{"id":38288,"date":"2016-01-26T02:44:35","date_gmt":"2016-01-26T07:44:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=38288"},"modified":"2016-01-26T02:46:00","modified_gmt":"2016-01-26T07:46:00","slug":"koc-ve-sabanci-1915ten-turkiyede-kim-nasil-zengin-oldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=38288","title":{"rendered":"Ko\u00e7 ve Sabanc\u0131 : 1915\u2019ten T\u00fcrkiye’de kim nas\u0131l zengin oldu?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Ko\u00e7<\/a>Do\u00e7. Dr. Sait Y\u0131lmaz\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

1914\u2019deki Rum ve 1915\u2019deki Ermeni tehciri <\/i><\/b>(Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131-\u2018Akunq\u2019 web sayfas\u0131) <\/i><\/b>ile Anadolu\u2019daki (Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019daki-\u2018Akunq\u2019 web sayfas\u0131) belli ba\u015fl\u0131 aileler yabanc\u0131lardan kalan m\u00fclke kolay yoldan konmu\u015flard\u0131. Cumhuriyetin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki \u00f6zel sermaye, d\u00f6nme ya da Selanik\u2019den g\u00f6\u00e7 edenler (Bezmen, Titiz, Yalman vb.) taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturuldu. Sonralar\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye’de \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan b\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye gruplar\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6kenleri Cumhuriyetin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131na dek uzanmaktad\u0131r. \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde en h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fimi sergilemi\u015f ve sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde de b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Ko\u00e7, Sabanc\u0131, \u00c7ukurova gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck gruplar\u0131n kurucular\u0131 1920’lerde i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda hen\u00fcz ilk ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 at\u0131yorlard\u0131.\u00a0
\n<\/i><\/b>
\n\u00a0Vehbi Ko\u00e7 kendi ad\u0131na ilk \u015firketini kurup \u0130stanbul’dan Ankara’ya mal getirip satmaya ve Ford, Mobil gibi firmalar\u0131n temsilcili\u011fini yapmaya ba\u015flarken; Hac\u0131 \u00d6mer Sabanc\u0131, Adana’da pamuk ticareti ile u\u011fra\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Ya\u015far grubunun kurucusu Durmu\u015f Ya\u015far, 1927 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rodos’tan \u0130zmir’e gelerek ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 boya ve gemicilik malzemesi ticaretini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. \u00c7ukurova grubunun kurucular\u0131 Eliye\u015fil ve Karamehmet aileleri ise Tarsus b\u00f6lgesinde b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahipleriydi.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Ancak, \u00c7ukurova grubu, 1887’de Rum az\u0131nl\u0131klar taraf\u0131ndan kurulan bir iplik fabrikas\u0131n\u0131 1925 y\u0131l\u0131nda ele ge\u00e7irerek erken bir tarihte sanayici kimli\u011fi de kazanacakt\u0131. Adana’da Frans\u0131z i\u015fgalinin 1921’de sona ermesinin ard\u0131ndan Ermeni Aristidis Simyono\u011flu\u2019nun bez fabrikas\u0131, Kayseri mil-letvekili Nuh Naci Yazgan taraf\u0131ndan (Kadir Has’\u0131n babas\u0131) Nuri Has ve di\u011fer iki ortakla beraber devral\u0131narak Milli Mensucat Fabrikas\u0131’na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn geli\u015fmesinin \u00f6n\u00fcnde en b\u00fcy\u00fck engellerden biri olarak yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle Yahudilerin ticaretteki h\u00e2kim rolleri g\u00f6r\u00fclmekte idi. 1942\u2019de \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan Varl\u0131k Vergisi, Yahudilerin d\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelikti ve \u0130stanbul\u2019da sermayenin de\u011fi\u015fimini ba\u015flatt\u0131. Vergisi’ni \u00f6demekte zorluk \u00e7eken az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun m\u00fclkleri haczedildi ya da bizzat kendileri taraf\u0131ndan sat\u0131\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck fiyatla el de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. K\u0131sacas\u0131, Varl\u0131k Vergisi uygulamada gayrim\u00fcslimlerden M\u00fcsl\u00fcman-T\u00fcrk kapitalistlere sermaye aktar\u0131m\u0131 anlam\u0131na geldi.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Yahudi i\u015f adamlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00dczeyir Garih, Jak Kamhi, \u0130shak Alaton ve Bursa\u2019da \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen \u00fcnl\u00fc tefeci Malki en \u00e7ok tan\u0131nanlard\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Hazar T\u00fcrk\u00fc Museviler ve Karatay T\u00fcrk\u00fc Museviler orta s\u0131n\u0131f i\u015f adamlar\u0131 idi. Karatay T\u00fcrk\u00fc i\u015f adamlar\u0131 bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Karak\u00f6y\u2019\u00fc kuranlar olup, say\u0131lar\u0131 30\u2019a kadar inmi\u015ftir. Selanik d\u00f6nmesi (Sabatay) olarak bilinenler ise daha \u00e7ok tekstil d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda h\u00e2kim yer edinmi\u015fken, daha sonra bu \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini kaybettiler. Cumhuriyetin ba\u015flar\u0131nda baz\u0131 ithal mallar\u0131n sat\u0131lmas\u0131nda ve devlet ihalelerinde Yahudi ailelerin \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck avantajlar\u0131 olmu\u015ftu. 1954 y\u0131l\u0131nda Galata\u2019da \u00dczeyir Garih ile \u0130shak Alaton\u2019un be\u015f bin lira sermaye ile kurduklar\u0131 Alarko Holding\u2019in bug\u00fcnk\u00fc g\u00fcc\u00fcne ula\u015fmas\u0131nda, 1958\u2019de d\u00f6nemin ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Adnan Menderes\u2019in kendilerine Ankara\u2019da kurulacak olan bir para matbaas\u0131n\u0131n havaland\u0131rma tertibat\u0131n\u0131n ihalesini vermesinin \u00f6nemli rol\u00fc oldu.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Ko\u00e7 ve Sabanc\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ismini duyulmas\u0131 \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda ba\u015flad\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de zengin kesimin olu\u015fmas\u0131nda en \u00f6nemli etkenlerden biri h\u00fck\u00fcmet ihaleleri olagelmi\u015ftir. Ko\u00e7\u2019un CHP iktidar\u0131 d\u00f6neminde Numune Hastanesi ihalesini almas\u0131 ilk \u00f6rne\u011fi te\u015fkil etmektedir. 1946 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD\u2019den General Electrics ile anla\u015farak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ampul fabrikas\u0131n\u0131 kurmas\u0131 Ko\u00e7 ailesi i\u00e7in d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 oldu. Ko\u00e7, daha sonra Amerikal\u0131larla trakt\u00f6r ve otomotiv i\u015fine girdi. Sabanc\u0131 ise 1950\u2019lerde Demokrat Parti\u2019nin zengin etti\u011fi ailedir. Sabanc\u0131, Ko\u00e7\u2019a g\u00f6re daha milli projelerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00f6zellikle otomotiv sekt\u00f6r\u00fc (Toyota vb.) ile a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Ayd\u0131n Do\u011fan, Ko\u00e7\u2019un bayisi ve korumas\u0131 alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Yabanc\u0131larla ortakl\u0131k yabanc\u0131 devletin de korumas\u0131ndan faydalanmak demekti. Bu zorunlulu\u011fun di\u011fer y\u00fcz\u00fc ise yabanc\u0131lara tamamen pazar\u0131 kapt\u0131rmak yerine pay sahibi olabilmekti. Daha sonra T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye Arap sermayesi (Karamehmet, Ercan Holding, \u00c7ift\u00e7iler vb.) gelmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli fiyat art\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve sava\u015f d\u00f6nemi yokluk-lar\u0131 ticari birikimin h\u0131zlanmas\u0131na vesile oldu, genellikle devlet kadrolar\u0131 ile yak\u0131n ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde bir\u00e7ok yeni t\u00fcccar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Yabanc\u0131 dil bilmeyen Ko\u00e7, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Yahudiler \u00fczerinden yabanc\u0131larla ili\u015fkiyi tercih etti. Elektrifikasyon ve elektrik malzemelerinin sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile piyasaya giren Burla Biraderler\u2019in de gerek devletten ald\u0131klar\u0131 ihalelerle ve gerekse T\u00fcrk i\u015fadamlar\u0131yla y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckleri ortak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla k\u0131sa zamanda b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fcce ula\u015ft\u0131lar. Vehbi Ko\u00e7\u2019un arkas\u0131ndaki \u2018gizli kahraman\u2019 olarak bilinen Bernar Nahum\u2019un da Ko\u00e7 Grubu\u2019na Burla Biraderler\u2019den 1944 y\u0131l\u0131nda transfer edildi. Ko\u00e7\u2019un \u00f6zellikle yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131 ili\u015fkilerinin arkas\u0131nda hep Bernar Nahum\u2019un uluslararas\u0131 seviyede g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 yat\u0131yordu. Elektrik ampul\u00fc, ta\u015f\u0131t lastikleri, buzdolab\u0131, \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131r makinesi, Anadol otomobili \u00fcretimi gibi ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta \u00e7ok zor gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen sekt\u00f6rlere girilmesinde Nahum\u2019un hayal g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn ve uygulama \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn pay\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0Ko\u00e7 grubu, bu d\u00f6nemde Oliver (trakt\u00f6r), U.S. Rubber (oto lasti\u011fi) ve Siemens (elektrikli cihazlar) firmalar\u0131n\u0131n temsilciliklerini alm\u0131\u015f, Ford bayili\u011fini Anadolu’nun \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerini kapsayacak \u015fekilde geni\u015flet\u00acmi\u015f, yurti\u00e7inde yeni ticaret \u015firketleri olu\u015fturmu\u015f, ayr\u0131ca ilk yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131 ticaret \u015firketini ABD’de 1945 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurmu\u015ftu.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0Hac\u0131 \u00d6mer Sabanc\u0131, 1948-49’da Adana’n\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen t\u00fcccarlar\u0131ndan Alber Diyap’la birlikte pamuk ihracat\u0131na ba\u015flarken; Borusan grubuna ait \u0130stikbal Ticaret bu y\u0131llarda demir-\u00e7elik ithalat\u0131 ve kuru meyve ihracat\u0131, \u00c7ukurova grubu ise Caterpillar i\u015f makinelerinin ve \u00e7e\u015fitli tar\u0131m ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n temsilcili\u011fini yapmaktayd\u0131. Sava\u015f\u0131 izleyen y\u0131llarda, \u00f6zel giri\u015fimin \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde h\u0131zl\u0131 bir banka kurma \u00e7abas\u0131 vard\u0131r. Ziraat Bankas\u0131 ve i\u015f Bankas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan d\u00f6rt b\u00fcy\u00fck banka bu d\u00f6nemde kuruldular. Yap\u0131 ve Kredi Bankas\u0131 (1944), Garanti Bankas\u0131 (1946), Akbank (1948) gibi son\u00acralar\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye bankac\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde ilk s\u0131ralar\u0131 alacak olan bankalar birka\u00e7 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde faaliyete ge\u00e7tiler. 1949 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sanayi ve Kalk\u0131nma Bankas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (TSKB) kurulmas\u0131 ile ABD istedi\u011fi ki\u015fiye istedi\u011fi kadar kredi vermek ve T\u00fcrk ekonomisine y\u00f6n vermek i\u00e7in vas\u0131ta edindi. Bu krediler bug\u00fcn\u00fcn zenginlerini olu\u015fturdu. 30’lu y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Atat\u00fcrk taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcksek ziraat tahsili yapmak i\u00e7in yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6nderilen Ali Numan K\u0131ra\u00e7, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n bitimiyle Amerika’n\u0131n ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Marshall yard\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131nda g\u00f6rev ald\u0131. Mehmet Barlas’\u0131n babas\u0131 Cemil Sait Barlas’la beraber kime hangi yard\u0131m da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lacaklar\u0131na karar veriyorlard\u0131. \u0130lk b\u00fcy\u00fck yard\u0131m paketi i\u00e7inde T\u00fcrk \u00e7ift\u00e7isini pulluktan ve kara sabandan kurtaracak trakt\u00f6rler ithal edildi.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a01940’l\u0131 y\u0131llarda at\u00f6lye \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde imalata ba\u015flayan Akk\u00f6k (iplik ve dokuma), Eczac\u0131ba\u015f\u0131 (ila\u00e7 ve seramik fincan), Ya\u015far (boya), \u00dclker (bisk\u00fcvi) gibi gruplar, 1950’li y\u0131llarda bu faaliyetlerini tipik olarak TSKB kredileri ile fabrika \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fine ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131lar. T\u00fcrk Trakt\u00f6r’\u00fcn T\u00fcrk sermayedar\u0131 Vehbi Ko\u00e7 oldu. 1955 y\u0131l\u0131nda ya\u015fanan 6-7 Eyl\u00fcl olaylar\u0131 da Rum ve Ermeni mallar\u0131na el konulmas\u0131 da belirli bir zengin kesim yaratt\u0131. Erdo\u011fan Demir\u00f6ren, Beyo\u011flu\u2019ndaki Rum menkullerini ele ge\u00e7irenlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda idi. Bundan sonra iktidarla i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapan aileler \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc ve Menderes zaman\u0131nda ihaleler alarak zengin oldular. 1960\u2019larda ise ABD\u2019de \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan PL 480 kanunu ile bu\u011fday, s\u00fct tozu, tavuk gibi ihtiya\u00e7 fazlas\u0131 Amerikan mallar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye gibi \u00fclkelere g\u00f6nderildi. Bunlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda olu\u015fturulan fon ile \u0130stanbul\u2019dan \u0130zmit\u2019e kadar kurulan fabrikalar finanse edildi. B\u00f6ylece ABD, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc zengin kesimini ve sermaye da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131, kendi deyimiyle kalk\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a012 Mart muht\u0131ras\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7 hafta sonra, 2 Nisan 1971 g\u00fcn\u00fc imzalanan bir protokol ile kurulan T\u00dcS\u0130AD, a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a finans kapitalin \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcd\u00fcr. Derne\u011fin ilk kurucular\u0131 \u0130stanbul ve \u0130zmir’in b\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye gruplar\u0131n\u0131n (Ko\u00e7, Sabanc\u0131, Eczac\u0131ba\u015f\u0131, Sapmaz, Tekfen, Bodur, Boyner, \u0130zmir’den Ya\u015far, \u00d6zakat, \u00d6zsaruhan) temsilcileriydi. T\u00dcS\u0130AD’\u0131n ‘d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lma’ talebi 1970’lerin ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda \u015fekil kazanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. 1978 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde T\u00dcS\u0130AD, AET’ye tam \u00fcyelik i\u00e7in harekete ge\u00e7ilmesini ve ekonomide yap\u0131sal bir de\u011fi\u015fimi \u00f6neriyordu. 1978 y\u0131l\u0131n\u00acda bir heyetle ABD’ye ziyaret ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren T\u00dcS\u0130AD, bu \u00fclkede IMF, D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 ve finans \u00e7evreleriyle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fecek; g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri izleyen g\u00fcnlerde kapsaml\u0131 bir istikrar program\u0131n\u0131n uygulamaya konmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Ecevit h\u00fck\u00fcmetine bask\u0131 yapmaya ba\u015flayacakt\u0131. 24 Ocak Kararlar\u0131 ile ilan edilen ve 12 Eyl\u00fcl darbesi ile uygulanma olana\u011f\u0131 bulan politikalar\u0131n \u00f6zelli\u011fi, T\u00dcS\u0130AD taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131klanan ‘d\u0131\u00ac\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lma’ ve buna e\u015flik edecek d\u00fczenlemelere y\u00f6nelik \u00f6nerilerin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bulmu\u015f olmas\u0131yd\u0131. Nitekim 12 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019\u00fcn ilk icraat\u0131 her t\u00fcrl\u00fc sendikal faaliyeti ve grevleri yasaklamak oldu. T\u00dcS\u0130AD’\u0131n d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lma y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki talepleri 24 Ocak 1980 kararlar\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k buldu. 24 Ocak 1980\u2019deki odak de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ile T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kapitalizm, kendisini g\u00fcdecek iktisadi liberalizme teslim edildi. T\u00fcrkiye’de genellikle T\u00dcS\u0130AD \u00e7evresinde yer alan b\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye gruplar\u0131n\u0131n 1990’lardan itibaren belirli bir rekabetle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131, 1990’lar\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda k\u0131smi bir g\u00fc\u00e7 kayb\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131, ancak 2000’li y\u0131llarda hem uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7ekte hem de \u00fclke i\u00e7inde bir dizi hamle ile konumlar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rmaya y\u00f6neldik-leri s\u00f6ylenebilir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki b\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye biri 1980’li y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, di\u011feri ise son y\u0131llar\u0131nda olmak \u00fczere iki b\u00fcy\u00fck tasfiye dalgas\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a01980’li y\u0131llarda ayakta kalabilen (\u00e7o\u011fu banka sahibi olan) b\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye gruplar\u0131, zor duruma d\u00fc\u015fen i\u015fletmeleri ele ge\u00e7irerek b\u00fcy\u00fcmelerini h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131lar. Daha \u00f6nceleri fazla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lmayan ‘ele ge\u00e7irme’ olgusu 1980’lerde \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir art\u0131\u015f sergiledi. Toprak, Zorlu, Ciner, \u00c7al\u0131k, \u0130hlas gibi gruplar 1980 sonras\u0131nda pek \u00e7ok kez hukuk sistemi ile olan sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 bir \u015fekilde a\u015farak b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Holding formu, \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u015firketi bir merkezden y\u00f6netmek ve bir ‘i\u00e7 sermaye piyasas\u0131’ olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in elveri\u015fli bir kurumsal bi\u00e7im olarak yayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazand\u0131. Yaln\u0131zca \u00fc\u00e7 grup (Ko\u00e7, Sabanc\u0131, \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131) \u0130MKB’deki toplam sermayenin 1988’de y\u00fczde 43’\u00fcn\u00fc, 1991\u2019de y\u00fczde 45’ini, 1994’te y\u00fczde 27’sini, 1998’de y\u00fczde 34’\u00fcn\u00fc elinde tutmaktayd\u0131. 2001 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, \u0130MKB’de i\u015flem g\u00f6ren \u015firketlerin toplam sermayesinin y\u00fczde 57’si, 5 b\u00fcy\u00fck gruba ait 55 \u015firketin elindeydi. 1980’lerden itibaren, \u00f6zellikle Anadolu kentlerinde b\u00fcy\u00fcme arzusundaki sermayeler i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131k olan bir yol, ‘\u0130slami sermaye’ denilen kesim i\u00e7inde yer almak bi\u00e7iminde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bunda \u00f6nemli bir neden, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck i\u015fletmelerin kredi sistemin\u00acden d\u0131\u015flanm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131yd\u0131.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0Alternatif olarak, 1980’lerde ‘\u00f6zel finans kurumlar\u0131’ (faizsiz bankac\u0131l\u0131k) ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda ba\u015flayan sistemde, genelde \u0130slami cemaatlerle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 Anadolu Finans, \u0130hlas Finans (I\u015f\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar cemaati), Asya-Finans (Bank Asya, Fethullah G\u00fclen cemaati) gibi kurulu\u015flar ve Al Baraka, Faysal Finans, Kuveyt Evkaf gibi Arap sermayeli firmalar bulunmaktayd\u0131. \u00d6zellikle 2001 krizi sonras\u0131na Dervi\u015f-IMF iktidar\u0131 ile \u00f6zelle\u015ftirmenin \u00f6n\u00fc iyice a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Kemal Dervi\u015f, 2001’de IMF’ten ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 40 milyar dolar\u0131 batacak bankalara verdi. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n A\u011fustos ay\u0131nda \u00dczeyir Garih ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yordu. Garih, inan\u0131lmaz bir tehditle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yayd\u0131. \u0130stenilen paray\u0131 vermesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi. Orta\u011f\u0131 \u0130shak Alaton ise Erdo\u011fan, Ba\u015fbakan olduktan sonra gizli kabinesinde yer ald\u0131. Erdo\u011fan\u2019\u0131n beynini y\u00f6nlendiren ilk be\u015f ki\u015fiden birisi aras\u0131ndayd\u0131. 2003 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra \u2018\u00f6zelle\u015ftirme\u2019 ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda cumhuriyetin 80 y\u0131ll\u0131k kazan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fcresel sermayeye sat\u0131lmas\u0131, \u2018Levanten burjuvazi\u2019 ve bir k\u0131s\u0131m \u2018sonradan g\u00f6rme\u2019 varl\u0131k sahiplerinin \u015firketlerini, bankalar\u0131n\u0131, arazi, mesken ve arsalar\u0131n\u0131 yabanc\u0131lara satmalar\u0131 ile T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki sermaye hareketleri i\u00e7inde do\u011frudan yabanc\u0131 sermaye yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n pay\u0131 h\u0131zla artt\u0131. Bor\u00e7 niteli\u011finde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye gelen yabanc\u0131 sermaye 2003\u2019ten sonra rekor d\u00fczeyde y\u00fckseldi.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0Bug\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 15.000 Avrupal\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 \u015firket bulunmakta ve borsas\u0131n\u0131n %60\u2019\u0131 yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n elindedir. \u00d6zelle\u015ftirmeler ile sadece milli sermaye de\u011fil, egemenli\u011fe de darbe vuruldu. Pek \u00e7ok fabrika T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de gibi g\u00f6z\u00fckse de m\u00fclkiyeti yabanc\u0131lara aittir. Sermaye kendini koruma arac\u0131 olarak medya vas\u0131tas\u0131 edinmeyi de bir sigorta arac\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rmeye devam etse de, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki bask\u0131lar medyay\u0131 da i\u00e7ine almakta, g\u00fcndemi karartmaktad\u0131r. 2007 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren AKP\u2019nin ye\u015fil sermayeye yer a\u00e7mak i\u00e7in ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tasfiye harek\u00e2t\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye gruplar\u0131 ile aralar\u0131nda k\u0131r\u0131lmaya neden oldu.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinde uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r h\u00e2kim konumda bulunan b\u00fcy\u00fck gruplar (\u00f6zellikle T\u00dcS\u0130AD \u00e7evresi) yava\u015f yava\u015f ‘devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131’ kald\u0131; bunlar\u0131n yerini ise AKP taraf\u0131ndan kollanan ‘yanda\u015f’ sermayeler ve M\u00dcS\u0130AD almaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bir yandan \u00f6zellikle medya sahibi ‘eski’ gruplar \u00fczerindeki s\u0131k\u0131 maliye denetimleri ve kesilen cezalar, bir yandan da kamu ihaleleri ve \u00f6zelle\u015ftirmeler yo\u00acluyla yanda\u015flara aktar\u0131lan rantlar, b\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye i\u00e7indeki \u00e7eki\u015fmeyi \u00f6zetlemektedir. AKP, kendi ‘organik burjuvazisini’ yaratmak i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015f\u00acmakta ve TOK\u0130 ihaleleri, yerel y\u00f6netimler gibi kanallar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bu grubu beslemektedir.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0Bununla birlikte, AKP’nin neo-liberal politikalar\u0131ndan T\u00dcS\u0130AD \u00e7evre\u00acsindeki b\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye de nemalanmaya devam etmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinde b\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye gruplar\u0131n\u0131n belirgin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 devam etmektedir. Son y\u0131llarda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bir yandan ye\u015fil sermaye i\u00e7inde M\u00dcS\u0130AD (\u00c7al\u0131k, Emine Erdo\u011fan vb.) ile TUSCON (G\u00fclen cemaati) aras\u0131nda rekabet ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu rekabete son zamanlarda Ba\u015fbakan ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet \u00fcyelerinin s\u0131k s\u0131k toplant\u0131lar\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 di\u011fer bir ye\u015fil sermaye kurulu\u015fu olan T\u00dcMS\u0130AD kat\u0131ld\u0131.\u00a0<\/p>\n

@DocDrSaitYilmaz\u00a0
\nulusalkanal.com.tr\u00a0<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.armweeklynews.am\/w\/wpe\/e_236.php<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Do\u00e7. Dr. Sait Y\u0131lmaz\u00a0 1914\u2019deki Rum ve 1915\u2019deki Ermeni tehciri (Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131-\u2018Akunq\u2019 web sayfas\u0131) ile Anadolu\u2019daki (Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019daki-\u2018Akunq\u2019 web sayfas\u0131) belli ba\u015fl\u0131 aileler yabanc\u0131lardan kalan m\u00fclke kolay yoldan konmu\u015flard\u0131. Cumhuriyetin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki \u00f6zel sermaye, d\u00f6nme ya da Selanik\u2019den g\u00f6\u00e7 edenler (Bezmen, Titiz, Yalman vb.) taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturuldu. Sonralar\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye’de \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan b\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye gruplar\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6kenleri […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[44,1,9,70],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-38288","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ermeni-soykirimi","category-haberler","category-haklarimiz","category-makaleler"],"yoast_head":"\nKo\u00e7 ve Sabanc\u0131 : 1915\u2019ten T\u00fcrkiye'de kim nas\u0131l zengin oldu? - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=38288\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ko\u00e7 ve Sabanc\u0131 : 1915\u2019ten T\u00fcrkiye'de kim nas\u0131l zengin oldu? - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Do\u00e7. Dr. Sait Y\u0131lmaz\u00a0 1914\u2019deki Rum ve 1915\u2019deki Ermeni tehciri (Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131-\u2018Akunq\u2019 web sayfas\u0131) ile Anadolu\u2019daki (Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019daki-\u2018Akunq\u2019 web sayfas\u0131) belli ba\u015fl\u0131 aileler yabanc\u0131lardan kalan m\u00fclke kolay yoldan konmu\u015flard\u0131. Cumhuriyetin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki \u00f6zel sermaye, d\u00f6nme ya da Selanik\u2019den g\u00f6\u00e7 edenler (Bezmen, Titiz, Yalman vb.) taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturuldu. 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