Bizans\u2019\u0131n Ermenistan siyaseti<\/b><\/p>\n
Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7iren Bizans\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca arzusu, bu \u00fclkeyi kendisine itaatk\u00e2r tutmakt\u0131. Bizans y\u00f6neticileri, bu niyetle Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n askeri g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc zay\u0131flatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Ermeni beylere b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fclkler ve unvanlar bah\u015federek, imparatorlu\u011fun i\u00e7lerine yerle\u015ftirir. Sadece Bizansl\u0131lara sad\u0131k Ermeni asiller Ermenistan\u2019da kal\u0131r. Halk \u00e7e\u015fitli vergiler \u00f6demeye, kalelerin ve \u015fehir surlar\u0131n\u0131n tahkim edilmesine ve yollar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131na kat\u0131lmaya mecburdu. Ermeni halk\u0131, Bizans g\u00f6revlileri taraf\u0131ndan s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmekteydi.<\/p>\n
Bizansl\u0131lar, Ermeni Kilisesi\u2019ni kontrol alt\u0131na almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131p, her f\u0131rsatta i\u00e7i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fmaktayd\u0131. \u0130mparatorluk, katolikosun Ermenileri birle\u015ftirip, Bizans\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7irebilece\u011finin bilincinde olarak, \u00f6nleyici tedbirlere ba\u015fvurmaktayd\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Ani \u015fehrinin i\u015fgali esnas\u0131nda Bizansl\u0131lara b\u00fcy\u00fck hizmetlerde bulunmu\u015f olan katolikos Petros Getadardz, Konstantinopel\u2019e \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131l\u0131r. Katolikos, birka\u00e7 y\u0131l boyunca imparatorlu\u011fun ba\u015fkentinde ya\u015far, fakat kendisine art\u0131k Ani\u2019ye d\u00f6nme izni verilmez. Kendisinden sonra gelen katolikoslara da ayn\u0131s\u0131 uygulan\u0131r. Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, katolikoslar\u0131n Ermenistan\u2019a yerle\u015fip faaliyet g\u00f6stermelerini yasaklamaktayd\u0131. Bizans, Ermeni beylerini, Ermeni mezhebinden feragat etmeye mecbur etmekte, Ermeni kiliseleri ve manast\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 vergiye ba\u011flamay\u0131 planlamaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n
Ermenistan i\u00e7in en vahimi, Bizans\u2019\u0131n, Ermeni silahl\u0131 kuvvetlerini ortadan kald\u0131rma denemeleriydi. \u0130mparatorluk, halktan askeri vergi almaya ba\u015flar. B\u00f6ylece, Ermenistan talihin cilvesine terk edilip, Sel\u00e7uk-T\u00fcrklere \u00fclkeye engelsiz sald\u0131rma imk\u00e2n\u0131 verilir.<\/p>\n
Sel\u00e7uk-T\u00fcrklerinin ak\u0131nlar\u0131<\/b><\/p>\n
Sel\u00e7uk-T\u00fcrklerinin atalar\u0131, \u00c7in\u2019in kuzeyinde bulunan b\u00f6lgelerde ve Orta Asya\u2019da ya\u015famakta, g\u00f6\u00e7ebe hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kla u\u011fra\u015f\u0131p, aileleri ve s\u00fcr\u00fcleriyle birlikte oradan oraya hareket etmekteydi. T\u00fcrklerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131, liderleri Sel\u00e7uk\u2019un haleflerinin \u00f6nderli\u011finde, XI. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgal eder ve Ermenistan s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Sel\u00e7uk-T\u00fcrklerinin 20 bin ki\u015filik ordusu 1047 y\u0131l\u0131nda ilk defa olarak Ermenistan\u2019a sald\u0131r\u0131r. Vaspurakan\u2019a (Van b\u00f6lgesi-\u00e7ev. notu) ak\u0131n eder ve Basen\u2019e (Pasinler-\u00e7ev. notu) kadar ula\u015f\u0131r. Yollar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki Ermeni yerle\u015fimlerini tahrip edip, binlerce ki\u015fiyi esir al\u0131rlar. D\u00fc\u015fman, Ermenistan\u2019da hemen-hemen hi\u00e7bir direni\u015fle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmaz. Ermeniler fiili olarak silahs\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, Bizansl\u0131lar ise a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a, kar\u015f\u0131 operasyonlardan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n
100 bin ki\u015filik Sel\u00e7uklu ordusu 1048\u2019de ikinci kez Ermenistan\u2019a sald\u0131r\u0131r. Sel\u00e7uklular, ayn\u0131 yoldan \u00fclkeye girerek, Basen ve Karin (Erzurum-\u00e7ev. notu) Ovas\u0131\u2019na yerle\u015fir. Buradan da \u00fclkenin t\u00fcm yanlar\u0131na yay\u0131l\u0131rlar. D\u00fc\u015fman, her yere \u00f6l\u00fcm ve y\u0131k\u0131m getirir, ya\u015fl\u0131 ve \u00e7ocuklara dahi ac\u0131maz.<\/p>\n
Bizans ordusu hi\u00e7bir faaliyet g\u00f6stermez ve ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta, d\u00fc\u015fmana direnmeye dahi te\u015febb\u00fcs etmez. Sel\u00e7uklular, Karin yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda bulunan, koruma surlar\u0131 olmayan bir ticari merkez olan Ards\u0131n \u015fehrine sald\u0131r\u0131r, \u015fehri kundaklay\u0131p, y\u0131kar, ya\u011fmalar ve halk\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 esir olarak g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcrler.<\/p>\n
Ancak Sel\u00e7uklular At\u0131rpatakan\u2019a d\u00f6nmeye haz\u0131rland\u0131klar\u0131nda Bizansl\u0131lar gizlendikleri yerden \u00e7\u0131kar. Ermeni ve G\u00fcrc\u00fc ordular\u0131n\u0131 kendilerine ekleyen Bizansl\u0131lar, Sel\u00e7uklulara kar\u015f\u0131 meydan sava\u015f\u0131 verir. Lakin son derece par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f olan Bizans ordusu a\u011f\u0131r bir yenilgi al\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bizans y\u00f6neticileri hatalar\u0131n\u0131 anlay\u0131p, bir an i\u00e7in kendilerine gelir. Ermeni halk\u0131n\u0131 kendilerine \u00e7ekme ve vergileri hafifletme siyasetine ba\u015flat\u0131rlar. Lakin Ermeni ordusunu tekrar olu\u015fturmay\u0131 ba\u015faramaz ve Sel\u00e7uk-T\u00fcrklerinin g\u00fcnden g\u00fcne artan bask\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koymak art\u0131k imk\u00e2ns\u0131z bir hal al\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Sel\u00e7uk-T\u00fcrklerinin 1054 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ak\u0131n\u0131, Tu\u011frul Bey taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmekteydi. Kars \u015fehrini savunanlar bu sefer d\u00fc\u015fmana inatla direnir. \u0130\u00e7lerinden Tatul ad\u0131nda gen\u00e7 bir Ermeni asker, Tu\u011frul\u2019un gen\u00e7 akrabalar\u0131ndan birini \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl derecede yaralar, fakat esir d\u00fc\u015fer. Geni\u015f omuzlu ve c\u00fcsseli Ermeni sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden hayran kalan Tu\u011frul, yaral\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u00f6lmemesi durumunda Tatul\u2019u serbest b\u0131rakma s\u00f6z\u00fc verir. Gururlu asker, korkusuzca, \u201cdarbe benimse, rakip muhakkak \u00f6lecektir\u201d,- diye cevaplar.<\/p>\n
Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n i\u015fgali<\/b><\/p>\n
Sel\u00e7uk-T\u00fcrklerinin ilk \u00fc\u00e7 ak\u0131nlar\u0131, istik\u015faf ama\u00e7l\u0131yd\u0131. Sel\u00e7uk-T\u00fcrkleri devletinin ba\u015f\u0131na Alpaslan ge\u00e7ti\u011finde durum de\u011fi\u015fir. Alpaslan komutas\u0131ndaki ordu 1064 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ermenistan ve G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a sald\u0131r\u0131r. Bizans ordular\u0131 tekrar sadece seyirci olur. Sel\u00e7uklular Ani\u2019yi ku\u015fatt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u015fehrin Bizansl\u0131 muhaf\u0131z birli\u011fi i\u00e7 kaleye \u00e7ekilir ve halk\u0131 sahipsiz b\u0131rak\u0131r. D\u00fc\u015fman, m\u00fcreffeh \u015fehri bir y\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131na \u00e7evirir. Kars, S\u00fcnik ve Ta\u015fir-Dzoraget krallar\u0131, Sel\u00e7uk-T\u00fcrklerine tabi olduklar\u0131n\u0131 bildirerek, y\u0131k\u0131mdan kurtulur. Ararat Ovas\u0131 ve Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n kuzey k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 bu \u015fekilde i\u015fgal edilir.<\/p>\n
Bizansl\u0131lar, 1071 y\u0131l\u0131nda nihayet Sel\u00e7uk-T\u00fcrklerinin tehlikeli ilerlemesini durdurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir orduyla do\u011fuya ilerler. Bizansl\u0131lar ve Sel\u00e7uk-T\u00fcrkleri aras\u0131ndaki belirleyici meydan sava\u015f\u0131, Manazkert (Malazgirt-\u00e7ev. notu) yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Bu sava\u015f, imparatorluk i\u00e7in bir facia olarak son bulur. Bizansl\u0131lar, \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131plar verir ve imparator dahi esir d\u00fc\u015fer. Bizansl\u0131lar, yenilgilerini mecburen hemen kabul eder ve Sel\u00e7uk-T\u00fcrkleriyle bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalar. \u0130mparatorluk, t\u00fcm K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya\u2019y\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmana teslim etmeye mecbur olur. O zamana kadar y\u0131k\u0131ma u\u011framam\u0131\u015f olan Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcney ve bat\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131, Manazkert meydan muharebesi sonucunda i\u015fgal edilir. T\u00fcm Ermenistan, Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n muazzam \u00e7apl\u0131 sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na d\u00e2hil edilir.<\/p>\n
Ermenistan ziraat\u0131, Sel\u00e7uk-T\u00fcrklerinin ak\u0131nlar\u0131 ve hareketlerinden b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda zarar g\u00f6r\u00fcr. \u00d6zellikle \u015fehirler zor durumda kal\u0131r. Uluslar aras\u0131 transit ticaret ve zanaatlar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6sterir. Ermeni beyler ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrler, topraklar\u0131n\u0131 kaybeder. Ermeni elit birli\u011fi da\u011f\u0131l\u0131r ve zaman i\u00e7inde yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkelere da\u011f\u0131l\u0131r. S\u00fcrekli \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ve ekonomik \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc nedeniyle \u00e7ok say\u0131da Ermeni, vatan\u0131n\u0131 terk eder. Kom\u015fu \u00fclkelere, \u00f6zellikle Bizans\u2019\u0131n i\u00e7lerine, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Hayk\u2019a, Kapadokya\u2019ya ve Kilikya\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n
XI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na gelen felaketler, katolikosluk makam\u0131 i\u00e7in de trajik sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furur. Olumsuz siyasi \u015fartlardan dolay\u0131, Ermeni Kilisesi\u2019nin dini \u00f6nderleri s\u00fcrekli bir yerden di\u011ferine ge\u00e7mekte ve sabit bir yerde durmamaktayd\u0131. Bu y\u00fczden katolikoslar, Kilikya\u2019ya yerle\u015fene kadar, vatandan uzakta, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya\u2019n\u0131n farkl\u0131 \u015fehirlerinde ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n