Sosyoekonomik durum<\/b><\/p>\n
Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yeni kazanm\u0131\u015f olan Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti, a\u011f\u0131r bir sosyoekonomik durumla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131r. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ile Osmanl\u0131 sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131 neticesinde tahrip ve viran olmu\u015f bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fclkede 300 binden fazla ka\u00e7ak s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma bulmu\u015f, a\u00e7l\u0131k ve salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar ba\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015f, hukuksuzluk yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Birinci ba\u015fbakan H. Ka\u00e7aznuni, parlamentoda \u00fclkenin i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu durumu \u201c\u015fekilsiz bir kaos ve y\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lardan olu\u015fan bir y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u201d olarak betimlerken, bunun ima etmekteydi.<\/p>\n
Ermenistan ekonomisi zay\u0131ft\u0131 ve bir zamanlar, Rusya \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun geri kalm\u0131\u015f b\u00f6lgesi olarak an\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 da bo\u015funa de\u011fildi. D\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131n\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 neticesinde, zaten zay\u0131f olan ekonomi tamamen da\u011f\u0131l\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131-Tatar ablukalar\u0131 sonucunda d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyayla olan ili\u015fki kesilmi\u015f, d\u00fczenli bir mal ihracat\u0131 ve ithalat\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Haliyle a\u00e7l\u0131k ve bununla birlikte tifo ve kolera benzeri salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar da ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131. \u00dclkenin bir milyon n\u00fcfusunun yakla\u015f\u0131k yar\u0131s\u0131 a\u00e7l\u0131\u011fa mahk\u00fbmdu. Bunun neticesinde, sadece birka\u00e7 ay i\u00e7inde a\u00e7l\u0131k, so\u011fuk ve salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcltecilerden olu\u015ftu\u011fu 180 bin ki\u015finin hayat\u0131na mal olur. Tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f Ermeni siyaset\u00e7ilerden, eski i\u00e7i\u015fleri bakan\u0131 Aram Manukyan da salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k sonucu \u00f6lenlerden biriydi.<\/p>\n
H\u00fck\u00fcmet, halk\u0131n fiziki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumak amac\u0131yla baz\u0131 ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc tedbirler ele almaya mecbur olur ve ekmek, pamuk, \u015feker, tuz, patates vs. gibi zaruri ihtiya\u00e7 maddelerinin sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 devlet monopol\u00fc ilan edilir. Baz\u0131 durumlarda varl\u0131kl\u0131 insanlar\u0131n mallar\u0131na do\u011frudan el konulup, bu mallar a\u00e7lara ve evsizlere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r. D\u0131\u015far\u0131dan yard\u0131m getirmek i\u00e7in Amerika\u2019ya giden Hovhannes Ka\u00e7aznuni\u2019nin yerine Aleksand\u0131r Khatisyan (1876-1945) ba\u015fbakan atan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu a\u011f\u0131r \u015fartlar, 1919 May\u0131s\u0131nda ABD\u2019den 1,3 put (eski Rus \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc birimi, 1 put = 16,380 kg-\u00e7ev. notu) un, 257 bin put bu\u011fday ile \u015feker, zeytinya\u011f\u0131, \u00e7ay, kakao ve daha ba\u015fka g\u0131da maddelerinin ula\u015fmas\u0131na kadar s\u00fcrer. Amerikan unu, a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bast\u0131r\u0131r ve halk\u0131n durumunda biraz d\u00fczelme olur. Minnettar Ermeni halk\u0131, Amerikan hay\u0131rseverlerinin yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 unutmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
M\u00fcltecilerin durumu ve vatana g\u00f6\u00e7 konusu<\/b><\/p>\n
M\u00fcltecilerle yetimlerin sorunu, \u00fclke i\u00e7i ya\u015fam\u0131n zor sorunlar\u0131ndan biridir. Soyk\u0131r\u0131mdan kurtulabilen yakla\u015f\u0131k 300 bin Bat\u0131 Ermeni\u2019si, Do\u011fu Ermenistan\u2019a s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130kinci bir m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131 da Azerbaycan b\u00f6lgesinden gelir. On binlerce Ermeni, T\u00fcrk-Tatar \u015fiddetinden ka\u00e7arak Ermenistan\u2019a s\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Son derece zor \u015fartlar i\u00e7inde bulunan m\u00fcltecilerin h\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan yedirilmesi, kalacak yer temin edilmesi, toprak ve i\u015f temin edilmesi gerekiyordu. M\u00fclteciler, \u00fclkede sosyal \u015fartlar\u0131 en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck d\u00fczeyde olan kesimi olu\u015fturmaktayd\u0131. Her bir m\u00fclteciye g\u00fcnde yar\u0131m fund (200 gram) un verilir. Sosyal yard\u0131m, g\u0131da ve i\u00e7i\u015fleri bakanl\u0131klar\u0131, m\u00fcltecilerin sorunlar\u0131yla ilgilenmekteydi.<\/p>\n
Yetim \u00e7ocuklar, m\u00fclteciler aras\u0131nda en \u00e7ok ilgiye gereksinim duyanlard\u0131. Resmi verilere g\u00f6re 40 binin \u00fczerinde sahipsiz ve ba\u015f\u0131bo\u015f yetimin bulundu\u011fu Ermenistan\u2019da, en b\u00fcy\u00fck yetimhane Aleksandrapol\u2019de (G\u00fcmr\u00fc-\u00e7ev. notu) bulunmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n
Devletin, k\u0131t imk\u00e2nlar\u0131yla t\u00fcm yetimlerin masraflar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenme imk\u00e2n\u0131 yoktu. Bu sebeple, yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki hay\u0131r kurulu\u015flar\u0131, yetimlere ve m\u00fcltecilere yard\u0131m eli uzat\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde en g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpan\u0131, Amerikan Yard\u0131m Komitesi olur. Amerkom (Amerikan Yard\u0131m Komitesi-\u00e7ev. notu), 1919 May\u0131s\u0131nda, yetim \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n bak\u0131m\u0131 i\u015fini genel olarak \u00fczerine al\u0131r. Yetimlere zanaatlar \u00f6\u011fretmek, yeti\u015fkin m\u00fcltecileri ise i\u015fe yerle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in faaliyetler y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Ermenistan s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bulunan m\u00fcltecilerin durumu daha a\u011f\u0131r ve belirsizdir. G\u00fcrcistan, Kuzey Kafkasya, \u0130ran, Mezopotamya ve daha ba\u015fka yerlerde \u00e7ok say\u0131da m\u00fclteci bulunmaktayd\u0131. Bat\u0131 Ermenistanl\u0131 m\u00fclteciler, bir an \u00f6nce vatanlar\u0131na (Bat\u0131 Ermenistan) d\u00f6n\u00fcp, tekrar ocaklar\u0131n\u0131 kurmak i\u00e7in bekliyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n
Ermenistan h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, Bat\u0131 Ermenilerinin \u00fclkeye g\u00f6\u00e7 edebilmeleri i\u00e7in baz\u0131 ad\u0131mlar atar. Vatana g\u00f6\u00e7 komisyonu olu\u015fturulur ve Ermenistan ile yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hay\u0131r ama\u00e7l\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015f toplanmas\u0131 tertiplenir. Lakin Ermeni Sorunu\u2019nun m\u00fcspet \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn fiili olarak ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u01311920 sonbahar\u0131ndan itibaren, vatana g\u00f6\u00e7 konusu da kapanm\u0131\u015f olur. Vatanlar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015f y\u00fcz binlerce m\u00fclteci Ermeni, diaspora Ermenilerinin saflar\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ekonominin aya\u011fa kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve geli\u015fmesine y\u00f6nelik giri\u015fimler<\/b><\/p>\n
\u00dclke topraklar\u0131n\u0131n hissedilir \u015fekilde geni\u015fledi\u011fi ve halk\u0131n durumunun biraz d\u00fczeldi\u011fi 1919 bahar\u0131ndan itibaren h\u00fck\u00fcmet, ekonomiyi canland\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla baz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda bulunur.<\/p>\n
Deri, sabun, konyak, alkol, t\u00fct\u00fcn, porselen, dokuma, s\u00fct \u00fcr\u00fcnleri gibi onlarca imal\u00e2thane onar\u0131larak, \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaya ba\u015flan\u0131r. \u015eustov\u2019un konyak fabrikas\u0131 devletle\u015ftirilir. Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f ve Dilican\u2019da kereste imalathaneleri kurulur, Ko\u011fp ve Ka\u011fz\u0131van (Ka\u011f\u0131zman-\u00e7ev. notu) tuz madenleri ile Alaverdi\u2019deki Zangezur bak\u0131r madenleri i\u015flenmeye ba\u015flan\u0131r. \u0130leti\u015fim yollar\u0131 d\u00fczenlenir ve ticaret belli bir oranda iyile\u015ftirilir, posta telgraf hizmetleri geli\u015ftirilir vs.<\/p>\n
\u015eehir naz\u0131m planlar\u0131 ile elektrik \u00fcretim santralleri projeleri haz\u0131rlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00a0Ermeni ve yabanc\u0131 kapitali Ermenistan\u2019a \u00e7ekme denemeleri yap\u0131l\u0131r. Dola\u015f\u0131ma sokulan Ermeni paras\u0131, ekonominin az geli\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 h\u0131zla de\u011fer kaybeder.<\/p>\n
\u00dclkede baz\u0131 sulama kanallar\u0131 yenilenir ve yeni kanallar \u00e7ekilir. Batakl\u0131klar\u0131n kurutulmas\u0131 ve tuzlu topraklar\u0131n d\u00fczenlenmesi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r. Tohum ve tar\u0131m aletleri elde edilir ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcye da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n bir tar\u0131m \u00fclkesi olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, toprak sorununun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc, \u00e7ift\u00e7i i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemliydi. H\u00fck\u00fcmet ve parlamentonun \u00e7abalar\u0131yla, b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahiplerine ait t\u00fcm topraklara el konularak kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z olarak k\u00f6yl\u00fcye da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in baz\u0131 kanunlar kabul edilir.<\/p>\n
B\u00f6ylece, g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, ekonomi alan\u0131nda bir-iki y\u0131l i\u00e7inde g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. Lakin bunlar sadece ilk ad\u0131mlard\u0131r. Hayata ge\u00e7irilmesi imk\u00e2ns\u0131zla\u015fan baz\u0131 projeler daha sonra Sovyet Ermenistan\u2019\u0131 d\u00f6neminde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir.<\/p>\n
E\u011fitim-k\u00fclt\u00fcr hayat\u0131<\/b><\/p>\n
K\u00fclt\u00fcr hayat\u0131nda olumlu geli\u015fmeler ya\u015fan\u0131r. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Ermeni devletinin yeniden tesisi, Ermeni ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n vatana d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc i\u00e7in uygun \u015fartlar olu\u015fturur. A. Tamanyan, T. Toramanyan, H. Abelyan, H. Manandyan, M. Abe\u011fyan, N. A\u011fbalyan, L. \u015eant, Y. \u011eambaryan, S. Malkhasyan ve daha bir\u00e7ok k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve bilim insan\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019a gelir ve e\u011fitim-bilim alan\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n
E\u011fitim faaliyetleri de ilerleme g\u00f6sterir ve okul sistemi ilk ve orta olmak \u00fczere iki a\u015famal\u0131 olarak d\u00fczenlenir. 1918-19 e\u011fitim y\u0131l\u0131nda Ermenistan\u2019da 11 bin \u00f6\u011frencili 130 ilkokul varken, 1919-20 e\u011fitim y\u0131l\u0131nda 41 bin \u00f6\u011frencili 450 ilkokul vard\u0131r. \u00dclkede 5.000\u2019den fazla \u00f6\u011frenciye sahip 20 ortaokul bulunmaktayd\u0131. 1920 Oca\u011f\u0131ndan itibaren ilkokullar \u00fccretsiz olur.<\/p>\n
Devlet \u00fcniversitesinin kurulmas\u0131,\u00a0 Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n milli-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hayat\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir geli\u015fme olur. \u00dcniversitenin Ocak 1920 tarihindeki a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f t\u00f6reninde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmas\u0131nda ba\u015fbakan Aleksand\u0131r Khatisyan, bask\u0131 zincirini k\u0131rm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fumuzu ve \u015fimdi de cehalet zincirini k\u0131rma vaktinin gelmi\u015f oldu\u011funu belirtir. \u00dcnl\u00fc hukuk\u00e7u, Profes\u00f6r Y. \u011eambaryan \u00fcniversitenin ilk rekt\u00f6r\u00fc olarak atan\u0131r. Ermenistan \u00fcniversitesinin do\u011fu\u015fu, ermeni halk\u0131n\u0131n yeniden do\u011fu\u015funu simgelemekteydi.<\/p>\n
Devlet resim galerisi, milli k\u00fct\u00fcphane, arkeoloji, etnografya ve daha ba\u015fka m\u00fczelerin kurulu\u015fu, t\u00fcm Ermenistan i\u00e7in bir zenginlik olur. Yerevan\u2019da konservatuar, devlet tiyatrosu, t\u0131p, tar\u0131m, Aleksandrapol\u2019de sanat, Kars\u2019ta askeri okul ve e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 planlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n i\u00e7 ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hayat\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimler g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclecek kadar de\u011fi\u015fmekteydi. \u00dclkenin sosyoekonomik a\u011f\u0131r \u015fartlar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, ekonominin temellerini atmak, vatan\u0131 millile\u015ftirmek, e\u011fitim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr hayat\u0131nda hareketlilik kaydetmek, \u00fcniversite a\u00e7mak vs. gibi hamleler k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
http:\/\/www.findarmenia.com\/arm\/history\/27\/565<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Sosyoekonomik durum Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yeni kazanm\u0131\u015f olan Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti, a\u011f\u0131r bir sosyoekonomik durumla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131r. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ile Osmanl\u0131 sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131 neticesinde tahrip ve viran olmu\u015f bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fclkede 300 binden fazla ka\u00e7ak s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma bulmu\u015f, a\u00e7l\u0131k ve salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar ba\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015f, hukuksuzluk yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Birinci ba\u015fbakan H. Ka\u00e7aznuni, parlamentoda \u00fclkenin i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu durumu \u201c\u015fekilsiz bir kaos […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[65,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36060","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ermenilerin-tarihi","category-haberler"],"yoast_head":"\n