{"id":24182,"date":"2013-06-21T05:01:11","date_gmt":"2013-06-21T10:01:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=24182"},"modified":"2013-07-11T01:54:36","modified_gmt":"2013-07-11T06:54:36","slug":"35-sehirler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=24182","title":{"rendered":"34. \u015eehirler"},"content":{"rendered":"

Geli\u015fmi\u015f Orta\u00e7a\u011f kentleri<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\"Ani<\/a>
Ani \u015fehir plan\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

IV. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Pers ordular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen, \u015fehir n\u00fcfusunun tehcirinden sonra \u015fehir hayat\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r bir darbe al\u0131r. Erken Orta\u00e7a\u011f sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde sadece D\u0131vin, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u015fehir olarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr. Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yeniden tesis edilmesi sayesinde IX.-XI. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda eski \u015fehirler onar\u0131l\u0131r, ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli kav\u015faklar\u0131nda otuza yak\u0131n yeni \u015fehir olu\u015fur. \u015eehir hayat\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcratli geli\u015fimi, mesleklerin toplumsal ay\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 derinle\u015fmesiyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Yukar\u0131da belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere zanaatlar, ziraattan ayr\u0131l\u0131r, zanaatlar ve ticaret b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda \u015fehirlerde yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Geli\u015fmi\u015f Orta\u00e7a\u011f \u015fehirleri, yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 korumay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr. Kraliyet veya beylik \u015fatolar\u0131, m\u00fc\u015ftemilatlar\u0131yla birlikte, \u015fehirlerin en korunakl\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131nda, surlarla \u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc i\u00e7 kalede bulunmaktayd\u0131. Di\u011fer y\u00f6neticiler ve y\u00fcksek r\u00fctbeli din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n saraylar\u0131 da i\u00e7 kaledeydi. As\u0131l \u015fehir veya sanayi k\u0131sm\u0131, i\u00e7 kalenin etraf\u0131nda bulunup, \u015fahastan ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktayd\u0131. Zanaatk\u00e2rlar\u0131n at\u00f6lyeleri, t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n d\u00fckk\u00e2nlar\u0131 ve ma\u011fazalar\u0131, pazarlar, oteller ve di\u011fer yap\u0131lar burada yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u015eahastan, genellikle surlarla \u00e7evrelenmi\u015f olup \u015fehrin banliy\u00f6leri bu surlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131. \u015eehrin yoksul kesimi, fakir zanaatk\u00e2rlar, \u0131rgatlar ve \u015fehrin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 tabakas\u0131 burada ya\u015fay\u0131p, sava\u015f zaman\u0131nda \u015fahastana s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"Ani\u2019nin<\/a>
Ani\u2019nin surlar\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Uzun s\u00fcren bar\u0131\u015f d\u00f6nemi nedeniyle Ards\u0131n ve daha ba\u015fka \u015fehirler hi\u00e7bir zaman surlarla donat\u0131lmaz. Bu \u015fehirleri \u201ca\u00e7\u0131k \u015fehirler\u201d olarak anmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u015eehrin ileri gelenlerinin ba\u015f\u0131nda \u015fehremini veya \u015fahap bulunmaktayd\u0131. Muhtasip olarak an\u0131lan g\u00f6revli vergi toplay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131lar\u0131, ticari mek\u00e2nlar\u0131 ve zanaat at\u00f6lyelerini denetlemekteydi. Bu g\u00f6revliler, alt memurlar sayesinde faaliyetlerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmekteydi. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirler, ihtiyar heyetine sahipti.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zellikle k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck krall\u0131klar ve b\u00fcy\u00fck beylerin merkezleri daha h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fmekteydi. Ermeni krallar\u0131 ve beyleri, birbirleriyle yar\u0131\u015farak, merkezlerini \u015fahane saraylar, misafirhaneler ve daha ba\u015fka yap\u0131larla s\u00fcslemekteydi. B\u00fcy\u00fck ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck beyler ile y\u00fcksek r\u00fctbeli din adamlar\u0131, \u015fehirlerde d\u00fckk\u00e2nlar veya ma\u011fazalar, at\u00f6lyeler, su de\u011firmenleri ve ya\u011fhanelere sahip olup, \u00f6nemli gelir elde etmekteydi.<\/p>\n

Ziraat\u0131n, zanaattan ayr\u0131lmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, \u015fehir n\u00fcfusunun bir k\u0131sm\u0131 hem tar\u0131m, hem de hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kla u\u011fra\u015fmaktayd\u0131. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u015fehirlerde ziraat \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin \u00fcretimi, genelde a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 rol oynamaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc \u015fehirleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Ani\u2019nin<\/a>
Ani\u2019nin parke ta\u015fl\u0131 sokaklar\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Geli\u015fmi\u015f Orta\u00e7a\u011fdaki Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n en \u00fcnl\u00fc \u015fehri, devletin ba\u015fkenti olan Ani olmu\u015ftur. \u015eehir, Akhuryan (Arpa\u00e7ay) Nehri\u2019nin sa\u011f k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda bulunmaktayd\u0131. Merkezi, kral saray\u0131 ve farkl\u0131 di\u011fer yap\u0131lar\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu, surlarla \u00e7evrili i\u00e7 kale olmu\u015ftur. \u0130\u00e7 kaleyi \u00e7evreleyen d\u00fczl\u00fckte bulunan \u015fahastan, plato taraf\u0131ndan korunmal\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, Ermeni krallar\u0131, \u015fehrin g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla d\u00fczg\u00fcn kesilmi\u015f ta\u015flardan sa\u011flam duvarlar in\u015fa eder. Zanaatk\u00e2rlar\u0131n at\u00f6lyeleri, ticaret erbab\u0131n\u0131n ma\u011fazalar\u0131, \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131 ve oteller, \u015fehrin bu k\u0131sm\u0131nda bulunmaktayd\u0131. Al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f, yabanc\u0131 t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n da bulundu\u011fu \u00f6zel bir meydanda yap\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. \u015eehri halk\u0131, toprak borularla 12 km uzaktan getirilen i\u00e7me suyuna sahipti.<\/p>\n

\"Ani.<\/a>
Ani. Kilise harabeleri<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ani, d\u00fcnyevi g\u00f6rkemli yap\u0131lar\u0131 haricinde, \u00e7ok say\u0131da kiliseleri ve manast\u0131rlar\u0131yla da g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpmaktayd\u0131. \u015eehir tamamen ta\u015ftan in\u015fa edilmi\u015f ve ta\u015f kapl\u0131 sokaklara sahipti. Bizans tarih\u00e7ilerinden birinin s\u00f6zleriyle \u201cAni, b\u00fcy\u00fck ve d\u00fczenli bir \u015fehirdir\u201d. Ger\u00e7ekten de Ani, Ermeni k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, zanaat\u0131, ticareti ve \u00f6zellikle de mimarisinin en \u00f6nemli merkeziydi. Tefecilik \u015fehirde geli\u015fmekte, y\u00f6neticiler ve y\u00fcksek r\u00fctbeli din adamlar\u0131 zenginlik ve refah i\u00e7inde ya\u015famaktayd\u0131. Lakin \u015fehir surlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, banliy\u00f6lerde, kul\u00fcbelerde ve hatta yeralt\u0131ndaki evlerde ya\u015fayan fakirler b\u00fcy\u00fck bir say\u0131 te\u015fkil etmekteydi.<\/p>\n

Ani, \u015fehrin, krala ba\u011fl\u0131 ihtiyarlar heyeti taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmekteydi.<\/p>\n

\"Dvin\u2019in<\/a>
Dvin\u2019in merkezi mahallesi (Rekonstr\u00fcksiyon)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

IX.-XI. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda D\u0131vin \u015fehri geli\u015fir. \u015eehir, Ararat Ovas\u0131\u2019ndan ge\u00e7en \u00f6nemli bir yol \u00fczerinde bulunmakta ve zanaatlar ile ticaretin y\u00fcksek geli\u015fiminden dolay\u0131 refah d\u00fczeyi y\u00fckselmekteydi.<\/p>\n

\"Kars<\/a>
Kars Kalesi<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u015eehrin merkezi, h\u00e2kim bir tepede bulunan i\u00e7 kaleydi. Sa\u011flam surlarla \u00e7evreli geni\u015f \u015fehir, i\u00e7 kalenin tepesinin eteklerinde ve biti\u015fik baz\u0131 tepeler \u00fczerinde yay\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. \u015eehrin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, banliy\u00f6ler bulunmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Buradaki n\u00fcfusun \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerden olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u015eehir geni\u015f bir \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131ya, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zanaatk\u00e2r kitlesi bar\u0131nd\u0131ran at\u00f6lyelere ve t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n d\u00fckk\u00e2n ve ma\u011fazalar\u0131na sahipti.<\/p>\n

D\u0131vin, di\u011fer zanaatlar\u0131n haricinde, \u00f6zellikle \u00e7\u00f6mlek\u00e7ilik, camc\u0131l\u0131k ve boya \u00fcretimiyle g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Arap yazarlar, D\u0131vin\u2019i \u00f6vg\u00fcyle anlatmaktad\u0131r. 893 y\u0131l\u0131 depremi, b\u00fcy\u00fck zarar ve tahribata yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen D\u0131vin, h\u0131zla onar\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"Erzurum<\/a>
Erzurum Kalesi<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Vanand Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n merkezine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclen Kars \u015fehri X. y\u00fczy\u0131lda b\u00fcy\u00fck geli\u015fim ya\u015far. \u00d6nemli bir zanaat ve ticaret merkezi olup, uluslar aras\u0131 transit ticaretin i\u00e7inde olan \u015fehir, Akhuryan Nehri\u2019nin sa\u011f k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda bulunup, deniz ve kara ticareti sayesinde h\u0131zla geli\u015fmekte ve zenginle\u015fmekteydi.<\/p>\n

Antik Van \u015fehri, Vaspurakan Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n merkezi olup, X.-XI. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda b\u00fcy\u00fck geli\u015fim g\u00f6sterir. \u015eehir, \u00f6zellikle kral Gagik Ardsruni d\u00f6neminde geli\u015ferek, \u00fclkenin en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve zengin \u015fehirlerinden birine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ferek Ani, D\u0131vin ve Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n di\u011fer \u015fehirleriyle s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde olmu\u015ftur. Tuzlanm\u0131\u015f tarekh (inci kefali) bal\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u015fehrin en \u00f6nemli ihra\u00e7 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinden biri olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\"Nakhicevan.<\/a>
Nakhicevan. Abrakunis\u2019in Surb Karapet Manast\u0131r\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ardsn \u015fehri, X. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren, Bizans egemenli\u011fine ge\u00e7er. Bu \u015fehir, Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n, surlara sahip olmayan az say\u0131da \u015fehirlerinden biri olmu\u015f, ticaret yollar\u0131 \u00fczerinde bulundu\u011fundan dolay\u0131 h\u0131zla geli\u015fip, zenginle\u015fmi\u015f, \u00f6nemli bir zanaat ve ticaret merkezine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bizansl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fck n\u00fcfusa sahip ve zengin bir \u015fehir\u201d, \u201cPers \u00fclkesi, Hindistan ve di\u011fer Asya \u00fclkelerinden getirilen \u00e7ok say\u0131da ve \u00e7e\u015fitli mallarla dolu\u201d olarak an\u0131lmas\u0131 tesad\u00fcf de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

\"Ba\u011fe\u015f<\/a>
Ba\u011fe\u015f (Bitlis) panoramas\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ards\u0131n, surlara sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 XI. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131nda Sel\u00e7uklular taraf\u0131ndan tahrip edilmi\u015f, halk\u0131 korkun\u00e7 katliamlara maruz kalm\u0131\u015f, hayatta kalanlar ise kom\u015fu Karin \u015fehrine ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u015fehir, Arzn-ar Rum (Arzrum-Erzurum) ismini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kh\u0131lat (Ahlat), Nakhicevan (Nahcivan), Karin (Erzurum), Ba\u011fe\u015f (Bitlis) vb. de, Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n en \u00f6nemli \u015fehirlerindendir<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.findarmenia.com\/arm\/history\/20\/254\/256<\/p>\n

\u00c7eviren: Diran Lokmag\u00f6zyan<\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Geli\u015fmi\u015f Orta\u00e7a\u011f kentleri \u00a0 IV. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Pers ordular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen, \u015fehir n\u00fcfusunun tehcirinden sonra \u015fehir hayat\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r bir darbe al\u0131r. Erken Orta\u00e7a\u011f sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde sadece D\u0131vin, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u015fehir olarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr. Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yeniden tesis edilmesi sayesinde IX.-XI. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda eski \u015fehirler onar\u0131l\u0131r, ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli kav\u015faklar\u0131nda otuza yak\u0131n yeni \u015fehir olu\u015fur. \u015eehir hayat\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcratli […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[65,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-24182","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ermenilerin-tarihi","category-haberler"],"yoast_head":"\n34. \u015eehirler - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=24182\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"34. \u015eehirler - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Geli\u015fmi\u015f Orta\u00e7a\u011f kentleri \u00a0 IV. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Pers ordular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen, \u015fehir n\u00fcfusunun tehcirinden sonra \u015fehir hayat\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r bir darbe al\u0131r. Erken Orta\u00e7a\u011f sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde sadece D\u0131vin, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u015fehir olarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr. 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