{"id":35940,"date":"2015-07-31T03:18:48","date_gmt":"2015-07-31T08:18:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=35940"},"modified":"2015-07-31T07:07:46","modified_gmt":"2015-07-31T12:07:46","slug":"103-yonetim-mekanizmalarinin-sekillenmesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=35940","title":{"rendered":"103. Y\u00f6netim mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fekillenmesi"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\u0540\u0561\u0575\u0561\u057d\u057f\u0561\u0576\u056b<\/a>
Birinci Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Y\u00f6netim mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 (yarg\u0131, yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme)<\/b><\/p>\n

\"Birinci<\/a>
Birinci Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin bayra\u011f\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilan\u0131 ile Batum Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131n\u0131n sonras\u0131na kadar Tiflis\u2019te kurulmu\u015f olan ilk h\u00fck\u00fcmet, 1918 Temmuzunun ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131na kadar Ermeni Milli Meclisi\u2019nin \u00fcyeleriyle birlikte ba\u015fkent Yerevan\u2019a nakledilir ve hemen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flar. Hovhannes Ka\u00e7aznuni (1868-1937), h\u00fck\u00fcmet ba\u015fkan\u0131 (ba\u015fbakan) se\u00e7ilir.<\/p>\n

Yeni kurulan h\u00fck\u00fcmet Tiflis\u2019ten Yerevan\u2019a nakledilmeden \u00f6nce, yerinde devlet mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 ve dirlik d\u00fczenin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, Yerevan Milli Meclisi fiili y\u00f6neticisi, Birinci Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ger\u00e7ek kurucusu olarak kabul edebilece\u011fimiz, Ermeni kurulu\u015f hareketinin tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f liderlerinden Aram Manukyan (Sargis Hovhannisyan, 1879-1919) taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir.<\/p>\n

\"Birinci<\/a>
Birinci Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin armas\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

H\u00fck\u00fcmetin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131ndan sonra, kanun koyucu kurum olan parlamentonun olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 konusu ortaya konulur. Cumhuriyetin var oldu\u011fu 2,5 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde iki d\u00f6nem parlamento se\u00e7ilir. \u00c7ok parti prensibiyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve 46 milletvekiline sahip olan birinci d\u00f6nem parlamento, Ermenistan Meclisi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Kurulan ikinci d\u00f6nem parlamento ise Haziran 1919\u2019da yap\u0131lan se\u00e7imler sonucunda \u015fekillenir. Bu parlamento, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun Da\u015fnaktsutyun Partisi \u00fcyesi 80 milletvekilinden olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Birinci d\u00f6nem parlamento ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak tar\u0131m uzman\u0131 Avetik Sahakyan, ikincisinde ise, yazar Avetis Aharonyan (1866-1948) se\u00e7ilir.<\/p>\n

Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti, devlet y\u00f6netimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, en y\u00fcksek y\u00fcr\u00fctme organ\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmetin oldu\u011fu, parlamenter demokratik bir cumhuriyet olarak kabul edilir. H\u00fck\u00fcmet ba\u015fkan\u0131 (ba\u015fbakan) ise, devletin bir numaral\u0131 g\u00f6revlisi olarak kabul edilmekle birlikte, parlamento taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilip, tekrar parlamentoya tabi olur.<\/p>\n

\"Birinci<\/a>
Birinci Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin h\u00fck\u00fcmet binas\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Yarg\u0131 egemenli\u011finin \u015fekillenmesi de devlet egemenli\u011finin peki\u015fmesinde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynamaktayd\u0131. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta, Rus imparatorlu\u011fu kanunlar\u0131, baz\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle, ge\u00e7ici olarak korunur. Daha sonra ise, Ermeni milli ruhuna uygun kanunlar giderek k\u00f6k salmaya ba\u015flar. Yarg\u0131-adalet sisteminde \u00fc\u00e7 basamakl\u0131 (b\u00f6lgesel, adalet saray\u0131 ve senato) adli makamlar\u0131 olu\u015fturulur. 1919\u2019da yeminli j\u00fcri mahkemelerinin kurulmas\u0131, \u00fclkenin yarg\u0131 sisteminin demokratikle\u015ftirilmesinin bir d\u0131\u015favurumudur.<\/p>\n

Yerel y\u00f6netimlerin ta\u015fra ve \u015fehir ve toplum organlar\u0131, y\u00f6netim sisteminde kendine \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir yere sahipti. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sonunda, Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin alan\u0131 geni\u015flemeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, b\u00f6lgelerin say\u0131s\u0131 onu ge\u00e7er. \u00d6nemli \u015fehirlerin say\u0131s\u0131 da onun \u00fczerindedir. Daha sonra May\u0131s 1920\u2019de ise, \u00fclke idari a\u00e7\u0131dan d\u00f6rt eyalete b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr. Bunlar Ararat, \u015eirak, Vanand ve S\u00fcnik eyaletleridir. O tarihlerde Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 alan yakla\u015f\u0131k 70 bin km2<\/sup>\u2019ye, n\u00fcfusu ise 2 milyona ula\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Zemstva (yerel y\u00f6netim) kurumlar\u0131yla ilgili kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmetin giri\u015fimiyle haz\u0131rlan\u0131p, y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe sokulur. \u015eehirlerin yerel y\u00f6netimleri vs. yeniden olu\u015fturulur.<\/p>\n

\"Birinci<\/a>
Birinci Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin paras\u0131: 100 Ruble<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Milli bir ordunun olu\u015fturulmas\u0131<\/b><\/p>\n

\"Birinci<\/a>
Birinci Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ilk ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Hovhannes Kacaznuni<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ermeni devletinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n peki\u015ftirilmesi konusundaki en \u00f6nemli arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131ndan biri de milli bir ordunun olu\u015fturulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Sadece disiplinli ve etkili bir orduya sahip olan milletin g\u00fcvenli ve devletin dirayetli oldu\u011funu tarih g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

Ermenistan, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin talebiyle, Batum Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na istinaden sadece bir t\u00fcmene sahip olabilirdi. Bu y\u00fczden de Ermeni kolordusu, 1918\u2019de bir piyade t\u00fcmenine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclerek komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na General Movses Silikyan (1862-1937) getirilir. T\u00fcmende g\u00f6rev yapan askerlerin toplam say\u0131s\u0131 16 bindi. Sava\u015f bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na General Hovhannes Hakhverdyan (1873-1937), Ermeni ordusunun genel komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na da General Tovmas Nazarbekyan (1855-1931) getirilir.<\/p>\n

Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti b\u00f6lgesinde bulunan g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc fedai birlikleri, \u00f6zellikle de \u015fanl\u0131 fedai \u015fefi Andranik\u2019in ba\u015f\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu birlik da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r. H\u00fck\u00fcmetle baz\u0131 anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar i\u00e7inde bulunan Andranik, 1919 bahar\u0131nda k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131 ve silahlar\u0131n\u0131 katolikosa (Ermeni Kilisesi dini \u00f6nderi-\u00e7ev. notu) teslim ederek, nihai olarak Ermenistan\u2019\u0131 terk eder. Milli kahraman Andranik, yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00fclkesi i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fckten sonra, 1927 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD\u2019nin Frezno \u015fehrinde hayata g\u00f6zlerini yumar ve Paris\u2019teki Per La\u015fes mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fcr. Minnettar Ermeni halk\u0131, Andranik\u2019in vasiyetini yerine getirir ve cenazesi 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ermenistan\u2019a nakledilip, Ermenistan ve Artsakh (Da\u011fl\u0131k Karaba\u011f-\u00e7ev. notu) kahramanl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesinin di\u011fer \u015fehit kahramanlar\u0131n\u0131n yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131, Yerevan\u2019daki Yeraplur \u015fehitli\u011finde t\u00f6renle topra\u011fa verilir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk ordusunun Transkafkasya\u2019dan uzakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Ermeni-G\u00fcrc\u00fc sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n da son buldu\u011fu 1919 Oca\u011f\u0131nda ordu k\u0131smen da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, 20-25 ya\u015flar\u0131ndaki askerli\u011fe elveri\u015fli vatanda\u015flar askere \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131l\u0131r. Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin askeri g\u00fcc\u00fc, hem asker, hem silah, hem de maddi a\u00e7\u0131dan geli\u015fir. 1920 Oca\u011f\u0131nda \u00fclkenin asker say\u0131s\u0131 25 bine, sonbaharda, T\u00fcrk-Ermeni sava\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde, aralar\u0131nda 33 general ve 2.000 subay\u0131n oldu\u011fu, yakla\u015f\u0131k 40 bin say\u0131s\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Disiplinin tesis edilmesi, m\u00fccadele ruhunun y\u00fckseltilmesi, anadilin k\u00f6kle\u015fmesi vs. de ordunun en \u00f6nemli sorunlar\u0131ndan biriydi ve bu a\u00e7\u0131dan da \u00f6nemli i\u015fler ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. Lakin s\u00fcrenin k\u0131sal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve uygun olmayan \u015fartlar, milli Ermeni ordusunun istikrar kazanmas\u0131 konusunun nihayetlenmesine imk\u00e2n vermedi.<\/p>\n

Diplomatik ba\u011flar\u0131n tesis edilmesi<\/b><\/p>\n

\"Birinci<\/a>
Birinci Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ilk parlamento ba\u015fkan\u0131 Avetik Sahakyan<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Yeni olu\u015fan her bir devletin \u00f6ncelikli sorunlar\u0131ndan biri, farkl\u0131 devletlerle diplomatik ili\u015fki kurmak ve uluslararas\u0131 alanda tan\u0131nmakt\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye, Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019ni ilk tan\u0131yan \u00fclke olmakla birlikte, taraflar aras\u0131nda do\u011frudan diplomatik ili\u015fki kurulmaz. Ermenistan, yak\u0131n kom\u015fular\u0131 olan G\u00fcrcistan, \u0130ran ve Azerbaycan haricinde, d\u00f6rtl\u00fc ittifak ve Antant\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131 baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerle de diplomatik ili\u015fkiler kurup, temsilcilikler a\u00e7ar. Ermenistan, bir-iki y\u0131l i\u00e7inde yakla\u015f\u0131k 40 devletle diplomatik ili\u015fki kurar. Tiflis, Tahran, Konstantinopel (\u0130stanbul-\u00e7ev. notu), Paris, Londra, Roma, Washington, Tokyo, Atina, Kiev, Krasnodar vs. \u015fehirlerinde diplomatik temsilciler (el\u00e7ilikler) a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Antant devletlerinin \u00fcst organ\u0131 1920 Oca\u011f\u0131nda Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019ni fiili olarak (de facto) tan\u0131r. Ermenistan, d\u00f6nemin en prestijli uluslararas\u0131 te\u015fkilat\u0131 olan Milletler Ligas\u0131\u2019na \u00fcye olmaya haz\u0131rlan\u0131r. Lakin 1920 y\u0131l\u0131 sonunda Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmesi ve Sovyetle\u015fmesi sonucunda bu konu kapan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ermenistan h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, diplomatik ili\u015fki kurmak vas\u0131tas\u0131yla, Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 tan\u0131nmas\u0131, yabanc\u0131 devletlerle ekonomik ili\u015fkilerin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131, insani yard\u0131m vs. elde etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin sembolleri<\/b><\/p>\n

\"Birinci<\/a>
Birinci Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ikinci parlamento ba\u015fkan\u0131 Avetis Aharonyan<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir devleti milli-resmi semboller olmadan tasavvur etmek imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131r. K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131, mavi ve turuncu renkli \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc renkler devletin bayra\u011f\u0131 olarak kabul edilir. K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 renk, Ermeni halk\u0131n\u0131n kurtulu\u015f m\u00fccadelesi esnas\u0131nda d\u00f6km\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011fu kan\u0131, mavi renk, Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n engin g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc, turuncu renk ise, eme\u011fi simgeler. Devletin mar\u015f\u0131 olarak b\u00fcy\u00fck h\u00fcrriyet \u015fairi M. Nalbantyan\u2019\u0131n s\u00f6zlerinin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cVatan\u0131m\u0131z\u201d milli \u015fark\u0131s\u0131 se\u00e7ilir. Mimar Aleksandr Tamanyan ve ressam Hakob Kocoyan\u2019\u0131n haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 arma, devlet armas\u0131 olarak kabul edilir. Armada resmedilen aslan ve kartal, kavramsal a\u00e7\u0131dan Bat\u0131 ve Do\u011fu Ermenistan fikrini ortaya koyar. Bu, Ermeni halk\u0131n\u0131n, Ermenistanlar\u0131n birle\u015ftirilmesi fikrini hayal etti\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Ermenistan’\u0131n, o d\u00f6nemin t\u00fcm \u00fc\u00e7 sembolleri olan bayrak, mar\u015f ve armas\u0131n\u0131 miras alm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu enteresand\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yeniy\u0131l, Kutlu do\u011fum, Vardanants, T\u0131yarn\u0131ntara\u00e7, Paskalya, 1 May\u0131s vs. gibi Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin resmi, milli ve dini bayramlar\u0131 \u00f6zel kanunlarla kabul edilir. Devlet-kilise ili\u015fkileri d\u00fczenlenir. T\u00fcm dinlere tam \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck veren (vicdan) h\u00fcrriyet ve e\u015fitlik ilan edilir. Ermeni devlet\u00e7ili\u011finin en \u00f6nemli de\u011ferlerinden biri de ku\u015fkusuz ki Ermenicenin devlet dili olarak ilan edilmesi ve fiiliyata ge\u00e7irilmesiydi. \u00c7arl\u0131k d\u00f6neminden kalan eski devlet okullar\u0131 devletle\u015ftirilip, Ermenile\u015ftirilir.<\/p>\n

Devlet ni\u015fanlar\u0131 haz\u0131rlan\u0131r. Londra\u2019da bas\u0131l\u0131p, dola\u015f\u0131ma sokulan milli para, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n istikrar kazanmas\u0131 konusunda \u00f6nemli bir yer tutmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Ermeni devletinin yeniden tesis edilmesinin tarihi \u00f6nemi<\/b><\/p>\n

\"Birinci<\/a>
Birinci Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ilk savunma bakan\u0131 Hovhannes Hakhverdyan<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

B\u00f6ylece, y\u00fczy\u0131llar sonra, Ermeni halk\u0131n\u0131n kahramanca m\u00fccadelesi sonucunda, ola\u011fan bir tarihi gereklilik olarak, 28 May\u0131s 1918 tarihinde, birinci Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti do\u011far.<\/p>\n

Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilan\u0131, Ermeni halk\u0131n\u0131n binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k tarihinde yeni bir d\u00f6nem a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n

Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z devletin yeniden tesisi, milli do\u011fu\u015f ve geli\u015fim a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u015fartlar olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

Ermenistan, k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede, devlet kurumlar\u0131, ekonomik-siyasi sistemiyle, milli ordusu, diplomatik ili\u015fkileri, devlet sembolleri vs. sahibi olan d\u00fczenli bir devlete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti, devlet kurulu\u015fu ve y\u00f6netim a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, parlamentonun bask\u0131n oldu\u011fu bir demokratik devlet, d\u00fcnyaya da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan Ermenilerin toplumsal-siyasi ve ruhani-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hayat\u0131n birle\u015ftirici merkezi olur.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.findarmenia.com\/arm\/history\/27\/559<\/p>\n

\u00c7eviren: DiranLokmag\u00f6zyan<\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Y\u00f6netim mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 (yarg\u0131, yasama, y\u00fcr\u00fctme) Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilan\u0131 ile Batum Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131n\u0131n sonras\u0131na kadar Tiflis\u2019te kurulmu\u015f olan ilk h\u00fck\u00fcmet, 1918 Temmuzunun ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131na kadar Ermeni Milli Meclisi\u2019nin \u00fcyeleriyle birlikte ba\u015fkent Yerevan\u2019a nakledilir ve hemen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flar. Hovhannes Ka\u00e7aznuni (1868-1937), h\u00fck\u00fcmet ba\u015fkan\u0131 (ba\u015fbakan) se\u00e7ilir. Yeni kurulan h\u00fck\u00fcmet Tiflis\u2019ten Yerevan\u2019a nakledilmeden \u00f6nce, yerinde devlet mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[65,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35940","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ermenilerin-tarihi","category-haberler"],"yoast_head":"\n103. Y\u00f6netim mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fekillenmesi - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=35940\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"103. 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