{"id":31779,"date":"2014-09-26T08:56:37","date_gmt":"2014-09-26T13:56:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=31779"},"modified":"2014-09-26T08:58:28","modified_gmt":"2014-09-26T13:58:28","slug":"82-sasun-ayaklanmasi-bati-ermenilerine-yonelik-katliamlar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=31779","title":{"rendered":"82. Sasun ayaklanmas\u0131. Bat\u0131 Ermenilerine y\u00f6nelik katliamlar"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"1894<\/a>
1894 Sasun ayaklanmas\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Ermeni kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 siyaseti<\/b><\/p>\n

Bat\u0131 Ermenilerinin sosyal-siyasi ve ekonomik durumu, XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son \u00e7eyre\u011finde giderek daha fazla a\u011f\u0131rla\u015f\u0131r. Ermeni k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fc, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlardan be\u015f kat daha fazla vergi vermekteydi. A\u011f\u0131r ve a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131ran vergi siyaseti, Ermenilerin ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc zay\u0131flat\u0131p, onlar\u0131 ge\u00e7im imk\u00e2nlar\u0131ndan yoksun b\u0131rakarak, g\u00f6\u00e7 yolunu tutmay\u0131 \u00a0zorunlu k\u0131lmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lamaktayd\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6neticileri, Ermeni vilayetlerini Ermenilerden bo\u015faltmaya y\u00f6nelik adi planlar\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in bu vas\u0131tay\u0131 da kullan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Farkl\u0131 ekonomik bask\u0131lar, milliyet\u00e7i siyaset, etnik bask\u0131 ve \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131yla birle\u015fmekteydi. Y\u00f6netici T\u00fcrk elit, Ermeni sorununun Ermenileri imha etme yoluyla \u201c\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi\u201d gerekti\u011fi konusunda padi\u015fah Abd\u00fclhamit\u2019i ikna etmi\u015fti. Padi\u015fah, bu niyetle daha 1891 y\u0131l\u0131nda, kendi ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan ve as\u0131l ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n Ermeniler ile di\u011fer H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n katledilmesi olan \u201cHamidiye\u201d s\u00fcvari alaylar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. H\u00fck\u00fcmet 1890\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda katliam planlar\u0131n\u0131 en ince ayr\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131na kadar haz\u0131rlay\u0131p, Ermeni katliamlar\u0131n\u0131 resmi d\u00fczeye y\u00fckselterek, yerel y\u00f6neticilere gerekli emirleri yollar.<\/p>\n

1894 Sasun ayaklanmas\u0131<\/b><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi, \u00f6ncelikle Ermeni kurtulu\u015f m\u00fccadelesinin ba\u015fl\u0131ca ocaklar\u0131ndan biri olan Sasun\u2019la hesap g\u00f6rmeye karar verir. Sasun, Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerinden olup, idari a\u00e7\u0131dan Bitlis Vilayeti\u2019nde bulunmaktayd\u0131 ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 35.000 Ermeni n\u00fcfusa sahipti. H\u00fcrriyetperver ve e\u011filmez Sasunlular\u0131 bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda tutmak i\u00e7in, padi\u015fah\u0131n emriyle Osmanl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7leri taraf\u0131ndan Sasun\u2019un Ermeni k\u00f6ylerine s\u0131k-s\u0131k sald\u0131r\u0131lar d\u00fczenlenir. Tatrag\u2019a sald\u0131r\u0131p halk\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irmek isteyen T\u00fcrk-K\u00fcrt g\u00fc\u00e7leri, 1891-1892 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Sasunlular taraf\u0131ndan yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131l\u0131r. H\u0131n\u00e7ak Partisi\u2019nden Mihran Damatyan ile B\u00fcy\u00fck Murat (Hambardzum Boyac\u0131yan), yerel \u00f6nderlerden H\u0131rayr, Gevorg \u00c7avu\u015f ve di\u011ferleriyle birlikte halk\u0131 isyana \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131r. Da\u011fl\u0131lar, vergi vermeyi reddeder. H\u00fck\u00fcmet, bu \u015fekilde Ermeni-K\u00fcrt ili\u015fkilerinin daha da gerginle\u015fece\u011fini hesap ederek, \u00f6nce K\u00fcrt a\u015firet reisleri vas\u0131tas\u0131yla Sasunlular\u0131 dize getirmeyi dener. Lakin da\u011fl\u0131lar ba\u015f e\u011fmez. Grigor Moseyan liderli\u011findeki Sasunlular, 1893 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bitlis valisi taraf\u0131ndan yollanan birlikleri bozguna u\u011frat\u0131r. Lakin padi\u015fah, aralar\u0131nda M. Damatyan, Taron dini \u00f6nderi episkopos Nerses ve daha ba\u015fka asi Sasunlular\u0131n bulundu\u011fu 25 ki\u015fiyi tutuklatmay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131r, fakat Sasunlular \u00fcmitlerini kaybetmez. B\u00fcy\u00fck Murat, H\u0131rayr ve silah arkada\u015flar\u0131 m\u00fccadelenin y\u00f6netimini ellerine al\u0131p halk\u0131 silahl\u0131 direni\u015fe haz\u0131rlar. \u00d6zellikle gen\u00e7 hayduk Gevorg \u00c7avu\u015f hayli b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fler ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n

Kuduran padi\u015fah, 4. ordu komutan\u0131 Zeki Pa\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 Sasunlular\u0131n \u00fczerine yollar. Onlara K\u00fcrt birlikleri ve T\u00fcrk ba\u015f\u0131bozuklar da kat\u0131l\u0131r. Zeki Pa\u015fa, ge\u00e7en 7 y\u0131l\u0131n vergilerini talep eder, fakat Sasunlular reddeder.<\/p>\n

A\u011fustos ba\u015f\u0131nda 40.000\u2019in \u00fczerindeki Osmanl\u0131 ordusu ve kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k g\u00fcruh sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7er. Sasunlular, cesaret ve fedak\u00e2rl\u0131k mucizeleri sergileyerek, kendilerini kahramanca savunur. Kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuklar da erkeklerle birlikte omuz-omuza cesaretle d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. D\u00fc\u015fman, cesur da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131 yenemeyece\u011fini anlay\u0131nca, hainli\u011fe ba\u015fvurur, Sasunlulara bir heyet g\u00f6nderir ve teslim olmalar\u0131 halinde padi\u015fah ad\u0131na af s\u00f6z\u00fc verir. Sasunlular taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler i\u00e7in yollanan 148 ki\u015fi d\u00fc\u015fman taraf\u0131ndan ku\u015fat\u0131l\u0131p katledilir. \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmalar yeni bir ivmeyle ba\u015flar. Kat-kat say\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne sahip rakip k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede, aralar\u0131nda savunman\u0131n merkezi olan Gelieguzan K\u00f6y\u00fc de olmak \u00fczere, baz\u0131 yerle\u015fim yerlerini ele ge\u00e7irir. Sadece 2.000 eli silah tutan ki\u015fiye sahip Sasunlular, geri \u00e7ekilip da\u011flarda mevzilenir ve ani kar\u015f\u0131 ataklar d\u00fczenleyerek, d\u00fc\u015fmana hissedilir derecede kay\u0131plar verir. Bu e\u015fit olmayan m\u00fccadele yakla\u015f\u0131k 15 g\u00fcn s\u00fcrer. A\u011fustos sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru Osmanl\u0131 birlikleri nihayet galip gelir ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 7.000 ki\u015fiyi k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irir. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131, namuslar\u0131na el s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmemek i\u00e7in intihar eder. K\u00f6y\u00fcn reisi Grigor\u2019un g\u00fczel gelini \u015eake, kendisini kayalardan at\u0131p hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybeder ve bir\u00e7o\u011fu onu takip eder.<\/p>\n

Ayaklanman\u0131n liderlerinden bir k\u0131sm\u0131 (G. Moseyan, A. Nikayan ve di\u011ferleri) \u015fehit d\u00fc\u015fer, di\u011ferleri ise (B\u00fcy\u00fck Murat, Gevorg \u00c7avu\u015f vd.) tutuklan\u0131r. Murat, 11 y\u0131l hapse mahk\u00fcm olur ve Tripoli\u2019ye (L\u00fcbnan) s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilir.<\/p>\n

1894 Sasun ayaklanmas\u0131, Berlin kongresinden sonra Bat\u0131 Ermenilerinin Osmanl\u0131 bask\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ilk silahl\u0131 isyan\u0131d\u0131r. Sasunlular, b\u00fcy\u00fck devletlerin kendileri lehine arac\u0131l\u0131k yapacaklar\u0131 \u00fcmidini beslemekteydi. Lakin \u00fcmitleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmez. B\u00fcy\u00fck devletler, ancak Abd\u00fclhamit taraf\u0131ndan ayaklanma bast\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p, binlerce masum Ermeni k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irildikten sonra Sasun olaylar\u0131yla ilgilenmeye ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

\"May\u0131s<\/a>
May\u0131s ay\u0131ndaki reform plan\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

May\u0131s ay\u0131ndaki reform plan\u0131<\/b><\/p>\n

Sasun katliamlar\u0131 bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede protesto ve hiddet uyand\u0131r\u0131r. Uluslar aras\u0131 ilerici toplum, Abd\u00fclhamit taraf\u0131ndan Sasun\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen caniliklere kar\u015f\u0131 sesini y\u00fckseltir. \u0130ngiliz, Frans\u0131z ve Rus h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri, toplumun talebi \u00fczerine Sasun olaylar\u0131na e\u011filmeye ba\u015flar. Sasun katliamlar\u0131n\u0131 incelemek amac\u0131yla, 1894 Kas\u0131m\u0131nda \u00f6zel bir komisyon d\u00fczenlenir. Bu komisyon birka\u00e7 ay \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra, Sasun halk\u0131n\u0131n cinsiyet ve ya\u015f g\u00f6zetmeksizin ve Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi taraf\u0131ndan sebepsiz yere katledilmi\u015f oldu\u011fu sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131r. Ermeni sorunu yeniden ortaya konar. 11 May\u0131s 1895 tarihinde B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya, Fransa ve Rusya el\u00e7ileri taraf\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetine, May\u0131s plan\u0131 olarak an\u0131lan bir reform paketi sunar. Buna g\u00f6re Van, Erzurum, Bitlis, Kharbert (Harput-\u00e7ev. notu), Diyarbekir ve Sebastia (Sivas-\u00e7ev .notu) vilayetlerinde reformlar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecek, valiler, dini ayr\u0131cal\u0131k yap\u0131lmadan, 5 y\u0131l s\u00fcreyle se\u00e7ilecekti. Valinin H\u0131ristiyan olmas\u0131 durumunda yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olacakt\u0131 ve tersi. \u201cHamidiye\u201d birlikleri, bar\u0131\u015f d\u00f6neminde silah ve \u00fcniforma giyme hakk\u0131ndan men edilmekteydi. Cebri el koymalar kald\u0131r\u0131lacak, vergiler d\u00fczenlenecek, toprak ve adli konular \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme ula\u015facakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Padi\u015fah, bu belgeyi memnuniyetle kabul etti\u011fini ikiy\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fckle bildirdikten sonra, \u00fclkenin sadece bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda reformlar uygulamay\u0131 haks\u0131z olarak kabul etti\u011fini ekler. Di\u011fer vilayetlerde de reformlar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi gereklili\u011fini el\u00e7ilere bildirir. Reform plan\u0131n\u0131n padi\u015fah taraf\u0131ndan 1895\u2019te kabul edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bu plan\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir ad\u0131m atmaz.<\/p>\n

H\u0131n\u00e7aklar, Avrupal\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck devletlerin dikkatini \u00e7ekmek ve onlar\u0131n deste\u011fiyle reform plan\u0131n\u0131 hayata ge\u00e7irebilmek i\u00e7in Eyl\u00fcl 1895\u2019te Konstantinopel\u2019de bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir g\u00f6steri d\u00fczenler. G\u00f6steriyi d\u00fczenleyenler, mitingin bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l olaca\u011f\u0131 konusunda el\u00e7ileri \u00f6nceden bilgilendirmi\u015fti. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 4.000 bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l g\u00f6sterici Bab\u0131\u00e2li\u2019ye, h\u00fck\u00fcmet kona\u011f\u0131na do\u011fru y\u00fcr\u00fcr. Lakin polisler yar\u0131 yolda g\u00f6stericileri durdurup, dilek\u00e7eyi h\u00fck\u00fcmete vermelerini engeller, ard\u0131nda da askerler g\u00f6stericilere sald\u0131r\u0131p \u00fczerlerine ate\u015f etmeye ba\u015flar. Ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn t\u00fcm Konstantinopel\u2019e yay\u0131lan katliamlarda 2.000 Ermeni hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybeder.<\/p>\n

\"<\/a>
1894-1896 Bat\u0131 Ermenilerinin toplu katliamlar\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bat\u0131 Ermenilerinin toplu katliamlar\u0131<\/b><\/p>\n

Padi\u015fah, b\u00fcy\u00fck devletler aras\u0131nda var olan anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar sebebiyle May\u0131s reform plan\u0131n\u0131n k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde kalaca\u011f\u0131na emin olarak, Ermenilerin sesini g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f katliamlarla bo\u011fmaya karar verir. Bu katliamlar 1894 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flar ve 1896 sonlar\u0131na kadar s\u00fcrer.<\/p>\n

H\u00fck\u00fcmet, gerici M\u00fcsl\u00fcman din adamlar\u0131na, Ermenilerin s\u00f6zde ihtilal yap\u0131p M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 katletmek istediklerini yaymalar\u0131 talimat\u0131n\u0131 verir. Ayakland\u0131r\u0131lan fanatik T\u00fcrk g\u00fcruh, K\u00fcrt a\u015firetler, polis g\u00fc\u00e7leri ve d\u00fczenli ordu birlikleri, cinsiyet ve ya\u015f fark\u0131 g\u00f6zetmeksizin Ermeni katliamlar\u0131na ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

1895 y\u0131l\u0131 Eyl\u00fcl-Kas\u0131m aylar\u0131nda Baberd (Bayburt-\u00e7ev. notu), Yerz\u0131nka (Erzincan-\u00e7ev. notu), \u015eabinkarahisar, Urfa, Van, Bayazet (Beyaz\u0131t, Do\u011fubeyaz\u0131t-\u00e7ev. notu), Bitlis ve daha ba\u015fka yerlerde, Bat\u0131 Ermenistan ve Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Ermenilerin yo\u011fun olarak ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde katliamlar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir.<\/p>\n

14 A\u011fustos 1896 tarihinde bir grup Da\u015fnaktsakan, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir y\u00f6nteme ba\u015fvurup, Osmanl\u0131 Bankas\u0131\u2019na girerek, bankay\u0131 havaya u\u00e7urma tehdidiyle katliamlara son verilmesini talep eder. Bankay\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irenler el\u00e7ilerin m\u00fcdahalesiyle kurtulur, fakat bu olay katliamlar\u0131n geni\u015flemesi i\u00e7in f\u0131rsat te\u015fkil eder. \u00dc\u00e7 g\u00fcn s\u00fcren katliamlar sonucunda, sadece Konstantinopel\u2019de 10 bin Ermeni k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irilir. \u00c7ok say\u0131da Ermeni, katliamlar\u0131 takip eden sert k\u0131\u015f \u015fartlar\u0131nda, a\u00e7l\u0131k ve bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klar sonucunda hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybeder.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131 Ermenilerinin soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131, fiili olarak 1890\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n katliamlar\u0131yla ba\u015flar. 300 binin \u00fczerinde Ermeni hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybeder, bir o kadar\u0131 ise tozlu ve dikenli g\u00f6\u00e7 yollar\u0131n\u0131 tutar. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 100 bin Ermeni Rusya\u2019ya, 150-200 bini Avrupa, Afrika ve Amerika\u2019n\u0131n farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerine g\u00f6\u00e7er. Maalesef Bat\u0131 Ermenilerinin belli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul ederek ihtida eder.<\/p>\n

Katliamlar\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/b><\/p>\n

1890\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n katliamlar\u0131, Bat\u0131 Ermenistan ve t\u00fcm Ermeniler i\u00e7in son derece a\u011f\u0131r sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furur. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funda ya\u015fayan Ermenilerin say\u0131s\u0131 3 milyondan 2,5 milyona d\u00fc\u015fer. \u0130mha edilen ve s\u00fcr\u00fclen Ermenilerin yerle\u015fim yerlerine, halklar aras\u0131ndaki dengeleri M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar lehine de\u011fi\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla devlet taraf\u0131ndan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar yerle\u015ftirilir. Bu nedenle, Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n demografik g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc Ermeniler aleyhine hissedilir derecede de\u011fi\u015fir.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131 Ermenilere y\u00f6nelik milli ve sosyal bask\u0131lar katliamlardan sonra daha \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 devleti, h\u00fcrriyet\u00e7i hareketleri hemen bast\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla, Ermeni \u015fehir ve k\u00f6ylerinde k\u0131\u015flalar kurar ve farkl\u0131 \u00e7eteler olu\u015fturur. Padi\u015fah taraf\u0131ndan himaye edilen ve Ermenilerin topraklar\u0131na el koyup, bu topraklar\u0131n sahiplerini kendi k\u00f6lelerine de\u011fi\u015ftiren\u00a0 K\u00fcrt a\u015firet reisleri, daha serbest hareket etmeye ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131 Ermenistan ekonomisi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6sterir. Sanayi kurulu\u015flar\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r ve kapan\u0131r, g\u00f6\u00e7ebe a\u015firetler taraf\u0131ndan otlak olarak kullan\u0131lan ekin alanlar\u0131 azal\u0131r.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.findarmenia.com\/arm\/history\/24\/468<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00c7eviren: Diran Lokmag\u00f6zyan<\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Ermeni kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 siyaseti Bat\u0131 Ermenilerinin sosyal-siyasi ve ekonomik durumu, XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son \u00e7eyre\u011finde giderek daha fazla a\u011f\u0131rla\u015f\u0131r. Ermeni k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fc, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlardan be\u015f kat daha fazla vergi vermekteydi. A\u011f\u0131r ve a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131ran vergi siyaseti, Ermenilerin ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc zay\u0131flat\u0131p, onlar\u0131 ge\u00e7im imk\u00e2nlar\u0131ndan yoksun b\u0131rakarak, g\u00f6\u00e7 yolunu tutmay\u0131 \u00a0zorunlu k\u0131lmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lamaktayd\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6neticileri, Ermeni vilayetlerini Ermenilerden bo\u015faltmaya y\u00f6nelik […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":31781,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[65,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-31779","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ermenilerin-tarihi","category-haberler"],"yoast_head":"\n82. Sasun ayaklanmas\u0131. Bat\u0131 Ermenilerine y\u00f6nelik katliamlar - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=31779\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"82. 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