{"id":36401,"date":"2015-09-04T03:16:31","date_gmt":"2015-09-04T08:16:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=36401"},"modified":"2015-09-04T03:16:31","modified_gmt":"2015-09-04T08:16:31","slug":"1915-surecinde-pontosta-ermeni-kadin-olmak","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=36401","title":{"rendered":"1915 S\u00fcrecinde Pontos\u2019ta Ermeni Kad\u0131n Olmak"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Sait<\/a>Sait \u00c7etino\u011flu<\/b>\u00a0<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 fethinden sonra Pontos radikal bir de\u011fi\u015fime u\u011frad\u0131. T\u00fcrk g\u00f6\u00e7ebelerini b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015ftiremeyen saray, Batum\u2019dan S\u00fcrmene\u2019ye, Rize ve Of\u2019a kadar, k\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerindeki Ortodoks halklar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik zoraki bir \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131rma politikas\u0131 uygulamaya koyuldu. Zorla \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131rma, di\u011fer H\u0131ristiyan halklar gibi Ermenilerin n\u00fcfuslar\u0131nda kan kayb\u0131na en b\u00fcy\u00fck etmenlerden biridir.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

1915 s\u00fcrecinde Pontos\u2019ta Ermeni kad\u0131ndan s\u00f6z etmek tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde t\u00fckeni\u015fin son noktas\u0131n\u0131 koymakla e\u015f anlaml\u0131d\u0131r. Pontos\u2019ta Ermeni varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yok edilmesiyle birlikte kad\u0131nlar da yok edilmi\u015ftir. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcm yolculu\u011funda t\u00fcketilirken bir k\u0131sm\u0131na el konmu\u015f, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman haremlerine yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ruhu \u00e7al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Pontos\u2019un Lazistan sanca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 1915 y\u0131l\u0131 arifesinde, yani Ermeniler \u00f6l\u00fcm yolculu\u011funa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmadan evvel Ermeni say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 verirken ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 R. Kevorkian ve P. Papoudjian, sadece 35 Ermeni kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylerler.1 B\u00f6lgeyi 1880\u2019lerin sonunda ziyaret eden Vital Cuinet 100 Katolik, 5000 Apostolik olmak \u00fczere 5.100 Ermeni oldu\u011funu kaydetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Cumhuriyet d\u00f6nemine gelindi\u011finde, 1927 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131nda Lazistan Sanca\u011f\u0131\u2019nda hi\u00e7 Ermeni kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

1927 y\u0131l\u0131 Pontos genelindeki Ermeni kad\u0131nlar\u0131na bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, geli\u015fmeyi net g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. K\u0131y\u0131 kesiminde Trabzon\u2019da mezhebi belirlenmemi\u015f 58 Ermeni kad\u0131n kalm\u0131\u015f, 53 ki\u015finin anadili Ermenice, Ordu\u2019da 59 Ermeni kad\u0131n kalm\u0131\u015f ve 163 kad\u0131n\u0131n anadili Ermenice, Giresun\u2019da 1 Ermeni kad\u0131n kalm\u0131\u015f ve anadili Ermenice olan kad\u0131n yok, Samsun\u2019da 111 Ermeni kad\u0131n kalm\u0131\u015f ama 121 kad\u0131n\u0131n ana dili Ermenice. Artvin ve G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane\u2019de Ermeni kad\u0131n kalmam\u0131\u015f. Anadili Ermenice olan kad\u0131n da yok. Pontos\u2019un k\u0131y\u0131 genelinde Ermeni olarak kalan kad\u0131n n\u00fcfusu 229, anadili Ermenice kad\u0131n n\u00fcfusu 337. Buradan \u015funu \u00e7\u0131karmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn: Pontos Ermenilerinin \u00f6l\u00fcm yolculu\u011fundan geri kalan Ermenilerin yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7te biri \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Pontos\u2019un i\u00e7 kesiminde ise bu oran daha da y\u00fckselir. Amasya\u2019da 138 Ermeni kad\u0131n kalm\u0131\u015f ne hikmetse (!) 596 kad\u0131n\u0131n anadili Ermenice!<\/p>\n

Ancak alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmek gerek ki; hi\u00e7bir rakam ve istatistik insanlar\u0131n dram\u0131n\u0131 anlatamaz. Bu y\u00fczden fazla istatistik kullan\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Daha sava\u015fa girilmeden, Avrupa\u2019da sava\u015f ba\u015flar ba\u015flamaz. \u0130ttihat ve Terakki k\u00e2tib-i mesulleri Trabzon\u2019a gelip Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Mahsusa \u00f6rg\u00fctlemesine giri\u015firler. \u0130lk olarak \u201cSopal\u0131 Mutasarr\u0131f\u201d nam\u0131 verilen ve o s\u0131rada Rize Mutasarr\u0131f\u0131 olan Cemal Azmi Bey Trabzon\u2019a vali tayin edilmi\u015ftir. \u201cCemal Azmi Bey\u2019in Te\u015fkil\u00e2t-\u0131 Mahsusa\u2019ya bir\u00e7ok hizmetleri dokunuyordu. Ve ileride de kendisinden \u00e7ok istifade edilece\u011fine \u015f\u00fcphe yoktu. Onun i\u00e7in vali beyin de yemin ettirilerek Te\u015fkil\u00e2t-\u0131 Mahsusa\u2019ya al\u0131nmas\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak muamelesi yap\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra Cemal Azmi Bey de Trabzon\u2019daki heyetlerin toplant\u0131lar\u0131na kat\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u201d2<\/p>\n

Rize mutasarr\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na S\u00fcleyman Sami Kepenek, G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane mutasarr\u0131f\u0131 Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Mahsusa silah\u015f\u00f6r\u00fc Abd\u00fclkadir Bey,3 Ordu sonras\u0131nda Giresun Kaymakam\u0131 Ali Faik Kunt, Samsun Mutasarr\u0131f\u0131 S\u00fcleyman Necati Selmen, Amasya mutasarr\u0131f\u0131 S\u00fcleyman S\u0131rr\u0131 Tavat ve Sivas Valisi Muammer Cankarde\u015f; Ermenilerin \u00f6l\u00fcm yolculu\u011funa sevkinin ba\u015f akt\u00f6rleri olarak kadroyu tamamlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. T\u00fcm bu y\u00f6neticiler sava\u015f sonras\u0131nda tehcir olaylar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 ko\u011fu\u015fturmalara u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak 1. Sava\u015f sonundaki Malta bir N\u00fcrenberg olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Mahsusa heyetinin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk kararlardan biri; \u201cTrabzon hapishanesinde bulunan mahpuslardan istifade etmek, mahpuslar\u0131 hapishaneden \u00e7\u0131kartmak, zabitlerin kumandas\u0131 alt\u0131nda bunlardan \u00e7eteler te\u015fkil etmek ve bilhassa \u00e7etecilikle \u015f\u00f6hret kazanm\u0131\u015f olanlar\u0131 eleba\u015f\u0131 yapmak[t\u0131r].4<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece TM \u00e7eteleri yani infaz mangalar\u0131 olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 tamamlan\u0131r. Bu \u00e7etelerin ilk g\u00f6revi o tarihlerde Rusya\u2019ya dahil olan, Artvin, Ardanu\u00e7, Kars ve Ardahan\u2019daki Ermeni k\u00f6ylerini ya\u011fmalamakt\u0131r. Burada bozguna u\u011frayan TM \u00e7eteleri i\u00e7eriye d\u00f6n\u00fcp devlet g\u00f6zetiminde, i\u00e7erideki Pontos ve Ermeni ya\u011fmas\u0131na ve cinayetlerine ba\u015flarlar. Topal Osman bunlar\u0131n en tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015flar\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7ankaya Muhaf\u0131z Alay\u0131\u2019na kadar y\u00fckseltilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

1915 s\u00fcrecinde tesad\u00fcfen canl\u0131 kalabilen 1901 Trabzon do\u011fumlu \u015eu\u015fanik Hovhannes Pa\u00e7ac\u0131yan, 1915 s\u00fcrecinde Merzifon\u2019dan belirsizli\u011fe \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 trajik yolculu\u011funu nakleder:5 \u201cBabam Hovhannes\u2019in yedi erkek karde\u015fi ve Onik Makhokhyan ile evli bir k\u0131z karde\u015fi vard\u0131. Onik Makhokhyan ressam Vardan Makhokhyan\u2019\u0131n6 a\u011fabeyiydi. Onlar\u0131n ebeveynleri varl\u0131kl\u0131 insanlard\u0131 ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na iyi bir e\u011fitim ald\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Halam ni\u015fanland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Frans\u0131zca \u00f6\u011fretmesi i\u00e7in evlenene kadar onun i\u00e7in \u00f6zel m\u00fcrebbiye tutmu\u015flar, piyano \u00e7almay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmesi i\u00e7in eve piyano getirtmi\u015flerdi. Ancak ondan sonrad\u0131r ki, halam evlerine gelin gitmi\u015fti.\u201d s\u00f6zleri Pontos\u2019un k\u00fclt\u00fcrel d\u00fczeyine i\u015faret eder. 1905-Trabzon do\u011fumlu yazar Leon Zaven Surmelian\u2019\u0131n \u201cSoruyorum Size Han\u0131mlar Beyler\u201d adl\u0131 \u00f6z ya\u015fam \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcnde \u201cBiz \u00e7ocuklardan yeteneklerimizi sergilememiz isteniyordu. Nivart piyano, Onnig keman \u00e7ald\u0131\u2026\u201d7 s\u00f6zleri d\u00f6nemin rutin ya\u015fam\u0131na dairdir. Piyano, Pontoslu orta halli bir ailenin ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Times gazetesinin B\u00fckre\u015f muhabiri tan\u0131klara dayanarak Londra\u2019ya ge\u00e7ti\u011fi haberde Trabzon\u2019da Ermenilerden m\u00fcsadere edilen bir piyanonun 10-15 kuru\u015fa al\u0131c\u0131 buldu\u011funu8 yazmaktad\u0131r. Bu tarihlerde piyasada bir adet tabak 5 kuru\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Merzifon\u2019da Ermeniler ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta \u0130slam\u2019a davet edilirler:<\/p>\n

\u201cKolejimizin hocalar\u0131ndan G\u00fclyan\u2019\u0131n iki k\u0131z\u0131, Armine ve H\u0131ranu\u015f, Anatolya Koleji\u2019nden mezundular. K\u0131zlardan b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Armine bana \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131fta matematik dersi vermi\u015fti. Tehcirden \u00f6nce, onu din de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye ve Merzifon T\u00fcrk Okulu\u2019nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya zorlad\u0131lar. O, iyi bir Ermenice, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ve Frans\u0131zca uzman\u0131yd\u0131. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, onu tehcir etmediler ve o da k\u0131z, ailesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, kay\u0131n biraderi, onun e\u015fi, erkek karde\u015finin kar\u0131s\u0131 ve Hasmik ve Lutfik isimli iki Ermeni \u00f6\u011frencisinin hayat\u0131n\u0131 kurtard\u0131.9 Kolejimizde hocal\u0131k yapan Svazl\u0131yan tif\u00fcse yakaland\u0131 ve kurtar\u0131lamad\u0131. Onu M\u00fcsl\u00fcman mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na M\u00fcsl\u00fcman cenaze merasimiyle g\u00f6md\u00fcler.\u201d Geri kalan t\u00fcm \u00f6\u011fretmenlerin tehcir edilip, \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc \u015eu\u015fanik\u2019ten \u00f6\u011freniyoruz.<\/p>\n

\u015eu\u015fanik\u2019in yolculu\u011fu 12 A\u011fustos\u2019ta Merzifon\u2019dan ba\u015flar: \u201cBen d\u00f6rt ya\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren Amerikan yuvas\u0131na gittim; sonra Miss Charlotte Willard\u2019\u0131n m\u00fcdiresi oldu\u011fu Merzifon Anadolu Koleji\u2019nde \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. 1915 y\u0131l\u0131nda tehcir ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, kolejimizdeki insanlar da tehcir edildi. Bizler, \u00f6\u011fretmenlerimizle birlikteydik. Hepimizi on be\u015f araba i\u00e7inde tehcir ettiler; nereye gitti\u011fimizi kimse bilmiyordu. Pazardan, hanlardan ge\u00e7ip Amasya\u2019ya vard\u0131k. Orada uyumam\u0131z i\u00e7in bizi bir binan\u0131n ikinci kat\u0131nda bulunan iki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck odaya yerle\u015ftirdiler.\u201dS\u00fcrg\u00fcnler, b\u00fct\u00fcn gece insanlar\u0131n y\u00fcrek par\u00e7alayan inilti ve feryatlar\u0131ndan uyuyamazlar. \u201cSabah, o binan\u0131n birinci kat\u0131nda, tam kald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z odalar\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki odalarda \u00fcst\u00fc \u00fcste dizilmi\u015f, kafalar\u0131 kesilmi\u015f Ermeni cesetleri10 bulundu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frendik; bu Ermeniler can \u00e7eki\u015fiyorlarm\u0131\u015f ve bizler deh\u015fet i\u00e7inde onlar\u0131n feryatlar\u0131n\u0131 duyuyormu\u015fuz.\u201d<\/p>\n

Bayan Willard Amasya\u2019ya kadar \u00f6\u011frencileriyle birliktedir. Amasya\u2019dan geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ancak Bayan Willard ve yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131, Bayan Cage, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ndeki Amerikan B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi, Morgenthau\u2019ya mektuplar g\u00f6ndermi\u015f ve kolejlerindeki \u00f6\u011frencilerin tehcir edilmemesi i\u00e7in izin alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Turhal kaymakam\u0131na bu izin anlat\u0131lamaz, \u00f6\u011frenciler zorluluklarla ge\u00e7en yolculuklarla konvoy Sivas\u2019a ula\u015f\u0131r:<\/p>\n

\u201cTurhal kasabas\u0131n\u0131n kaymakam\u0131, kendisine Merzifon valisi [kaymakam ]taraf\u0131ndan b\u00fct\u00fcn Ermenilerin istisnas\u0131z tehcir edilmesi i\u00e7in emir verildi\u011fi gerek\u00e7esini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u00d6yle ki, o geceyi ge\u00e7irmemiz i\u00e7in bize b\u00fcy\u00fck zorluklarla bir handa yer verdiler. Orada, han\u0131n bir k\u00f6\u015fesinde hareket eden bir siluet vard\u0131. K\u0131zlarla birlikte ona yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, o adam\u0131n Ermeni oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fck; jandarmalar onun \u00fcst\u00fcne de\u011firmen ta\u015f\u0131 atm\u0131\u015flar ve omurgas\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; ama kendisi hen\u00fcz \u00f6lmemi\u015fti. O haliyle ya\u015fayacak fazla zaman\u0131 kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmemize ra\u011fmen, hi\u00e7 olmazsa karn\u0131 tok \u00f6ls\u00fcn diye ona yeme\u011fimizden bir par\u00e7a verdik. Sonra, arabac\u0131lar bizi \u015eark\u0131\u015fla\u2019ya g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Arabac\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131na oturmu\u015f olan jandarma arabadan indi. Arabac\u0131 da indi ve birlikte bizden para istediler. Halbuki biz \u00f6\u011frenciydik ve yan\u0131m\u0131zda para yoktu. \u00d6zellikle m\u00fcdiremiz bize yolculuk masraflar\u0131n\u0131n tamamen \u00f6dendi\u011fini belirtmi\u015fti. Arabac\u0131 ile jandarma kendilerine para veren olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnce, bizi bir sonraki mola yerinde b\u0131rakacaklar\u0131 tehdidinde bulunarak, yola devam ettiler. Bu \u015fekilde Yenihan\u2019a vard\u0131k ve arabalardan indik. Bize bo\u015f bir salon verdiler; ama kap\u0131daki n\u00f6bet\u00e7i para almadan, do\u011fal ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 gidermesi i\u00e7in bile kimsenin d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na izin vermiyordu. O ak\u015fam, o silahl\u0131 n\u00f6bet\u00e7i baya\u011f\u0131 para kazand\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n

K\u0131zlar kafilesini takip edenler, kafilede g\u00f6z\u00fcne kestirdiklerine el koyarlar:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Bey Amasya\u2019dan beri bizi takip ediyordu; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00f6\u011fretmenlerimizden birini be\u011fenmi\u015fti ve onun arkas\u0131ndan geliyordu; sonunda ona sahip olup kendisine kar\u0131 olarak alana dek bizi takip etti.\u201d Yol boyu k\u0131zlardan 21\u2019ine el konulur.<\/p>\n

Kafile eksiklerle yola devam eder: \u201cSivas\u2019a vard\u0131k. Orada da Amerikan K\u0131z Koleji vard\u0131 ama herkesi tehcir etmi\u015flerdi. Onlar\u0131n karyolalar\u0131 yataklarla birlikte orada kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bizi oraya yerle\u015ftirdiler. Sivas\u2019ta \u00fc\u00e7 hafta kald\u0131k. Vali Sivas\u2019ta de\u011fildi. Vali geri d\u00f6nene kadar orada bekledik… Sonra, ba\u015f\u0131m\u0131zdaki bayanlar Vali\u2019yle m\u00fczakerelere ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Bu m\u00fczakereler uzun s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Y\u00f6neticilerimiz Merzifon Anatolya Koleji\u2019ndeki 41 Ermeni k\u0131z\u0131n tehcir edilmemesi ile ilgili Talat\u2019\u0131n imzas\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan bir izin k\u00e2\u011f\u0131d\u0131n\u0131 valiye sundular ve Merzifon\u2019a d\u00f6nme iznini validen ald\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

\u201cOkulun \u00f6\u011fretmenlerinden Prof. Theodor Elmer\u2019in, 13 Aral\u0131k 1915\u2019te ABD\u2019de Philadelphia Academy Of Music\u2019te yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fma Merzifon Anadolu Koleji\u2019nin tehciri \u00fczerinedir: \u201cA\u011fustos\u2019un 12\u2019sinde, polis \u015fefi yerel polis kuvvetleri ve birka\u00e7 jandarma ile birlikte tekrar misyona geldi ve k\u0131z okulunun gen\u00e7 kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 istedi. \u00d6\u011flene kadar saatler, misyonerlerin polisle tart\u0131\u015farak gen\u00e7 kad\u0131nlar\u0131 al\u0131p g\u00f6t\u00fcrmelerini engelleme \u00e7abalar\u0131yla ge\u00e7ti. Okul m\u00fcdiresi bir ara, onlar\u0131 o vah\u015fi adamlar\u0131n ellerine teslim etmektense hepsini okul bah\u00e7esinde vurman\u0131n daha iyi olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Daha fazla \u0131srar etmenin bir yarar sa\u011flamayaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, yiyecek, giyecek ve parayla k\u0131zlar yolculu\u011fa haz\u0131rland\u0131. Amerikal\u0131 m\u00fcdireleri onlarla birlikte gitmek i\u00e7in izin koparmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu \u00f6nce kabul edilmedi. Daha sonra yolculu\u011fun ilk g\u00fcn\u00fc m\u00fcdirenin [Amasya]ya kadar gitmesine izin verdiler. 12 A\u011fustos g\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6\u011fleden sonra iki okuldaki altm\u0131\u015f iki gen\u00e7 kad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan on d\u00f6rt araba yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Katil suratl\u0131 birka\u00e7 jandarma onlara e\u015flik ediyordu. \u015eehrin \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kafileyi durdurdular. Beklerlerken Vali, kolej m\u00fcdiresini \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rtt\u0131 ve bu gen\u00e7 kad\u0131nlara dinlerini de\u011fi\u015ftirmeleri i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir uygunsuz bask\u0131 uygulanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na tan\u0131kl\u0131k etmesini istedi; sonra polis gen\u00e7 kad\u0131nlar\u0131n her birine korkun\u00e7 yolculuktan kurtulmak i\u00e7in inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 reddederek M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmay\u0131 kabul edip etmeyeceklerini sordu. 62\u2019si de reddetti. Birka\u00e7 kilometre sonra ayn\u0131 \u015fey tekrarland\u0131. Yine hepsi reddetti. \u0130lk gece Amasya\u2019ya vard\u0131lar ve \u015fehrin yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki bir tarlada geceyi ge\u00e7irdiler. Ertesi sabah Amerikal\u0131 m\u00fcdire onlar\u0131n yan\u0131na fazladan yiyecek ve para b\u0131rakt\u0131; ard\u0131ndan \u015fehrin Amasya valisinden k\u0131zlar\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131p evine d\u00f6nme emrini ald\u0131. 13 A\u011fustos ak\u015fam\u0131 Merzifon\u2019a geri geldi\u011finde \u00e7ok \u00fczg\u00fcnd\u00fc, k\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131 bir daha hi\u00e7 g\u00f6remeyece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. D\u00f6rt g\u00fcn sonra kendisine Sivas Vali\u2019sini ziyaret izni verildi\u011finde, onu k\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131 geri getirebilmek i\u00e7in emir vermeye ikna edebilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek umutland\u0131. Kafileyi tam Sivas\u2019\u0131n bize bakan taraf\u0131nda yakalad\u0131. 62 k\u0131zdan 21\u2019inin al\u0131n\u0131p g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fc. 41\u2019i h\u00e2l\u00e2 duruyordu. Onlar\u0131 Sivas\u2019taki Amerikan okuluna g\u00f6t\u00fcrme iznini elde etti. Orada beklerlerken Vali\u2019yi bu 41 k\u0131z\u0131 Merzifon\u2019a geri g\u00f6t\u00fcrmesi i\u00e7in izin vermeye ikna etmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131. Yollarda ge\u00e7irilen yakla\u015f\u0131k bir aydan sonra, 6 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de kafile Merzifon\u2019a geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc. B\u00f6ylece vah\u015fi adamlar en be\u011fendikleri kurbanlar\u0131 al\u0131p g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f oldular. \u015eehrin s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilen, \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen ya da M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmaya zorlanan 12.000 Ermeni sakininden geriye kalanlar yaln\u0131zca bu 41 k\u0131zdan ibaretti. Merzifon\u2019da olanlar, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn di\u011fer \u015fehirlerinde olanlar\u0131n bir \u00f6rne\u011fiydi sadece.\u201d11<\/p>\n

\u201c1 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de Merzifon\u2019a gitmek i\u00e7in Sivas\u2019tan yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131k\u2026 Be\u015finci g\u00fcn Merzifon\u2019a ula\u015ft\u0131k. Ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sevin\u00e7 ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rl\u0131yorum. Bizim kolejimizde \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6ren Rum o\u011flanlar ile k\u0131zlar, bizi sevgiyle kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131lar. Bizler eskisi gibi yerimize yerle\u015ftik ve ola\u011fan okul ya\u015fant\u0131m\u0131za geri d\u00f6nd\u00fck.\u201d<\/p>\n

Kolejde \u00f6\u011frenim Nisan 1916\u2019ya kadar devam eder. May\u0131s\u2019\u0131n 16\u2019s\u0131nda Bayan Willard \u00f6\u011frencileri toplayarak Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin kendilerini Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019ne geri g\u00f6nderdi\u011fini ve okulun kapand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler.<\/p>\n

Bayan Willard b\u00fct\u00fcn bu tarihi geli\u015fmeleri yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitapta12 ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak anlat\u0131r. Bayan Willard her bir k\u0131z i\u00e7in 40 alt\u0131n harcam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Okul kapand\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u015eu\u015fanik, ya\u015fant\u0131s\u0131na yerle\u015ftirildi\u011fi bir Rum evinde devam edecektir. \u201cKolejimizdeki f\u0131r\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n o\u011flu Ar\u015fam gelip, ben ve Zaruhi\u2019ye bir Rum ailenin yan\u0131na gidece\u011fimizi bildirdi\u011finde, Kolejimiz askerler taraf\u0131ndan ku\u015fat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bizler Bayan Despina\u2019n\u0131n evinde ya\u015famaya ba\u015flad\u0131k. Ev i\u015flerine yard\u0131m ediyorduk. Onlar evde T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fuyorlard\u0131.\u201d Bu gibi yard\u0131mla\u015fmalar \u00e7ok zor da olsa bir H\u0131ristiyan dayan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r.13 B\u00f6lgede \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6rnekleri de vard\u0131r. Dr. Metaksas da, Trabzon\u2019da Levon\u2019un ailesine yard\u0131mc\u0131d\u0131r. \u201cBize yard\u0131m edebilecek Rum dostlar \u00e7e\u015fitli k\u00f6ylere da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Ama Doktor Andreas Metaksas kentteydi ve g\u00f6kten inen bir melek gibi bizi g\u00f6rmeye geldi. O tek umudumuz, d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyayla ileti\u015fim i\u00e7in tek arac\u0131m\u0131zd\u0131. Bir T\u00fcrk soka\u011f\u0131nda bizi ziyaret etmek ger\u00e7ekten cesaret isterdi\u2026 Erkekler yeni bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme i\u00e7in Doktor Metaksas ile birlikte yatak odas\u0131na \u00e7ekildiler; burada biz o\u011flanlardan birinin derhal, Doktor\u2019un ailesini g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi Rum manast\u0131r\u0131na yollanmas\u0131na karar verildi. Vah\u015fi Pontus Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019nda, her yerden uzak bu manast\u0131r, bir Ermeni\u2019yi saklamak i\u00e7in ideal bir yerdi. Manast\u0131r\u0131n ad\u0131 S\u00fcmela\u2019yd\u0131\u2026 Onnig, Rum k\u00f6yl\u00fc \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 gibi giyinip Rum bir kat\u0131rc\u0131yla birlikte Manast\u0131r\u2019a gitti. Tanr\u0131\u2019ya \u015f\u00fck\u00fcr, birimiz kurtulmu\u015ftu. E\u011fer hepimiz \u00f6l\u00fcrsek, Onnig aile ad\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrecekti.\u201d14<\/p>\n

Ermeniler \u00f6l\u00fcm yollar\u0131nda ilerlerken, \u015eu\u015fanik kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 evde M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kad\u0131nlar\u0131 e\u011flendirir! \u201cY\u00fcksek r\u00fctbeli Osmanl\u0131 memurlar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131n tak\u0131lar i\u00e7indeki e\u015fleri ziyarete geliyorlar, \u015fark\u0131 s\u00f6yleyip ut \u00e7al\u0131yorlard\u0131… Ben kolejde piyano dersleri alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131m ve ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131m ve s\u0131k s\u0131k onlar\u0131n \u015fark\u0131lar\u0131na piyanoyla e\u015flik ediyor ama ulusum can \u00e7eki\u015firken, bu umursamaz kad\u0131nlar\u0131n e\u011flencelerine kat\u0131lmak zorunda oldu\u011fum i\u00e7in kendimi \u00e7ok k\u00f6t\u00fc hissediyordum. Siyasi durum de\u011fi\u015fti\u011finde, 1918\u2019de bizi tekrar Rum ailelerin yan\u0131ndan ald\u0131lar ve yat\u0131l\u0131 okul tekrar a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131; ama bu durum da k\u0131sa s\u00fcrd\u00fc.\u201d Bu kez, Merkez Ordusu kumandan\u0131 Sakall\u0131 Nurettin Pa\u015fa Koleji bir daha a\u00e7\u0131lmamak \u00fczere kapat\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ancak herkes \u015eu\u015fanik kadar \u015fansl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Trabzon\u2019da, 8-10 ya\u015f civar\u0131ndaki k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n \u0131rz\u0131na ge\u00e7ilmesi ve sonra \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmeleri;15 s\u00fcrg\u00fcn ve imhalarda g\u00f6rev alan bir\u00e7ok \u00fcst d\u00fczey y\u00f6neticinin kendilerine harem kurmalar\u0131 ve seks partileri d\u00fczenlemeleri neredeyse ola\u011fan uygulamalard\u0131r.16 \u00d6rne\u011fin Trabzon\u2019daki K\u0131z\u0131lay\u2019a ait hastane, Vali Cemal Azmi ve di\u011fer g\u00f6revlilerin gen\u00e7 k\u0131zlar\u0131 seks objesi olarak kulland\u0131klar\u0131 bir e\u011flence merkezine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.17 Trabzon davas\u0131n\u0131n 26 Mart tarihli oturumunda konu g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015f ve h\u00e2kim san\u0131k ve \u015fahitlerin olay hakk\u0131ndaki bilgisine ba\u015fvurmu\u015ftur.18 Bunun gibi, gen\u00e7 k\u0131zlar\u0131n birbirlerine hediye olarak sunulmas\u0131 da son derece yayg\u0131n bir pratikti. Amerikan Trabzon Konsolosu \u201ck\u0131zlar i\u00e7inde en g\u00fczellerinin … \u00e7ete \u00fcyelerinin [cinsel] zevkleri i\u00e7in evlerde tutulmas\u0131 burada kuraldan g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcyor… \u0130ttihat ve Terakki\u2019nin bir \u00fcyesi, kendisi ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere en g\u00fczel k\u0131zlardan on tanesini \u015fehrin merkezi yerindeki evinde tutuyor,\u201d diye yaz\u0131yordu.19<\/p>\n

\u201cEklenmesi gereken son husus, kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuklara y\u00f6nelik yap\u0131lan bu cinsel tacizleri, sadece baz\u0131 ki\u015filerin kendi zevklerini tatmin ile a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Ermeni kad\u0131n yazar Zabel Yeseyan\u2019\u0131n hakl\u0131 olarak belirtti\u011fi gibi, bu su\u00e7lar belli kurallara g\u00f6re ve d\u00fczenli bir bi\u00e7imde i\u015flenmi\u015ftir ve Ermeni milletinin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lanmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.20 Ermeni kad\u0131n ve k\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131n v\u00fccutlar\u0131na sald\u0131r\u0131, o ulusun onuru ile oynamak olarak telakki edilmekte ve su\u00e7u i\u015fleyenlere, \u201cd\u00fc\u015fman ulusa\u201d ait bir alan\u0131n i\u015fgal edilmesi tatminini vermektedir.\u201d21<\/p>\n

ABD B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Henry Morgenthau\u2019nun 29 Temmuz 1915 tarihinde D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi Trabzon\u2019daki ABD konsolosu Oscar S. Heizer\u2019in 28 Temmuz 1915 g\u00fcnl\u00fc raporunda kad\u0131nlara ve \u00e7ocuklara y\u00f6nelik insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 uygulamalara yer verilir: \u201cTrabzon\u2019a iki saat uzakl\u0131ktaki Totz k\u00f6y\u00fcnde Gregoryenler, Katolik Ermeniler ve T\u00fcrkler ya\u015fard\u0131. G\u00fcvenilir bir tan\u0131\u011f\u0131n anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, varl\u0131kl\u0131 ve hat\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r bir Ermeni olan Boghos Marimyan ve iki o\u011flu arka arkaya dizilip vurulmu\u015flard\u0131. 45 kad\u0131n ve erkek k\u00f6ye yak\u0131n bir vadiye g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Artes ad\u0131nda bir Ermeni\u2019nin kar\u0131s\u0131 ve k\u0131zlar\u0131 \u00f6nce jandarman\u0131n subaylar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan tecav\u00fcz edildikten sonra \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmek \u00fczere jandarmalara teslim edilmi\u015fti. Bir \u00e7ocuk kafas\u0131 kayalara \u00e7arp\u0131l\u0131p beyni patlat\u0131larak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. B\u00fct\u00fcn erkekler \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, 45 ki\u015filik gruptan bir tek ki\u015fi bile sa\u011f kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\u201d22<\/p>\n

ABD Konsolosu, ayn\u0131 zamanda yetimhanelere al\u0131nan Ermeni \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara, \u00e7ete efrad\u0131na da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131na tan\u0131kl\u0131k eder. \u201c\u00c7ocuklar\u0131n okullara ya da yetimhanelere yerle\u015ftirilip, Rum Ba\u015fpiskopos taraf\u0131ndan kurulan ve desteklenen, Vali\u2019nin ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ba\u015fpiskoposun ba\u015fkan yard\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00fc\u00e7 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve \u00fc\u00e7 H\u0131ristiyan \u00fcyeden olu\u015fan komitenin g\u00f6zetiminde bak\u0131m alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131 plan\u0131 terk edildi. K\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ailelere veriliyor ve b\u00f6ylece da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oluyor. Yetimhanelerin kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n bu \u015fekilde da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 bizim i\u00e7in ve Rum Ba\u015fpiskoposu i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131yd\u0131. Rum Ba\u015fpiskopos bu u\u011furda \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, Vali\u2019nin deste\u011fini de elde etmi\u015fti. Fakat, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Komitesi\u2019nin yerel lideri, Nail Bey, bu plana kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcrede uygulamay\u0131 engellemeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bir\u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck erkek \u00e7ocuk \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmak \u00fczere [Platana Pulathane Ak\u00e7aabat] g\u00f6nderildi. Yetimhanede \u00e7ocuk bak\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olarak al\u0131konulan yeti\u015fkince k\u0131zlardan en g\u00fczelleri, burada her \u015feyin onlardan soruldu\u011fu \u00e7etecilerin evlerine, zevklerine hizmet etmek \u00fczere g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. \u0130yi haber alan kaynaklardan birinden, bir \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Komitesi \u00fcyesinin, bu k\u0131zlardan on tanesini, kendisi ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere kentin merkezi bir yerindeki evine kapatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duydum. Daha gen\u00e7 k\u0131zlar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131, sayg\u0131de\u011fer M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ailelerin evlerine g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Amerikan misyonunun eski \u00f6\u011frencilerinden bir\u00e7o\u011fu, \u015fimdi misyona yak\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcman evlerinde bulunuyor ve Nail Bey taraf\u0131ndan ziyaret edilmiyor, ama k\u0131zlar\u0131n hepsi bu kadar \u015fansl\u0131 de\u011fil.\u201d23<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n verildi\u011fi ailelere maa\u015f ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f.24 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131rarak hareme ald\u0131klar\u0131 Ermeni k\u0131z ve kad\u0131nlar ile yetim b\u0131rak\u0131lan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n ailelerinden kalan m\u00fclkleri de \u00fczerlerine ge\u00e7irme imk\u00e2n\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir.25 E\u011fitim Bakan\u0131 \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan, Trabzon vilayetine \u00e7ekilen 26 Haziran 1915 tarihli telgraf, Ermeni \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n yetimhanelerde T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesine dairdir.26<\/p>\n

Zorla asimilasyon politikalar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli aya\u011f\u0131 erkek ve k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklara y\u00f6nelik uygulamalard\u0131r. Taner Ak\u00e7am bu politikay\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klarken bir anlamda da Pontos\u2019taki 1915 s\u00fcrecini \u00f6zetlemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ama\u00e7 eldeki olanaklar \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde, gen\u00e7 k\u0131z ve erkek \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 ya yetimhanelere yerle\u015ftirmek ya da M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ailelere da\u011f\u0131tmak suretiyle \u0130slam-T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne g\u00f6re e\u011fitmekti. Gen\u00e7 k\u0131zlar\u0131n zorla M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u2019la evlendirilmeleri bu plan\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Burada \u00f6nemli olan husus, bu asimilasyon politikas\u0131n\u0131n temel ilkelerinin daha b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce planlanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Asimilasyon politikas\u0131 ile fiziki imha politikas\u0131 yan yana olup gen\u00e7 k\u0131z ve erkek \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n, di\u011fer Ermeni n\u00fcfusu ile beraber, de\u011fi\u015fik metotlarla \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmeleri veya a\u00e7l\u0131k ve hastal\u0131ktan \u00f6l\u00fcme terk edilmeleri t\u00fcm bir s\u00fcrg\u00fcn boyunca g\u00f6zlenen bir olgudur.27 Erkek-k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n teknelere bindirilerek denizde bo\u011fdurulmalar\u0131 bu duruma verilebilecek \u00f6rneklerden sadece bir tanesidir. Birinci Cihan Harbi sonras\u0131 1919-1921 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u0130stanbul\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fclen davalar\u0131n en \u00f6nemlilerinden biri olan Trabzon davas\u0131nda g\u00f6rg\u00fc tan\u0131klar\u0131 bu konuda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi vermi\u015flerdir.28<\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin 3 Nisan 1919 tarihli oturumda, bir kad\u0131n verdi\u011fi ifadede Cemal Azmi Bey\u2019in \u201cerkekleri cem\u2019 ettirerek [toplatarak] kay\u0131klarla Kumkale Ciheti\u2019ne sevk edilmeleri i\u00e7in jandarmalara emir verdi\u011fini ve bunlar\u0131n esn\u00e2-y\u0131 \u015fevkte bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n kur\u015funla, k\u0131sm-\u0131 di\u011ferinin denize at\u0131lmak s\u00fbretiyle hepsinin itl\u00e2f edildi\u011fini [\u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc]\u201d aktard\u0131ktan sonra, Vali\u2019nin \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 da toplatt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve onlar\u0131n \u201cbir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 De\u011firmendere Ciheti\u2019ne sevk\u201d ettirdi\u011fi, \u201cdi\u011fer k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 da Niyazi Efendi\u2019nin idaresi alt\u0131ndaki kay\u0131klarla denize\u201d att\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler.29 8 Nisan tarihli oturumda ifade veren Trabzon\u2019daki Katolik Misyoner Re\u00eesi \u0130talya Loran Milk, \u201cdenize n\u00e2z\u0131r bir yerde ikamet etti\u011fi i\u00e7in ba\u2019z\u0131 Ermeni Kad\u0131n ve \u00c7ocuklar\u0131\u2019nm sandallara irk\u00e2b ile [bindirilerek] nakl olunurlarken g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, bu sandallar\u0131n bi\u2019l-\u00e2hire bo\u015f d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc aktar\u0131r.30<\/p>\n

Denizde ve derelerde bo\u011fulan Ermeni kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuk cesetlerinden sonradan dalga ile k\u0131y\u0131ya gelenlerini, bunlar\u0131n bulunduklar\u0131 yerde kuma g\u00f6mme i\u015fi (defin) Rum kad\u0131nlara d\u00fc\u015fer.31<\/p>\n

D\u0130PNOTLAR<\/b><\/p>\n

1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Hem\u015fin ve Sevked\u2019in Kalkandere da\u011fl\u0131k kazalar\u0131nda zoraki \u0130sl\u00e2mla\u015ft\u0131rma politikas\u0131ndaki k\u0131r\u0131lma, ilki 1680\u2019de, \u0130kincisi ise 1708-1710 y\u0131llar\u0131na denk gelir. Bu d\u00f6nem b\u00f6lgede \u0130slamla\u015fman\u0131n kitleselle\u015fmesinde etkili olmu\u015ftur. Bu g\u00f6z\u00fc pek da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131n direni\u015fini k\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla Oflu ve Rizeli mollalar taraf\u0131ndan organize edilen katliamlar, binlerce ailenin Trabzon, Ordu, \u00c7ar\u015famba ve Giresun\u2019a ka\u00e7mas\u0131na, 30.000 Ermeni\u2019nin de \u0130slamiyet\u2019e ge\u00e7mesine neden oldu. Hem\u015fin\u2019deki Ermeni toplumunun bu \u015fekilde par\u00e7alanmas\u0131, vilayetin bat\u0131s\u0131nda ve Bitinya\u2019ya kadar uzanan b\u00f6lgede, \u201cLaz Ermeniler\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanan kolonilerin olu\u015fmas\u0131nda ba\u015fl\u0131ca etken oldu. 1680 ile 1710 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Hem\u015fin ve Sevked\u2019li [Kalkandere] yakla\u015f\u0131k 100.000 Ermeni\u2019nin zorla \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ya da katledildi ve binlercesinin de \u201c\u0130slamiyet ya da \u00f6l\u00fcm\u201d dayatmas\u0131ndan ka\u00e7mak \u00fczere bat\u0131ya g\u00f6\u00e7 etti.(Raymond Kevorkian& Paul Papoudjian, 1915 \u00d6ncesinde Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda Ermeniler, \u00c7ev.: Mayda Saris, Aras, 2012, s 206.<\/p>\n

2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Arif Cemil, Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Mahsusa, Ed.: Metin Mart\u0131, Arma, 2. Bask\u0131, s 26.<\/p>\n

3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 M. Kemal\u2019e \u0130zmir Suikast\u0131 bahanesiyle 1926 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130stiklal Mahkemesi taraf\u0131ndan g\u0131yab\u0131nda idam cezas\u0131na h\u00fckmedilmi\u015f, firarda iken Trakya hududunda tevkif edilerek Ankara\u2019da idam edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Arif Cemil, Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Mahsusa\u2026 s 21.<\/p>\n

5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Verjin Svazlian, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131, Hayatta Kalan G\u00f6rg\u00fc Tan\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n Anlatt\u0131klar\u0131, \u00c7ev.: T. Ter Vo\u011formiyaciyan – P. \u00c7evikyan, Belge, 2013, s 294-297.<\/p>\n

6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ermeniler, Samsun\u2019da gerek tek ba\u015flar\u0131na gerekse genellikle Alman, Avusturya ve \u0130ngiliz \u015firketleriyle kurduklar\u0131 ortakl\u0131klarla deniz ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve sigorta alanlar\u0131nda aktif faaliyet g\u00f6sterirlerdi. \u00dcnl\u00fc deniz ressam\u0131 Makhokhyan\u2019\u0131n ailesi bu alan\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen isimlerindendi.<\/p>\n

7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Leon Z. Surmelian, Soruyorum Size Han\u0131mlar Beyler, \u00c7ev.: Z. K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, Aras 2013, s 35.<\/p>\n

8\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 James Bryce – Arnold Toynbee, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda Ermenilere Yap\u0131lan Muamele 1915-1916, \u00c7ev.: A. G\u00fcnaysu, Gomidas Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, 2009, s 296.<\/p>\n

9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Merzifon\u2019dan yazan Amerikal\u0131 bir \u00f6\u011fretmen, \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edenlerin kalmas\u0131na m\u00fcsaade ediliyor. Ba\u015fvurular\u0131n kabul edildi\u011fi avukatl\u0131k b\u00fcrolar\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7i\u015f ba\u015fvurusu yapan insanlarla dolup ta\u015f\u0131yor. Bir\u00e7oklar\u0131 bunu \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n ve e\u015flerinin emniyeti i\u00e7in yap\u0131yorlar,\u201d diye yazar. NA\/RG59\/867. 4016\/106, B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7i Morgenthau\u2019dan D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na 26 Temmuz 1915 tarihli rapor. Aktaran: Ara Sarafian (ed.), United States Official Record on the Armenian Genocide, Akt.: Taner Ak\u00e7am, Ermenilerin Zorla M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, \u0130leti\u015fim. 2014 s. 143.<\/p>\n

10\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Amasya\u2019da Gaba\u015f Ali, Ermenilerin kesilmesiyle g\u00f6revlendiril-mi\u015ftir. Gaba\u015f o kadar ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r ki Yavuz Selim Meydan\u0131\u2019ndaki an\u0131tta fig\u00fcr olarak yer al\u0131r. Ahmet Demirel, Amasya\u2019daki Atat\u00fcrk An\u0131t\u0131\u2019nda Baltal\u0131 Katil, http:\/\/arsiv.taraf.com.tr\/haber-ataturk-anitinda-baltali-katil-145519\/ (7.1.2015)<\/p>\n

11\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 James Bryce – Arnold Toynbee, s 336-337<\/p>\n

12\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Charlotte R. Willard of Merzifon (Missionary, American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions; Formerly President of the School of Religion, Athens, Greece…). Her Life and Times. New York, 1933.<\/p>\n

13\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Denizde ve derelerde bo\u011fulan Ermeni kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuk cesetlerinden sonradan dalga ile k\u0131y\u0131ya gelenlerini, bunlar\u0131n bulunduklar\u0131 yerde kuma g\u00f6mme i\u015fi (defin) Rum kad\u0131nlara d\u00fc\u015fer. (James Bryce – Arnold Toynbee\u2026 s 289) Bu i\u015flem de bir ba\u015fka dayan\u0131\u015fmaya i\u015faret eder.<\/p>\n

14\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Leon Z. Surmelian, s. 102-103.<\/p>\n

15\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Zabel Yeseyan, La Liberation des Femmes et Enfants Nomusulmans en Turkey, s. 5.<\/p>\n

16\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 H. Arendt, Essays in Understanding – 1930-1954, New York, 1994, s. 304\u2019ten aktaran: Matthias Bjornlund, \u201cA fate worse than dying\u2019: sexual violence during the Armenian genocide\u201d, s. 24.<\/p>\n

17\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kad\u0131nlara y\u00f6nelik her t\u00fcrl\u00fc cinsel taciz ve bu amaca uygun evler a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 vb. son derece yayg\u0131n bir pratik idi. Osmanl\u0131 ordusunda g\u00f6rev yapan Alman Ordu mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n cinsel isteklerini tatmin i\u00e7in, bizzat Alman subaylar\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Der Zor\u2019da a\u00e7\u0131lan bir ev burada bir \u00f6rnek olarak verilebilir. (Yervant Odian, Accursed Years: My Erile and Retumfrom Der Zor, s. 196-197; 209-211.) Paris Bar\u0131\u015f G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda, sa\u011f kalanlar\u0131n anlat\u0131lar\u0131na dayanarak haz\u0131rlanan bir raporda sistematik bir bi\u00e7imde uygulanan bir y\u00f6ntemden bahsedilir; buna g\u00f6re, konvoylara refakat eden jandarmalar, konvoylar\u0131 bir-iki g\u00fcn y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckten sonra bir su kayna\u011f\u0131 veya akarsu yan\u0131nda durduruyor, ama susuzluktan peri\u015fan olmu\u015f bu zavall\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n su i\u00e7mesine m\u00fcsaade etmiyorlard\u0131. \u201cSusuzluktan yanm\u0131\u015f insanlar\u0131n suya kavu\u015fma izni elde etmenin bedeli, bilmem ka\u00e7 tane bakire ya da gen\u00e7 k\u0131z\u0131n kendilerine teslim edilmesiydi.\u201d (Raporu tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f Ermeni feminist yazar ve edebiyat\u00e7\u0131 Zabel Yeseyan, Paris Bar\u0131\u015f G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zabel Yeseyan, La liberation des Femmes et Enfants Nonmusul mans en Turquie, Nubarian K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi Ermeni Ulusal Delegasyon Ar\u015fivi, Bo\u011fhos Nubar Pa\u015fa\u2019ya 18 Mart 1919\u2019de iletilen 11 sayfal\u0131k rapor, s. 2-3.) Konvoylara e\u015flik etmekle g\u00f6revli asker\u00ee komutanlar\u0131n, \u201conlara ne isterseniz onu yap\u0131n\u201d, diyerek askerlerine \u201cErmeni kad\u0131nlar \u00fczerinde tam kullan\u0131m hakk\u0131\u201d verdikleri bir\u00e7ok an\u0131da yer al\u0131r. Gen\u00e7 k\u0131z ve \u00e7ocuklara istenilen her \u015feyi yapabilme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, t\u00fcm bir s\u00fcrg\u00fcn s\u00fcrecini Hannah Arendt\u2019in deyi\u015fiyle \u201cmutlak kontrol\u00fcn laboratuvarlar\u0131\u201d haline \u00e7evirmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

18\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Yeni Gazete, 27 Mart 1919.<\/p>\n

19\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Taner Ak\u00e7am, Ermenilerin Zorla M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131\u2026 s 193.<\/p>\n

20\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Zabel Yeseyan, La Liberation des Femmes et Enfants Nomusulmans en Turkey, s 5.<\/p>\n

21\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Taner Ak\u00e7am, Ermenilerin Zorla M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131\u2026 s 194.<\/p>\n

22\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 James Bryce – Arnold Toynbee, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda Ermenilere Yap\u0131lan Muamele\u2026 s 287.<\/p>\n

23\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 James Bryce – Arnold Toynbee\u2026 287-288<\/p>\n

24\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 BOA\/DH \u015eFR 63\/142<\/p>\n

25\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 BOA\/DH \u015eFR 54-A\/382<\/p>\n

26\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 BOA\/DH \u015eFR 54\/150<\/p>\n

27\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Wolfgang Gust, Alman Belgeleri, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 1915-16, Alman D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Siyasi Ar\u015fiv Belgeleri, \u00c7ev.: Z. Hasan\u00e7ebi – A. Takcan, Belge, 2012, s. 54-61<\/p>\n

28\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Davalar hakk\u0131nda daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in, Taner Ak\u00e7am ve Vahakn N. Dadrian (ed.), Tehcir ve Taktil: Divan-\u0131 Harb-i \u00d6rfi Zab\u0131tlar\u0131: \u0130ttihad ve Terakki\u2019nin Yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 1919-1922, \u0130stanbul Bilgi \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2008.<\/p>\n

29\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Alemdar, 4 Nisan 1919<\/p>\n

30\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Yeni Gazete, 9 Nisan 1919<\/p>\n

31\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 James Bryce – Arnold Toynbee\u2026 s 289<\/p>\n

Bu yaz\u0131, edit\u00f6rl\u00fcklerini Leyla \u00c7elik ve Elif Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m’\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Nika Yay\u0131nlar\u0131’ndan \u00e7\u0131kan Ye\u015filden Maviye adl\u0131 kitaptan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kitap, Karadeniz kad\u0131nlar\u0131 \u00fczerine haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f kolektif bir kitapt\u0131r…Yay\u0131m i\u00e7in hem yazardan hem de yay\u0131nevinden izin al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r…\u00a0 Te\u015fekk\u00fcrlerimizle<\/b><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.ortakhaber.com\/1915-surecinde-pontos-ta-ermeni-kadin-olmak.html#.Veg2t1I45dB.twitter<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sait \u00c7etino\u011flu\u00a0 Osmanl\u0131 fethinden sonra Pontos radikal bir de\u011fi\u015fime u\u011frad\u0131. T\u00fcrk g\u00f6\u00e7ebelerini b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015ftiremeyen saray, Batum\u2019dan S\u00fcrmene\u2019ye, Rize ve Of\u2019a kadar, k\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerindeki Ortodoks halklar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik zoraki bir \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131rma politikas\u0131 uygulamaya koyuldu. Zorla \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131rma, di\u011fer H\u0131ristiyan halklar gibi Ermenilerin n\u00fcfuslar\u0131nda kan kayb\u0131na en b\u00fcy\u00fck etmenlerden biridir. 1915 s\u00fcrecinde Pontos\u2019ta Ermeni kad\u0131ndan s\u00f6z etmek tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[44,1,70,20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36401","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ermeni-soykirimi","category-haberler","category-makaleler","category-tarih-sayfalari"],"yoast_head":"\n1915 S\u00fcrecinde Pontos\u2019ta Ermeni Kad\u0131n Olmak - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=36401\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"1915 S\u00fcrecinde Pontos\u2019ta Ermeni Kad\u0131n Olmak - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Sait \u00c7etino\u011flu\u00a0 Osmanl\u0131 fethinden sonra Pontos radikal bir de\u011fi\u015fime u\u011frad\u0131. T\u00fcrk g\u00f6\u00e7ebelerini b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015ftiremeyen saray, Batum\u2019dan S\u00fcrmene\u2019ye, Rize ve Of\u2019a kadar, k\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerindeki Ortodoks halklar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik zoraki bir \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131rma politikas\u0131 uygulamaya koyuldu. 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