funu biraz ac\u0131mas\u0131zca da olsa\u00a0 g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermekteydi.
\nYine bir konu\u015fmas\u0131nda da \u201cKad\u0131nlar\u0131n erkeklerin hizmet\u00e7isi konumunda oldu\u011funu, erkekler taraf\u0131ndan et par\u00e7as\u0131, kulu\u00e7ka makinas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fcklerini; yetmezmi\u015f gibi erkekler taraf\u0131ndan d\u00f6v\u00fcld\u00fcklerini, hatta \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcklerini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu. Erkeklerin bu g\u00fcc\u00fc var olan yasalardan, yani \u015feriattan ald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belirterek sistemin erkekleri korudu\u011funun at\u0131n\u0131 da \u00e7izmi\u015ftir. “Bat\u0131da ba\u015flayan feminist hareketin erkeklere kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ancak yap\u0131lacak olan kad\u0131n devriminin erkeklerinki gibi kanl\u0131 olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131” da belirterek erkeklerin siyaset yapma bi\u00e7imlerini de ele\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.
Osmanl\u0131da kad\u0131n dergileri<\/b><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131\u2019da kad\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlemelerinin ba\u015flamas\u0131yla birlikte yay\u0131nlanan 40\u2019\u0131n \u00fczerinde kad\u0131n dergisi vard\u0131r. Bu dergilerde kad\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu durum ele\u015ftirilmi\u015f, Avrupadaki feminist hareket hakk\u0131nda bilgi verilmi\u015ftir. Bu dergilerin \u00e7o\u011funun kurucusu erkeklerdir. Kad\u0131n imzas\u0131yla yaz\u0131 yazan erkekler de olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

*<\/b>\u00a0Sahibi kad\u0131n ve t\u00fcm yazarlar\u0131n\u0131n kad\u0131n oldu\u011fu ilk dergi\u00a0\u015eukufezar’<\/i>d\u0131r ve Arife Han\u0131m \u00f6nderli\u011finde \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r)<\/p>\n

*<\/i><\/b>\u00a0Han\u0131mlara Mahsus Gazet<\/i>e kesintisiz 13 y\u0131l yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

*<\/b>\u00a0Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n siyasetle ilgili konularla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk dergi\u00a0Demet olmu\u015f, de<\/i>rgide ilk kez feminizmden bahsedilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

*<\/b>\u00a0Bu dergiler i\u00e7inde\u00a0Kad\u0131nlar D\u00fcnyas\u0131<\/i>\u00a0farkl\u0131 konuma sahiptir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fcfeminist olarak tan\u0131mlayabilece\u011fimiz tek dergi<\/b>dir. Dergi Osmanl\u0131 M\u00fcdafaa-i Hukuk-i Nisvan Cemiyeti\u2019nin yay\u0131n organ\u0131d\u0131r ve Kurucusu Ulviye Mevlan\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

*<\/b>\u00a0Bu dergi \u00e7\u0131karken Ulviye Han\u0131m’\u0131n e\u015fi R\u0131fat Mevlan da\u00a0\u00a0Erkekler D\u00fcnyas\u0131<\/i>\u00a0ad\u0131nda bir dergi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Amac\u0131 erkeklere kad\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131 anlatmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kad\u0131nlar D\u00fcnyas\u0131<\/i><\/b>\u00a0dergisinde neler yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/b>?<\/p>\n

*<\/b>\u00a0“Kad\u0131n\u0131n kurtulu\u015funun feminizmle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olaca\u011f\u0131, d\u00fcnyada y\u00fckselen iki hareketin\u00a0 sosyalizm ve feminizm oldu\u011fu;feminizmin bu topraklarda daha fazla taraftar buldu\u011fu, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sefil hayattan kurtaran iki hareketten biri oldu\u011fu” belirtiliyordu.<\/p>\n

*<\/b>\u00a0“Feminizm ‘aile d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, ahlaks\u0131zl\u0131k’ de\u011fildir. Feminizm var olan ahlaks\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131, adaletsizlikleri ortadan kald\u0131racak bir harekettir” denilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

*<\/b>\u00a0“Kad\u0131n kurtulmadan \u00fclkenin kurtulmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir” denilerek “kad\u0131n\u0131n kurtulu\u015fu i\u00e7in izlenecek yolun feminizm oldu\u011fu” belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

*<\/b>\u00a0Kad\u0131n\u0131n e\u015fitsiz durumu, bo\u015fanma hakk\u0131n\u0131n olmamas\u0131, kad\u0131n\u0131n e\u011fitim hakk\u0131n\u0131n olmamas\u0131, poligami, cariyelik, g\u00f6r\u00fcc\u00fc usul\u00fc sert bir dille ele\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

*<\/b>\u00a0Her evde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n hizmet\u00e7i olduklar\u0131 belirtilmi\u015f ve \u201cKad\u0131n siyah bir kefene sar\u0131l\u0131 olarak ya\u015famak zorundad\u0131r\u201d denilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

*<\/b>\u00a0\u201dKad\u0131nla erkek aras\u0131nda yetenek bak\u0131m\u0131ndan hi\u00e7 bir fark olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, kad\u0131n sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n temel nedeninin kad\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fam ve yeti\u015ftirilme ko\u015fullar\u0131nda aranmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi\u201d belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

*<\/b>\u00a0Kad\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131na girmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131yla erkekle ayn\u0131 i\u015fi yapan kad\u0131n\u0131n daha az \u00fccret almas\u0131 ele\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Kad\u0131nlara yol g\u00f6sterebilmek i\u00e7in Avrupa’daki i\u015f\u00e7i kad\u0131n hareketlerinden \u00f6rnekler verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

*<\/b>\u00a0Siyasi haklar m\u00fccadelesi derginin g\u00fcndemine 1921\u2019de girebilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6nce sosyal haklar\u0131 talep etmi\u015f ve \u201cBiz Avrupa\u2019daki Sufrajetler gibi \u015fiddet eylemlerine giri\u015fmeyece\u011fiz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Osmanl\u0131 toplum yap\u0131s\u0131 buna uygun de\u011fil\u201d diyerek, siyasi haklar m\u00fccadelesini sosyal haklar m\u00fccadelesinden sonraya b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

*<\/b>\u00a0Dergide ayr\u0131ca okur mektuplar\u0131na da yer verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Derginin ilk ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131<\/b><\/p>\n

Kad\u0131nlar D\u00fcnyas\u0131<\/i>\u2019n\u0131n yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131lar ve olu\u015fturdu\u011fu kamuoyu sonucunda kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131lan okul say\u0131s\u0131nda ve kad\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f hayat\u0131na giri\u015finde olumlu sonu\u00e7lar oldu. \u0130stanbul Telefon \u0130daresi\u2019nin ilk defa yedi T\u00fcrk kad\u0131n\u0131na memuriyet hakk\u0131 tan\u0131mak zorunda kalmas\u0131 derginin ilk somut ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131. Dergide yay\u0131nlanan yaz\u0131larda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak ve i\u015f kurmak isteyen kad\u0131nlara yol g\u00f6sterilerek giri\u015fimciliklerinin \u00f6n\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kad\u0131nlar D\u00fcnyas\u0131\u00a0<\/i><\/b>‘n\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tepkiler<\/b><\/p>\n

Kad\u0131nlar D\u00fcnyas\u0131<\/i>\u00a0dergisini destekleyenler oldu\u011fu gibi, itibars\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar ve yap\u0131lanlarla dalga ge\u00e7enler de olmu\u015ftur.\u00a0 Bu durumda Ulviye Mevlan; \u201cKad\u0131nl\u0131k meselesi bir hak meselesi, h\u00fcrriyet meselesidir. Kad\u0131n as\u0131rlard\u0131r ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 esir hayattan b\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kad\u0131nlar erkeklerin g\u00fczel s\u00f6zlerine kanmay\u0131n, kurtulu\u015f sizin ellerinizde\u2019\u2019 demi\u015f, erkeklere ise \u015f\u00f6yle seslenmi\u015ftir; \u201cArt\u0131k b\u00fct\u00fcn odunluklar\u0131n\u0131zdan vazge\u00e7in\u2019\u2019 ve \u201cErkekler h\u00fcrriyet i\u00e7in bu kadar ko\u015fturduklar\u0131 halde mesele kad\u0131n oldu\u011funda nas\u0131l da k\u00f6r oluyorlar. H\u00fcrriyet ad\u0131na k\u0131talar\u0131 kana bo\u011fdular\u2019\u2019 diyerek erkek siyasetini de ele\u015ftiriyordu.<\/p>\n

Dergide erkek yaz\u0131lar\u0131 yay\u0131nlanm\u0131yordu<\/b>\u00a0Derginin yay\u0131n hayat\u0131na girmesi ile birlikte bir\u00e7ok erkek de dergiye yaz\u0131 g\u00f6ndererek yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131n\u0131 istediler. Al\u0131nan karar do\u011frultusunda dergide erkek yaz\u0131lar\u0131 yay\u0131nlanm\u0131yordu.\u00a0 Ulviye Mevlan konuyla ilgili olarak \u015f\u00f6yle diyordu; \u201cKad\u0131nlar\u0131n ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131 erkeklerle e\u015fit hale gelinceye kadar erkek yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131nlamayaca\u011f\u0131z.\u201d<\/p>\n

Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminde kad\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctleri<\/b><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131\u2019da \u00f6rg\u00fctlenen kad\u0131nlar cumhuriyetin ilan\u0131 ile birlikte\u00a0Kad\u0131nlar Halk F\u0131rkas\u0131<\/i><\/b>\u00a0\u2019nda \u00f6rg\u00fctlendiler. KHF\u2019nin kurucusu Nezihe Muhiddin\u2019dir. Nezihe Muhiddin iyi bir hatip, karizmatik bir ki\u015filik, esasl\u0131 bir feminist ve h\u00fcrriyet a\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7 kere evlendi ama hep kendi soyad\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131. Cumhuriyet\u2019in ilan\u0131n\u0131 siyasi haklar m\u00fccadelesi i\u00e7in uygun bir zemin olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Daha Cumhuriyet Halk F\u0131rkas\u0131 kurulmadan KHF\u2019yi kurdu. KHF kad\u0131nlara siyasi haklar talebiyle \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Parti program\u0131nda asker olabilme talebi de vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Nezihe Muhiddin’in b\u00f6l\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fckle Su\u00e7lanmas\u0131\u00a0<\/b>Partinin kurulabilmesi i\u00e7in Ankara\u2019dan izin istenildi. Beklenilen cevap sekiz ay sonra geldi. Partinin kurulmas\u0131na izin verilmedi\u011fi gibi, “kad\u0131nlar\u0131n hay\u0131r i\u015fleriyle u\u011fra\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n daha iyi olaca\u011f\u0131” s\u00f6ylendi. Ayr\u0131ca kad\u0131nlar b\u00f6l\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fckle su\u00e7land\u0131lar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Ankara bu s\u0131rada t\u00fcm ulusu kapsayacak yeni bir partinin (Cumhuriyet Halk F\u0131rkas\u0131) kurulmas\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7indeydi. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n da benzer bir isimle parti kurma giri\u015fimleri b\u00f6l\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fck olarak nitelendirildi.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk Kad\u0131nlar Birli\u011fi<\/b>\u00a0partinin kurulmas\u0131na izin verilmeyince Nezihe Muhiddin TKB’yi kurdu. Siyasi haklar talebinden ise vazge\u00e7medi. 1925\u2019de\u00a0Kad\u0131n Yolu<\/i>\u00a0dergisini \u00e7\u0131karmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Dergideki ilk yaz\u0131s\u0131 kad\u0131nlar\u0131n siyasi haklar\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00fczerineydi. 1925 \u015eeyh Said \u0130syan\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan Takrir-i Suk\u00fcn Yasas\u0131 ile kad\u0131nlar\u0131n talepleri daha da g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez hale geldi.<\/p>\n

Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi adayl\u0131k talepleri\u00a0<\/b>1926\u2019da Nezihe Muhiddin Cumhuriyet Halk F\u0131rkas\u0131na aday olmak i\u00e7in ba\u015fvuruda bulundu. Kabul edilmedi. Yan\u0131t “kad\u0131nlar\u0131n hay\u0131r i\u015fleriyle u\u011fra\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n daha iyi olaca\u011f\u0131<\/i>“yd\u0131. 1927\u2019de se\u00e7imlere iki kad\u0131n adayla girdi.(Muhiddin ve Halide ED\u0130P) kabul edilmeyince kendini feminist olarak tan\u0131mlayan R\u0131fat Bey kad\u0131nlar ad\u0131na adayl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koydu. Ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tepkilere daha fazla dayanamayan R\u0131fat Bey adayl\u0131ktan vazge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n

Nezihe Muhiddin’in yaln\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131\u00a0<\/b>TKB\u2019nin \u00fcye say\u0131s\u0131 bine ula\u015f\u0131p d\u00f6rt ilde \u015fube a\u00e7\u0131nca , h\u00fck\u00fcmet TKB\u2019yi kapatma karar\u0131 ald\u0131. 1927 y\u0131l\u0131nda TKB us\u00fcls\u00fcz bir kongre d\u00fczenlendi. Nezihe Muhiddin dernek paralar\u0131n\u0131 zimmetine ge\u00e7irmekle su\u00e7lanarak dernek ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kad\u0131nlara se\u00e7me se\u00e7ilme hakk\u0131 verilince ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z milletvekili aday\u0131 oldu ancak kazanamad\u0131. Kendi i\u00e7ine kapand\u0131. Hayat\u0131 boyunca\u00a0yirmi roman, \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz kadar \u00f6yk\u00fc, piyes, senaryo ve operet kaleme alan Muhiddin bir ak\u0131l hastanesinde tek ba\u015f\u0131na hayata veda etti<\/b>.\u00a0Cenazesine TKB\u2019den kimse kat\u0131lmad\u0131.<\/b>
TKB’nin ak\u0131beti<\/b><\/p>\n

TKB tam da Ankara\u2019n\u0131n istedi\u011fi gibi bir hay\u0131r kurumuna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. 1935\u2019te Uluslararas\u0131 Feminist Kongre’ye ev sahipli\u011fi yapt\u0131. Kad\u0131nlara se\u00e7me se\u00e7ilme hakk\u0131 verildikten sonra art\u0131k kad\u0131n haklar\u0131 meselesi kalmad\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayarak kendi kendini feshetti.<\/p>\n

Bas\u0131nda T\u00fcrk Kad\u0131nlar Birli\u011fi<\/b><\/p>\n

TKB\u00a0 bas\u0131nda ve kamuoyunda hem ilgiyle hem de tepkiyle kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\u00a0\u0130leri \u0130kdam<\/i>\u00a0 gibi gazetelerin yazarlar\u0131 ilk andan itibaren kad\u0131nlar\u0131 desteklerken, \u00f6zellikle\u00a0iktidar\u0131n s\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fc durumunda olan Cumhuriyet gazetesi ve gazetenin ba\u015f yazar\u0131 Yunus Nadi taraf\u0131ndan sert ele\u015ftirilere maruz kald\u0131. Yunus Nadi kad\u0131nlar\u0131n miletvekili olma iste\u011fiyle dalga ge\u00e7erek \u2018\u2019Kad\u0131nlar meclise girip y\u0131l\u0131n manto modas\u0131n\u0131 tart\u0131\u015facaklarm\u0131\u015f\u2019\u2019diyor ve kad\u0131nlara hay\u0131r i\u015fleriyle u\u011fra\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n daha ak\u0131ll\u0131ca olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu.<\/i>Nezihe Muhiddin dernekten d\u0131\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise sevincini \u015f\u00f6yle dile getirmi\u015fti; \u201cohh be kurtulduk.\u2019\u2019\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131’da kad\u0131n m\u00fccadelesinin etnisite \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi<\/b><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan itibaren T\u00fcrk, K\u00fcrt, Ermeni ve \u00c7erkez kad\u0131nlar biraraya gelerek \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015flerdir. Ancak d\u00f6nemin siyasi yap\u0131s\u0131, milliyet\u00e7ilik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinden kad\u0131nlar da etkilemi\u015f ve kendi milletlerindeki kad\u0131n kurtulu\u015fu i\u00e7in \u00e7aba sarfetmi\u015flerdir. Zaman zaman farkl\u0131 halklardan kad\u0131nlar\u0131 bir \u00e7at\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplama \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 olsa da, ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ermeni kad\u0131n hareketinin \u00f6nemli isimleri<\/b><\/p>\n

Bu topraklardaki Ermeni feminist hareketinin tarihine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za be\u015f \u00f6nemli isim \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu isimlerden, ilki Ermeni kad\u0131n gazeteci\u00a0Elbis Gesaratsyan<\/i>\u2019d\u0131r ve ilk Ermeni kad\u0131n gazetesi olan\u00a0Gitar\u00a0<\/i>\u2019\u0131 yay\u0131nlad\u0131.\u00a0 \u0130lk toplumsal aktivist\u00a0S\u0131rpuhi D\u00fcsap\u00a0<\/i>\u2019t\u0131r. \u015eair ve \u00f6yk\u00fc yazar\u0131 olan\u00a0Zabel Asadur<\/i>\u00a0“Adil bir siyasi sistemin kad\u0131nlarla kurulabilece\u011fini” s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir. Bu m\u00fccadelenin i\u00e7inde yer alan ve kendilerini feminist olarak tan\u0131mlayan\u00a0Zabel Yeseyan<\/i>\u00a0ve\u00a0Hayganu\u015f Mark<\/i>\u2019t\u0131r. \u00a0<\/p>\n

Zabel Yaseyan\u00a0<\/b>\u00a0\u00dcniversiteye giden ilk kad\u0131nd\u0131r. Cinsiyet ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele etmi\u015ftir. Fransa\u2019da kurulan\u00a0E\u011fitim Yoluyla Bar\u0131\u015f \u0130\u00e7in Kad\u0131n Giri\u015fimi<\/i>\u00a0\u2019ne \u00fcye olmu\u015ftur. Ayn\u0131 zamanda Sovyet Yazarlar Birli\u011fi \u00fcyesidir. Kendini\u00a0antimilitarist feminist<\/b>\u00a0olarak tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131da T\u00fcrk ve Ermeni kad\u0131nlar\u0131 biraraya getirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ysa da bunda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hayganu\u015f Mark<\/b>\u00a0Feminizmi bir adalet feryad\u0131, kendisini de ilk feminist aktivist olarak tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\u00a0Hay Gin<\/i>\u00a0ad\u0131nda bir dergi \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Baz\u0131 siyasi partiler derginin kendi yay\u0131n kolu olarak \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 teklif ettilerse de Mark bu teklifi reddedip; “Ermeni Kad\u0131n\u0131 dergisi bir bayrak alt\u0131nda ya\u015fayacaksa bu sadece kad\u0131nl\u0131k bayra\u011f\u0131 olabilir,” dedi. Dergi 1935 te kapat\u0131ld\u0131. Derginin kapat\u0131lma tarihi TKB\u2019nin kapat\u0131lma tarihine yak\u0131nd\u0131r. Hayganu\u015f Mark derginin kapat\u0131lmas\u0131ndan duydu\u011fu \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fcy\u00fc \u201cK\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011fumu kaybetmi\u015f gibi hissettim\u201d diyerek dile getirdi.\u00a0Ermeni Kad\u0131n\u0131\u00a0<\/i>‘da yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131lar\u0131ndan birinde Mark;
\n“Gurur Duy! Yalan S\u00f6yleme! Dilenme! \u00c7al\u0131\u015f! Dedikodu yapma! K\u00f6lele\u015fme! Cesur ol, iyi ol! \u00d6zenme! Konu\u015f! Kad\u0131n ol! \u0130dealin olsun! Uyuma! Kendine sayg\u0131 duy! Yukar\u0131 bak! \u00c7irkinle\u015fme!”
\ndiyerek sesleniyordu kad\u0131nlara. T\u0131pk\u0131 Nezihe Muhiddin gibi o da yaln\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.\u00a0T\u0131pk\u0131 Muhiddin gibi bir ak\u0131l hastanesinde tek ba\u015f\u0131na hayata veda etti<\/b>.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131’da kad\u0131n m\u00fccadele tarihinin g\u00f6r\u00fcnmezle\u015ftirilmesi<\/b><\/p>\n

Ya\u015famlar\u0131 kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7irilmeyerek ve \u00f6zel alana hapsedilmek istenerek politik alanda yok edilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n, m\u00fccadele tarihleri de bu ba\u011flamda yok say\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Durum b\u00f6yle olunca kad\u0131n m\u00fccadelesinin k\u00f6klerini aray\u0131p bulmak, g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131karmak daha da zorla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna bir de\u00a0 Kemalist iktidar\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fle olan ba\u011flar\u0131 koparma iste\u011fi eklenince, kad\u0131n tarihi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda yol alabilmek iyice zorla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kemalist iktidar\u0131n TKB’yi kapatma sebebi,\u00a0<\/b>\u00a0\u2018kad\u0131nlara haklar\u0131n\u0131 biz verdik\u2019 s\u00f6ylemiyle sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 kazan\u00e7tan vazge\u00e7mek istememesi idi. Ayr\u0131ca fa\u015fist iktidarlar\u0131n y\u00fckseldi\u011fi bir d\u00f6nemde d\u00fcnyaya demokratik bir \u00fclke olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterme \u00e7abas\u0131 i\u00e7indeydiler.<\/p>\n

Kemalist iktidar Nezihe Muhiddin, Hayganu\u015f Mark gibi kad\u0131nlar\u0131 yaln\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ken; Sabiha g\u00f6k\u00e7en gibi kad\u0131nlar\u0131 \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yordu<\/b>. \u0130ktidar\u0131n istedi\u011fi, lidere tap\u0131nma derecesinde ba\u011fl\u0131, liderin verdi\u011fi haklarla yetinecek, daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 istemeyecek “\u00e7ocuk kad\u0131nlar” yeti\u015ftirmekti, haklar\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele eden kad\u0131nlar de\u011fil. Ama\u00e7 modern, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, iyi anne, iyi e\u015f olan toplumsal cinsiyet rollerini benimsemi\u015f kad\u0131nlar yaratmakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

“Kad\u0131nlara b\u00fct\u00fcn haklar\u0131n\u0131 Atat\u00fcrk verdi” mi?<\/b>\u00a01870\u2019lerden 1923\u2019e kadar y\u00fcze yak\u0131n kad\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn kuruldu\u011fu bu topraklar da 1934\u2019de kad\u0131nlara se\u00e7me se\u00e7ilme hak\u0131n\u0131n verilmesi hi\u00e7 de erken bir tarih de\u011fildir. \u00dcstelik bu haklar kad\u0131nlara iddia edildi\u011fi gibi arma\u011fan edilmemi\u015f, kad\u0131nlar bu haklar\u0131 uzun m\u00fccadeleleri sonucu alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu topraklardaki kad\u0131n m\u00fccadele tarihinii bilmek biz kad\u0131nlar\u0131n patriyarka ile olan m\u00fccadelesini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirecektir. \u0130ddia edildi\u011fi \u00fczere T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kad\u0131nlara se\u00e7me ve se\u00e7ilme hakk\u0131n\u0131\u00a0d\u00fcnyada ilk tan\u0131yan \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda oldu\u011fu da do\u011fru de\u011fildir<\/b>. \u00d6rne\u011fin Yeni Zelanda 1893, Avustralya 1906, Norve\u00e7 1913, Mo\u011folistan ve ABD 1920 ve Britanya\u2019da\u00a0 1928 y\u0131l\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar bu haklar\u0131n\u0131 elde etmi\u015flerdir…<\/p>\n

KAYNAK\u00c7A:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Serpil \u00c7ak\u0131r, “Osmanl\u0131 Kad\u0131n Hareketi”, Metis yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1996<\/em>
\nLerna Ekmek\u00e7io\u011flu-Melisa Bilal, “Bir Adalet Feryad\u0131”, Aras Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2010<\/em>
\nYaprak Zihnio\u011flu, “Kad\u0131ns\u0131z \u0130nk\u0131lap”, Metis Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2003<\/em>
\nProf. Dr. Ay\u015feg\u00fcl Berktay,”Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131n\u0131n Geli\u015fimi ve T\u00fcrkiye” Sivil Toplum Ve Demokrasi Konferans\u0131 Yaz\u0131lar\u0131, No.7, 2004<\/em>
\nSerpil \u00c7ak\u0131r,”Osmanl\u0131 Kad\u0131n Dernekleri”, Toplum ve Bilim Dergisi, say\u0131 53<\/em>
\nSerpil \u00c7ak\u0131r,”Osmanl\u0131’da Kad\u0131n Hukukunu Savunan Dergi Kad\u0131nlar D\u00fcnyas\u0131 100 Ya\u015f\u0131nda”, Feminist Politika, Say\u0131 18<\/em>
\nFanny Davis,”Osmanl\u0131 Han\u0131m\u0131”,Yap\u0131 Kredi K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Mart 2009<\/em><\/p>\n

http:\/\/mamasyria.blogspot.am\/2016\/03\/osmanlda-kadn-orgutlenmesi-nasl-baslamst.html<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Saadet K\u0131c\u0131r \u0130kinci Me\u015frutiyetin ilan\u0131n\u0131n hayat\u0131n her alan\u0131nda ya\u015fatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve e\u015fitlik\u00e7ilik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin bir yans\u0131mas\u0131 da kad\u0131nlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda oldu. O zamana kadar ev i\u00e7ine hapsolmu\u015f kad\u0131nlar kendi durumlar\u0131n\u0131 sorgulamaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Bu sorgulama k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bularak, kad\u0131nlar\u0131 duruma m\u00fcdahil olma yollar\u0131n\u0131 aramaya itti. Kad\u0131nlar \u201cart\u0131k yeter\u201d diyerek farkl\u0131 taleplerle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. Osmanl\u0131\u2019da kad\u0131nlar bu \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,70,20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-38951","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-haberler","category-makaleler","category-tarih-sayfalari"],"yoast_head":"\nOsmanl\u0131'da kad\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi nas\u0131l ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131? - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=38951\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Osmanl\u0131'da kad\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi nas\u0131l ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131? - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Saadet K\u0131c\u0131r \u0130kinci Me\u015frutiyetin ilan\u0131n\u0131n hayat\u0131n her alan\u0131nda ya\u015fatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve e\u015fitlik\u00e7ilik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin bir yans\u0131mas\u0131 da kad\u0131nlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda oldu. 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- Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=38951","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Osmanl\u0131'da kad\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi nas\u0131l ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131? - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi","og_description":"Saadet K\u0131c\u0131r \u0130kinci Me\u015frutiyetin ilan\u0131n\u0131n hayat\u0131n her alan\u0131nda ya\u015fatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve e\u015fitlik\u00e7ilik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin bir yans\u0131mas\u0131 da kad\u0131nlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda oldu. 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