{"id":38121,"date":"2016-01-15T03:04:01","date_gmt":"2016-01-15T08:04:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=38121"},"modified":"2016-01-15T03:04:01","modified_gmt":"2016-01-15T08:04:01","slug":"113-yeni-ekonomi-politikasi-nep","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=38121","title":{"rendered":"113. Yeni Ekonomi Politikas\u0131 (NEP)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ekonominin aya\u011fa kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/b><\/p>\n

Sovyet Ermenistan, i\u00e7 sava\u015flar\u0131n sona ermesinden sonra, iflas etmi\u015f olan ekonominin yeniden aya\u011fa kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara ba\u015flar. Yeni Ekonomi Politikas\u0131 (NEP) bu konuda yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Bu program, askeri kom\u00fcnizm siyasetinin ekonomik ve siyasi a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00fclkede kriz yaratm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fundan dolay\u0131, 1921 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rusya\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir.<\/p>\n

Merkezinde g\u0131da vergisinin bulundu\u011fu bir ekonomik etkinlikler sistemi olan NEP sayesinde, serbest pazar ili\u015fkileri temelinde ekonomiyi canland\u0131rma ve geli\u015ftirme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan imk\u00e2nlar ve maddi te\u015fvikler olu\u015fturulur. Pazar ili\u015fkisi sayesinde \u015fehir ve k\u00f6y, yani tar\u0131m ve sanayi aras\u0131ndaki mal ve nakit ili\u015fkilerinin canland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. V. Lenin\u2019e g\u00f6re NEP\u2019in nihai amac\u0131, Sosyalizm\u2019in yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ermenistan\u2019da NEP\u2019e ge\u00e7i\u015f a\u015famal\u0131 olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. 1921 ilkbahar\u0131 ve yaz\u0131nda bir dizi kararnameler kabul edildikten sonra, Haziranda g\u0131da vergisiyle ilgili karar kabul edilir. NEP, \u00fcretim ve sat\u0131\u015f konusunda serbest\u00eeye sa\u011flay\u0131p, k\u00f6yl\u00fcler ve di\u011fer \u00fcreticileri maddi a\u00e7\u0131dan cezp eder.<\/p>\n

Ekonomik cazibe, vergi politikas\u0131nda da kendisini g\u00f6sterir. Tayin edilen vergiyi \u00f6deyen k\u00f6yl\u00fc, kalan mahsule ne yapaca\u011f\u0131na kendisi karar verir. Verginin temelinde gelir prensibi yatar. Gelirin miktar\u0131na oranla vergi y\u00fckselir, dar gelirliler ise vergiden muaf olur.<\/p>\n

Toprak sorunu<\/b><\/p>\n

Toprakla ilgili kararname 28 Aral\u0131k 1920 tarihinde kabul edilir. Bu kararname ve 1923 y\u0131l\u0131nda kabul edilen toprak kanununa istinaden t\u00fcm b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahiplerine ait topraklara el konulur, t\u00fcn topraklar millile\u015ftirilir. Bu topraklar daha sonra, 1920\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131 sonlar\u0131nda say\u0131lar\u0131 180 bine ula\u015fan k\u00f6y kooperatiflerine da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck toprak a\u011fal\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019da yayg\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, Sovyet y\u00f6netiminin toprak reformlar\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn elindekine az say\u0131da art\u0131\u015f sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck say\u0131da m\u00fcltecilerin bak\u0131m\u0131, toprak konusunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir sorun olup, zaten toprak k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya\u015fayan \u00fclke i\u00e7in ek bir zorluk yarat\u0131r. Olu\u015fan \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda, t\u00fcm k\u00f6yl\u00fclere toprak vermek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmaz ve 1929 y\u0131l\u0131nda 40 binin \u00fczerinde k\u00f6yl\u00fc topraks\u0131z kalmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Toprak, Sovyet kanunlar\u0131na istinaden kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z ve periyodik yeniden da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m prensibine g\u00f6re verilir. Sosyalist kurulu\u015flara ge\u00e7i\u015f haz\u0131rlanmam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece, ki\u015fisel ekonomi, Sovyet y\u00f6netimi taraf\u0131ndan ge\u00e7ici bir durum olarak kabul edilir.<\/p>\n

Rusya\u2019n\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131 da Ermenistan ekonomisinin aya\u011fa kalkmas\u0131na destek verir. \u0130lk yard\u0131m, u\u00e7akla Ermenistan\u2019a 47 kilo alt\u0131n nakledildi\u011fi 1921 Mart\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Bu miktar, \u0130ran\u2019dan tah\u0131l almak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n elde etmi\u015f oldu\u011fu yard\u0131m\u0131n miktar\u0131, alt\u0131nla 3,5 Milyon Rubli tutar. Rusya, eleman ve daha farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde yard\u0131m g\u00f6sterir. Amerikan Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu Yard\u0131m Komitesi (Amerkom) taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6sterilen yard\u0131mlar s\u00fcrer. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u2019dan kurtulan binlerce yetim, Amerkom\u2019un yetimhanelerinde beslenip, e\u011fitim al\u0131r. Amerkom\u2019un hay\u0131rseverlik faaliyetleri, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n yeti\u015fkin oldu\u011fu 1920 sonlar\u0131na kadar s\u00fcrer.<\/p>\n

Tar\u0131m ve ekonomi, NEP ve di\u011fer etkinlikler sayesinde canlan\u0131r. Ermenistan ekonomisi 1928 y\u0131l\u0131nda, sava\u015f \u00f6ncesindeki 1913 seviyesine ula\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yeni ekonomi politikas\u0131 maalesef daha sonraki y\u0131llarda s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmez ve daha sonraki tar\u0131m geli\u015fimi bu y\u00fczden b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde sekteye u\u011frar.<\/p>\n

Yetenekli ekonomi uzman\u0131 Sargis Luka\u015fin (Srapionyan, 1881-1937) Ermenistan ekonomisinin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 konusunda \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.findarmenia.com\/arm\/history\/28\/604<\/a><\/p>\n

End\u00fcstrile\u015fme s\u00fcreci<\/b><\/p>\n

SSCB\u2019de halk ekonomisinin aya\u011fa kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra, \u00fclkenin end\u00fcstrile\u015fmesi konusu ortaya konur. Sovyet Kom\u00fcnist (Bol\u015fevik) Partisi\u2019nin 14. kurultay\u0131nda (1925) bu konuyla ilgili karar al\u0131n\u0131r. End\u00fcstrile\u015fme, sanayi kollar\u0131 ile demiryollar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131, sanayinin SSCB ekonomisinde at ba\u015f\u0131 olmas\u0131 olarak kabul edilir. Parti y\u00f6neticileri aras\u0131nda, SSCB\u2019nin kapitalizmin ku\u015fatmas\u0131 alt\u0131nda tek ba\u015f\u0131na Sosyalizm\u2019in zaferine ula\u015fabilece\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc h\u00e2kimdi olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 \u00fclkeyi end\u00fcstrile\u015ftirmek, tar\u0131m\u0131 kolektifle\u015ftirmek ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr devrimi yapmak gerekir.<\/p>\n

1920\u2019lerin ortalar\u0131nda ba\u015flat\u0131lan end\u00fcstrile\u015fme politikas\u0131n\u0131n hayata ge\u00e7irilmesinin s\u00fcrekli olaca\u011f\u0131 kabul edilir. Bu noktada da, Sovyet y\u00f6netimi var oldu\u011fu m\u00fcddet s\u00fcrecek olan be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k planlamalar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n

End\u00fcstrile\u015fmek i\u00e7in gerekli olan maddi imk\u00e2nlar sadece \u00fclke i\u00e7inde elde edilece\u011fine karar verilir. K\u00f6yl\u00fclere vergi uygulan\u0131r, i\u015f\u00e7ilere c\u00fczi maa\u015f verilir ve manast\u0131r ile kiliselerin zenginliklerine el konur. Tah\u0131l, orman \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ve di\u011fer tabii zenginlikler ihra\u00e7 edilir.<\/p>\n

Elektrik sorunu, end\u00fcstrile\u015fmek in hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. 1920-30 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Yerevan ve Leninakan (G\u00fcmr\u00fc), Dzoraet ve Kanaker HES\u2019leri kurulur. Sevan-Hrazdan serisinin ilk istasyonu olan Kanaker santrali, di\u011ferleri gibi Sevan G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn sular\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. G\u00f6l\u00fcn seviyesinin al\u00e7almas\u0131n\u0131n zamanla olu\u015fturmu\u015f oldu\u011fu ciddi ekolojik sorun, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00dclkede kimya ve maden (bak\u0131r) \u00fcretimine h\u0131z verilir. \u011eapan\u2019da bak\u0131r i\u015fleme fabrikas\u0131 kurulur. Alaverdi\u2019de bak\u0131r eritme ve kimya fabrikalar\u0131 kurulur. \u011earakilisa\u2019da (Vanadzor) kimya fabrikalar\u0131 kurulur. 1933 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yerevan\u2019da temelleri at\u0131lan ve SSCB\u2019de bir ilk olan suni kau\u00e7uk fabrikas\u0131,1940 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fcretime ge\u00e7er. Ermenistan, on y\u0131llar boyu SSCB\u2019nin kau\u00e7uk ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Sovyetler Birli\u011fi \u00e7ap\u0131nda \u00f6neme haiz kimya \u00fcretiminin geli\u015fmesi, daha sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde a\u011f\u0131r ekolojik sorunlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcmr\u00fc,\u00a0 Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n tekstil sanayi merkezine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Zengin hammadde stoklar\u0131, \u00f6zelikle de t\u00fcf ta\u015f\u0131 temelinde in\u015faat maddeleri \u00fcretimi d\u00fczenlenir. Davalu\u2019da (Ararat) b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7imento fabrikas\u0131 kurulur. G\u0131da i\u015flemesi ve daha farkl\u0131 konularda fabrikalar kurulur<\/p>\n

Birinci be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k plan s\u00fcresince (1928-1932) Ermenistan\u2019da 18, ikincisinde ise (1933-1937) 26 end\u00fcstri tesisi kurulur. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k plan\u0131n (1938-1942) ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 nedeniyle kesintiye u\u011frar.<\/p>\n

End\u00fcstrile\u015fme sayesinde 1928-1940 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7ilerin say\u0131s\u0131 4,5 misli artarak, 92,4 bine ula\u015f\u0131r. Kalifiyele\u015ftirme amac\u0131yla fabrika e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131 olu\u015fturulur.<\/p>\n

Sanayi, sava\u015f \u00f6ncesinin \u00fc\u00e7 be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k planlar s\u00fcresinde, Ermenistan ekonomisinde \u00f6nc\u00fcl bir rol \u00fcstlenir. Ermenistan Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti halk komiserli\u011fi kurulu ba\u015fkan\u0131 Sahak Ter-Gabrielyan\u2019\u0131n (1886-1937), Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n end\u00fcstrile\u015fmesi konusundaki hizmetleri b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Tar\u0131m\u0131n kolektifle\u015fmesi<\/b><\/p>\n

1928-1929 y\u0131llar\u0131nda tah\u0131l stoklar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan zorluklar olu\u015fur. Tah\u0131l eksikli\u011fini kapatmak amac\u0131yla, Sovyet Kom\u00fcnist (Bol\u015fevik) Partisi\u2019nin merkez komitesi birinci sekreteri \u0130. Stalin\u2019in giri\u015fimiyle, ellerindeki tah\u0131l stoklar\u0131na el koymak amac\u0131yla, gulak (varl\u0131kl\u0131) k\u00f6yl\u00fclere sald\u0131r\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131l\u0131r. Bu k\u00f6yl\u00fclere son derece y\u00fcksek vergiler uygulan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Parti taraf\u0131ndan, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin \u00f6zel te\u015febb\u00fcslerini kolektifle\u015ftirme plan\u0131 uygulan\u0131r. 1927 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sovyet Kom\u00fcnist (Bol\u015fevik) Partisi\u2019nin 15. Kurultay\u0131, tar\u0131m\u0131n kolektifle\u015ftirilmesini haz\u0131rlamak konusunda bir karar kabul eder. Partinin Stalin kanad\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan, tah\u0131l stoklama zorluklar\u0131 sebebiyle, kolektifle\u015fmeye h\u0131z verilmesi talep edilir. K\u00f6yl\u00fclerin \u00f6zel te\u015febb\u00fcslerinden vazge\u00e7ip, kolektif \u00e7iftliklere kat\u0131lma konusunda isteksiz olmalar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, bu \u015fekilde, kolektifle\u015fmenin g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olma prensibi \u00e7i\u011fnenmi\u015f olur.<\/p>\n

\u015eiddet ve bask\u0131, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc mukavemetine rastlar. Kolektif \u00e7iftli\u011fe vermemek amac\u0131yla yap\u0131lan ve geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 uygulanan hayvan kesimleri ile \u201ce\u015fk\u0131yal\u0131k hareketleri\u201d, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin memnuniyetsizli\u011fi ve kolektifle\u015fme kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015favurumudur.<\/p>\n

Parti, genel kolektifle\u015fme esnas\u0131nda, gulakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir s\u0131n\u0131f olarak ortadan kald\u0131rma siyasetine ge\u00e7er. Gulaklar, mal varl\u0131klar\u0131na el konulduktan sonra ailece k\u00f6yden s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Kolektifle\u015fme hareketi s\u00fcreci, SSCB\u2019nin di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerine istinaden Ermenistan\u2019da hissedilir \u015fekilde daha yava\u015f ilerler. Benzer milli b\u00f6lgelerde kolektifle\u015fmenin geri kalmas\u0131n\u0131n sebepleri, 1934 Temmuzunda Sovyet Kom\u00fcnist (Bol\u015fevik) Partisi\u2019nin merkez komitesinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde ele al\u0131n\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6lgelerdeki kolektifle\u015fmenin a\u011f\u0131r ilerlemesinin sebebinin, kolektif \u00e7iftliklere nazaran bireysel \u00e7iftliklerin vergi y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn daha hafif oldu\u011fu belirtilir.<\/p>\n

Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeyi tabii olarak, vergi y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 takip eder ve k\u00f6yl\u00fc bunun \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kolektife kaydolmakta g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Asl\u0131nda, kolektif \u00e7iftliklerin vergi y\u00fck\u00fc de az de\u011fildir. Devlet taraf\u0131ndan kolektiflerden b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apta stok al\u0131n\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden de SSCB\u2019nin baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde a\u00e7l\u0131k ba\u015f g\u00f6sterir. Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n Sevan b\u00f6lgesinden binlerce k\u00f6yl\u00fc (bireysel \u00e7ift\u00e7i ve kolektif mensubu) ekmek paras\u0131 i\u00e7in k\u00f6ylerini terk eder.<\/p>\n

Ermenistan k\u00f6yl\u00fclerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131, \u00f6zellikle 1935-1937 y\u0131llar\u0131nda kolektiflere girer. 1940 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fclke tar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kolektifle\u015fmesi sona erer ve 1000 kadar kolektif olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n

Tar\u0131m\u0131n geri kalmas\u0131, maddi \u00e7\u0131kar prensibi ile mal ve paran\u0131n pazar ili\u015fkisini reddeden Sosyalist ekonomi \u015fekli ve devletin vergi politikas\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131r. K\u0131sacas\u0131, geli\u015fim i\u00e7in gerekli ekonomik itici \u015fartlar yoktur.<\/p>\n

Tar\u0131m\u0131n kolektifle\u015fmesiyle bireysel k\u00f6yl\u00fcler kolektif k\u00f6yl\u00fclere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. K\u00f6yl\u00fclerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da \u015fehir sakinlerinin i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, k\u00f6yl\u00fc ayd\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 \u015fekillenir.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.findarmenia.com\/arm\/history\/28\/607<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00c7eviren: DiranLokmag\u00f6zyan<\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ekonominin aya\u011fa kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 Sovyet Ermenistan, i\u00e7 sava\u015flar\u0131n sona ermesinden sonra, iflas etmi\u015f olan ekonominin yeniden aya\u011fa kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara ba\u015flar. Yeni Ekonomi Politikas\u0131 (NEP) bu konuda yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Bu program, askeri kom\u00fcnizm siyasetinin ekonomik ve siyasi a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00fclkede kriz yaratm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fundan dolay\u0131, 1921 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rusya\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. Merkezinde g\u0131da vergisinin bulundu\u011fu bir ekonomik etkinlikler sistemi olan […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[65,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-38121","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ermenilerin-tarihi","category-haberler"],"yoast_head":"\n113. Yeni Ekonomi Politikas\u0131 (NEP) - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=38121\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"113. Yeni Ekonomi Politikas\u0131 (NEP) - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ekonominin aya\u011fa kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 Sovyet Ermenistan, i\u00e7 sava\u015flar\u0131n sona ermesinden sonra, iflas etmi\u015f olan ekonominin yeniden aya\u011fa kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara ba\u015flar. Yeni Ekonomi Politikas\u0131 (NEP) bu konuda yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Bu program, askeri kom\u00fcnizm siyasetinin ekonomik ve siyasi a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00fclkede kriz yaratm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fundan dolay\u0131, 1921 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rusya\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. 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