{"id":20185,"date":"2012-11-25T12:42:18","date_gmt":"2012-11-25T17:42:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=20185"},"modified":"2012-11-25T12:42:18","modified_gmt":"2012-11-25T17:42:18","slug":"taner-akcam-emval-i-metrukeleri-ile-ilgili-cikan-tum-kanunlarda-gerek-osmanli-hukumeti-gerek-cumhuriyet-hukumetleri-mallarin-gercek-sahiplerinin-ermeniler-oldugu-ilkesini-hep-tekrar-etmisler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=20185","title":{"rendered":"Taner Ak\u00e7am: \u201cEmval-i Metrukeleri ile ilgili \u00e7\u0131kan t\u00fcm kanunlarda gerek Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmeti gerek Cumhuriyet h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri mallar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek sahiplerinin Ermeniler oldu\u011fu ilkesini hep tekrar etmi\u015flerdir\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Okurlar\u0131m\u0131za \u2018Akunq\u2019 web sayfas\u0131n\u0131n, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fini kabul eden ve bu konuda bir\u00e7ok kitab\u0131 olan T\u00fcrk tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f tarih\u00e7i Taner Ak\u00e7am\u2019la ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi m\u00fclakat\u0131 sunuyoroz. R\u00f6portaj internet \u00fczerinden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Say\u0131n Ak\u00e7am, \u00f6\u011frenciniz olan \u00dcmit Kurt\u2019la birlikte yazm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funuz \u2018Kanunlar\u0131n Ruhu. Emval-i Metruke Kanunlar\u0131nda Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n \u0130zini S\u00fcrmek\u2019 kitab\u0131n\u0131z birka\u00e7hafta \u00f6nce yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere; Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 yaln\u0131z insan ve yurt kayb\u0131 de\u011fil, Ermenilere ait olmu\u015f say\u0131s\u0131z m\u00fclk kayb\u0131yla da sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu kitap, Ermenilerin terkedilmi\u015f mallar\u0131 (emval-i metruke) konusuyla ilgili yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z ilk ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131z m\u0131d\u0131r? Bu konuda daha \u00f6nce de incelemeleriniz var m\u0131? <\/strong><\/p>\n

2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan \u201cErmeni Meselesi Hallolunmu\u015ftur\u201d adl\u0131 kitab\u0131mda konuya ili\u015fkin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da baz\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 belgeleri yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Daha sonra 2012\u2019de \u0130ngilizce olarak \u00e7\u0131kan \u201cYoung Turks\u2019s Crime Against Humanity: <\/strong>The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire\u201d adl\u0131 kitab\u0131mda ise bu konuda biraz daha fazla belgeye yer vermi\u015ftim.<\/p>\n

Bu kitaplardaki belgeler esas olarak 1915\u20138 d\u00f6neminde Merkezi H\u00fck\u00fcmetin vilayetlere yollad\u0131klar\u0131 telgraflard\u0131r ve tamam\u0131 bug\u00fcn \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Ar\u015fivinde mevcuttur. Yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m telgraflar el konulan Ermeni mallar\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkindi.<\/p>\n

O belgelerin ana fikri neydi? <\/strong><\/p>\n

Belgeler a\u00e7\u0131k olarak g\u00f6steriyor ki, Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmeti, Ermenilerden el koyduklar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r ve ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mallar\u0131 esas olarak be\u015f ayr\u0131 ama\u00e7 i\u00e7in kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; a) ev ve araziler esas olarak d\u0131\u015fardan (\u00f6zellikle Balkanlardan gelen) M\u00fcsl\u00fcman muhacirlere bedava da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; b) Ermeni i\u015fletmeler, \u0130slam burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 yeti\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla M\u00fcsl\u00fcman i\u015f verenlere devredilmi\u015f; ya da a\u00e7\u0131k art\u0131rma ile ucuz fiyatla sat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r; c) tarla ve bah\u00e7elerdeki \u00fcr\u00fcnler, hayvanlar ve ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r\u2013ta\u015f\u0131nmaz baz\u0131 mallar sava\u015f\u0131 finanse etmek amac\u0131yla askerlere verilmi\u015ftir; d) Ermenilerin g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirilmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan masraflar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; e) b\u00fcy\u00fck binalar, hapishane, okul, hastane, devlet dairesi vb. olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Elbette ba\u015fka ama\u00e7lar da s\u00f6z konusu olmu\u015ftur. Ama t\u00fcm bu belgelerin bize g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi ger\u00e7ek, Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Ermeni mallar\u0131na el koyarken belli bir programa sahip oldu\u011fudur.<\/p>\n

\u015e\u00fcphesiz, mallar ya\u011fmalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r da. \u00d6zellikle M\u00fcsl\u00fcman e\u015fraf ve yerel b\u00fcrokratlar Ermeni mallar\u0131na el koymu\u015f, zimmetlerine ge\u00e7irmi\u015flerdir. Fakat bu ya\u011fman\u0131n bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet politikas\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek zordur. H\u00fck\u00fcmet \u00f6nlem almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, b\u00f6lgelere heyetler yollam\u0131\u015f, mahkemeler kurmu\u015f ve ya\u011fma yapanlar\u0131 yarg\u0131lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ama ya\u011fman\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ememi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n Ermeni insan\u0131na g\u00f6stermedi\u011fi titizli\u011fi onlar\u0131n mallar\u0131na g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorsunuz, \u00f6yle mi?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Evet aynen \u00f6yle, Ermeni mallar\u0131na g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi titizli\u011fin %10\u2019nunu bile Ermeni insan\u0131na g\u00f6stermemi\u015ftir. E\u011fer g\u00f6sterseydi zaten soyk\u0131r\u0131m olmazd\u0131. Mallara ve insanlara yap\u0131lan bu ayr\u0131 muamele soyk\u0131r\u0131m ger\u00e7e\u011finin \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir cephesidir. Zaten beni konu hakk\u0131nda ayr\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yapmaya iten de bu husustur.<\/p>\n

Sizce, Ermeni mallar\u0131n\u0131n gasb\u0131, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ana sebeplerinden biri say\u0131labilir mi?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7ok emin de\u011filim. Hatta bu konuda olduk\u00e7a ku\u015fkulu oldu\u011fumu s\u00f6yleyebilirim. \u0130ttihat ve Terakki\u2019nin Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ekonomik saiklerle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek ile, bu i\u015ften sonu\u00e7ta ekonomik olarak kazan\u00e7 elde etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 \u015feylerdir ve bu ikisi aras\u0131nda bir fark vard\u0131r. Ben, soyk\u0131r\u0131ma karar verirlerken, \u201cbu i\u015ften ekonomik kazan\u00e7 da elde ederiz, bu nedenle Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 organize edelim\u201d diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcklerini zannetmiyorum. En az\u0131ndan, b\u00f6yle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcklerine ili\u015fkin bir bulgu yok elimizde. Hatta Amerikan B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Morgenthau veya Alman Papaz Lepsius\u2019un aktard\u0131klar\u0131ndan biliyoruz ki, \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 y\u00f6neticiler, asl\u0131nda Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ile Anadolu\u2019da ciddi bir ekonomik \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f ya\u015fayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 biliyorlard\u0131. Ve onlara, \u201cu\u011frayaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ekonomik zarar\u0131 biliyoruz ama zarar ne olursa olsun, biz bu konuda kararl\u0131y\u0131z\u201d, mealinde \u015feyler s\u00f6ylemi\u015flerdir. Nitekim, Ermeniler Anadolu ekonomisinde \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir yer tutuyorlard\u0131. Kasaban\u0131n zanaatkarlar\u0131, ve \u00f6nemli meslekler onlar\u0131n elinde idi. Bu nedenle onlar\u0131n gitmesi ile bu ekonomi tamamen \u00e7\u00f6kece\u011fini biliyorlard\u0131. Hatta bu nedenle, soyk\u0131r\u0131m s\u0131ras\u0131nda, baz\u0131 meslek sahibi zanaatkar Ermenileri s\u00fcrmeyip, \u00f6zel emirlerle kalmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131lar. Yoksa bu i\u015fleri yapacak kimseyi bulamayacaklard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Fakat, soyk\u0131r\u0131ma ekonomik nedenlerle karar vermemi\u015f olsalar bile, ekonomik kazan\u00e7 elde etmek, soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir i\u015flev g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f olabilir. Yerel d\u00fczeyde, T\u00fcrk-K\u00fcrt M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfusun \u00f6nemli bir kesimi, soyk\u0131r\u0131ma ekonomik kazan\u00e7 elde etmek i\u00e7in kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilir. Bunun i\u00e7in, Ermeni zenginli\u011finin yerel d\u00fczeyde nas\u0131l el de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fine yak\u0131ndan bakmak gerekir. Bu konuda hen\u00fcz yeteri kadar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yok elimizde malesef. \u00d6\u011frencim \u00dcmit Kurt, Antep \u00f6zelinde bu konuyu \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Benzeri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n di\u011fer iller i\u00e7in de yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekiyor.<\/p>\n

Konuya buradan bak\u0131nca, \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n, ekonomik kazan\u00e7 meselesini, bir r\u00fc\u015fvet gibi kulland\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebiliriz. Belki de \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131-Yerel E\u015fraf i\u015fbirli\u011fi b\u00f6yle olu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm bu nedenlerle \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n Ermenilerin geride b\u0131rakacaklar\u0131 mallara ne yapacaklar\u0131n\u0131 da ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f ve baz\u0131 fikirler geli\u015ftirmi\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Bu konuda ilk karar\u0131 17 May\u0131s 1915 civar\u0131nda al\u0131yorlar ve karar, askerden firar edenlerin veya Rusya\u2019ya ka\u00e7an ailelerin mallar\u0131na el konulmas\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde oluyor.<\/p>\n

Belki daha da \u00f6nemli olan \u015fu; al\u0131nan bu kararda, Rumlara kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan uygulaman\u0131n Ermeni firarilere de uygulanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi s\u00f6yleniyor. Yani, Hristiyanlar\u0131 \u00fclkeden kovmak ve kovarken de onlar\u0131 mallar\u0131na el koymak fikri daha \u00f6nce de var ve bu Rumlara kar\u015f\u0131 uygulan\u0131yor. 17 May\u0131s 1915\u2019de bu karar Ermeni firarileri i\u00e7in de geni\u015fletiliyor.<\/p>\n

23 May\u0131s 1915 tarihli bir ba\u015fka belgeden, Ermenilerin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn, b\u00fct\u00fcn mallar\u0131na ili\u015fkin detayl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n May\u0131s ortalar\u0131nda yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve karar\u0131n bu tarihlerde al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anl\u0131yoruz. Daha sonra 30 May\u0131s, 10 Haziran ve 26 Eyl\u00fcl 1915 tarihlerinde ba\u015fka kanun ve kararnameler yay\u0131nlan\u0131yor. Bu tarihler aras\u0131nda da b\u00f6lgelere yollanan bir\u00e7ok belgede Ermeni mallar\u0131na ne yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin direktifler g\u00f6nderiliyor. Bunlar\u0131 tek tek yay\u0131nlad\u0131k kitab\u0131m\u0131zda ve i\u00e7eriklerine ili\u015fkin baz\u0131 yorumlarda bulunduk. Bak\u0131l\u0131p okunmas\u0131n\u0131 sal\u0131k veririm.<\/p>\n

Benim g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm \u015fu; \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar, ekonomik de\u011fil ama daha \u00e7ok ideolojik\u2013politik nedenlerle Ermenilerin imhas\u0131na karar vermi\u015f olsalar da, ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan da kazan\u00e7l\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kabilmek i\u00e7in, ellerindeki t\u00fcm imkanlar\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015flar ve Ermenilerin geride b\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131 zenginliklerden maksimum fayda elde etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, ekonomik kazan\u00e7 sayesinde kendilerine yerel d\u00fczeyde destek de bulmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131n\u0131z hangi belgelere dayanmaktad\u0131r?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Bu kitap esas olarak Kanun ve Kararnamelerle ilgilidir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla herkesin ula\u015fabilece\u011fi kaynaklar\u0131 kulland\u0131k, \u00f6yle \u00e7ok bilinmeyen gizli belgeleri a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kartm\u0131\u015f falan de\u011filiz. Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemi i\u00e7in Takvim\u2013i Vekayi; Cumhuriyet d\u00f6nemi i\u00e7in Resmi gazete, g\u00fcnl\u00fck gazeteler, T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi tutanaklar\u0131 kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ana kaynaklardan baz\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. Lozan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme tutanaklar\u0131, ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler s\u0131ras\u0131nda T\u00fcrk H\u00fck\u00fcmeti ile Lozan\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeyi y\u00fcr\u00fcten heyet aras\u0131ndaki telgraflar kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z di\u011fer kaynaklard\u0131r… Ayr\u0131ca, Lozan sonras\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye ile M\u00fcttefik devletler (Fransa, \u0130ngiltere ve Amerika) aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelere ili\u015fkin yaz\u0131\u015fmalar, yap\u0131lan antla\u015fmalara da s\u0131k\u00e7a ba\u015fvurduk.<\/p>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma bu anlamda, bilinmeyen kaynaklara de\u011fil, ortada olan ve ama kimsenin okumad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kanun, kararname ve uluslararas\u0131 antla\u015fmalara dayanm\u0131\u015f ve bunlar\u0131n dikkatli bir g\u00f6zle okunmas\u0131 \u00fczerine oturmu\u015ftur. Zannederim bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bize bir \u015feyi daha g\u00f6steriyor, tarih\u00e7ilik yeni ve bilinmeyen belgeler bulmak demek de\u011fildir. Herkesin elinin alt\u0131nda olan belgeleri ba\u015fka bir g\u00f6zle okumak ve yorumlamak sanat\u0131d\u0131r da…<\/p>\n

Bize bu konuda birka\u00e7 \u00f6rnek verebilir misiniz?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin, Lozan antla\u015fmas\u0131… Herkesin elinin alt\u0131ndad\u0131r ve ama kimse emlak\u2013\u0131 metruke sorununun \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bu antla\u015fma ile \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011funu bilmemektedir. Oysa Lozan\u2019a g\u00f6re, T\u00fcrkiye el koydu\u011fu emlak\u2013\u0131 metrukeleri, sa\u011f iseler sahiplerine, yoksa miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131na geri vermeyi kabul etmi\u015ftir. Bu durum antla\u015fman\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli maddeleri ile d\u00fczenlenir. Kimse bunlar\u0131 okumam\u0131\u015f ve bilmiyor. Biz, Lozan antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n en az\u0131ndan 3\u20134 ayr\u0131 yerinde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin emval\u2013i metrukeleri sahiplerine vermeyi kabul etti\u011fini g\u00f6sterdik.<\/p>\n

Sadece bir \u00f6rnek, \u201cEkonomik H\u00fck\u00fcmler\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 III. B\u00f6l\u00fcm, 65 ve 72\u2019inci maddeler aras\u0131ndaki \u201cMallar, Haklar ve \u00c7\u0131karlar\u201d ile ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmler. \u00d6zellikle 65\u2019inci maddenin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc paragraf\u0131 son derece \u00f6nemlidir. \u0130lgili paragrafta, 1915 Tehcir ve \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeleri, \u201ckural d\u0131\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f tedbiri\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r ve bu tehcirden dolay\u0131 insanlar\u0131n u\u011frad\u0131klar\u0131 zararlar\u0131n telafi edilece\u011fi s\u00f6ylenir. Bu maddeye g\u00f6re, her sa\u011f kalan Ermeni veya \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen Ermeninin miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, tehcir sonucu el konulmu\u015f mal\u0131n\u0131 geri alma hakk\u0131na sahiptir. Lozan h\u00fckm\u00fcd\u00fcr bu. Fakat bu hakk\u0131n\u0131 alabilmesi i\u00e7in ilgili ki\u015finin 6 A\u011fustos 1924 tarihi itibar\u0131yla mal\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda olmas\u0131 gerekiyordu. Bizim buldu\u011fumuz hakikat \u015fu oldu; T\u00fcrkiye bu h\u00fckm\u00fc yerine getirmemek i\u00e7in, s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f Ermenileri i\u00e7eri sokmam\u0131\u015f, \u00fclkenin etraf\u0131n\u0131 bir duvar gibi \u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Kanunlar \u00e7\u0131kartm\u0131\u015f ve Ermenilerin giri\u015fini ve hatta \u00fclke i\u00e7inde olanlar\u0131n serbest\u00e7e dola\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 bile yasaklam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ama\u00e7, her hangi bir Ermeninin veya \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ki\u015finin miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n gidip mal\u0131n\u0131 almas\u0131n\u0131 engellemektir.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fka \u00f6rnek var m\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6yle \u00e7ok var ki… \u00d6rne\u011fin, Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n 58’inci maddesine g\u00f6re, Berlin’de bir bankaya yat\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, o zamanki de\u011feri 5 milyon sterlin olan alt\u0131n\u0131n, M\u00fcttefik devletler vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n zararlar\u0131n\u0131n tazmin edilmesi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Konuya ili\u015fkin 1923 y\u0131l\u0131nda Paris’te bir komisyon kurulur ve komisyon hangi zararlar\u0131n tazmin edilece\u011fine ili\u015fkin bir liste \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131r. Tazmin edilecek zararlar aras\u0131nda, tehcirde \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuklar i\u00e7in ailelere \u00f6deme yap\u0131lmas\u0131 da vard\u0131r. Tek \u00f6n ko\u015ful elbette, ailesi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen Ermeni’nin 1914 A\u011fustos \u00f6ncesinde \u0130ngiliz, Frans\u0131z veya \u0130talyan vatanda\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011funu ispat edebilmesidir. Bunu ispat edenlere tazminat \u00f6demeleri yap\u0131l\u0131r. Ret edilenler de olur.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz gibi, soyk\u0131r\u0131m s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen ki\u015filer i\u00e7in onlar\u0131n yak\u0131nlar\u0131na \u00f6deme yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi, Lozan antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n 58\u2019inci maddesine g\u00f6re kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulunuyordu. Burada \u00f6nemli olan husus, Paris Komisyonunun alm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu karar\u0131n bug\u00fcnk\u00fc hukuki ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi veya yap\u0131lan \u00f6demelerin ger\u00e7ek kay\u0131plara kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelip gelmedi\u011fi de\u011fildir. Zaten \u00f6len yak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in tazminat alabilmeniz i\u00e7in 1914 A\u011fustosunda \u00f6nce \u0130ngiliz, Frans\u0131z vb. vatanda\u015f\u0131 olman\u0131z gerekirdi ve ayr\u0131ca verilen miktarlar da komik boyutlardayd\u0131. Ama sorun bu de\u011fil ki… Bizim i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli olan, daha 1920\u2019lerde, soyk\u0131r\u0131mda kayba u\u011fram\u0131\u015f insanlar\u0131n zararlar\u0131n\u0131n tazmin edilmesi gibi bir ilkenin Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131na g\u00f6re kabul edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca bug\u00fcn \u015fu soruyu rahatl\u0131kla sorabiliriz: \u00d6len yak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131z ve kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in tazminat alabilmeniz i\u00e7in \u0130ngiltere, Fransa vb. vatanda\u015f\u0131 olman\u0131z \u015fart m\u0131d\u0131r?<\/p>\n

Lozan antla\u015fmas\u0131nda bilmedi\u011fimiz daha ne var?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Neler yok neler? Ben dahil, kimse antla\u015fmay\u0131 do\u011fru d\u00fcr\u00fcst okumam\u0131\u015f ki… Bak\u0131n size bir \u00f6rnek daha vereyim. Antla\u015fman\u0131n, Siyasal H\u00fck\u00fcmler ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 I. B\u00f6l\u00fcm II. Kesimde, 30 ve 36\u2019\u0131nc\u0131 maddeler aras\u0131nda \u201cUyrukluk\u201d ile ilgili d\u00fczenlemeler vard\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun vatanda\u015flar\u0131 (bizim \u00f6rne\u011fimizde Ermeniler), Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde kurulan yeni devletlerin herhangi birisinin vatanda\u015f\u0131 olmay\u0131 se\u00e7me \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne sahiptirler. Ve se\u00e7tikleri \u00fclkeye, di\u011fer \u00fclkedeki mal varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131ma hakk\u0131na sahiptirler. Diyelim ki bu insanlar (Ermeniler), Suriye, Irak veya L\u00fcbnan\u2019da kalmaya karar k\u0131ld\u0131lar. Bu ki\u015filer, T\u00fcrkiye s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7indeki t\u00fcm mallar\u0131n\u0131 istedikleri gibi kullanma hakk\u0131na sahiptirler ve T\u00fcrkiye bunlar\u0131 kendilerine geri vermek zorundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Nitekim bu do\u011frultuda Fransa ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yap\u0131l\u0131r ve mallar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 verilmesi konusunda antla\u015fma imzalan\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda g\u00f6sterdik ki T\u00fcrkiye, Suriye, L\u00fcbnan ve Irak\u2019ta ya\u015fayan Ermenilere ,hem kendi hem de \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen akrabalar\u0131n\u0131n mallar\u0131n\u0131 vermemek i\u00e7in olmad\u0131k ayak oyunlar\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ve hukuka hile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fransa da bu oyunu beraber oynam\u0131\u015f ve Ermenileri y\u00fcz \u00fcst\u00fc b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yani bug\u00fcnk\u00fc tan\u0131mla \u201ctazminat\u201d asl\u0131nda Lozan\u2019da dolayl\u0131 olarak kabul edilmi\u015f bir husustur. Elbette antla\u015fman\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmleri, hayatta kalan veya miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 olan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen Ermeniler ile ilgilidir. Fakat sonu\u00e7ta, tekrar etmek isterim ki, soyk\u0131r\u0131m s\u0131ras\u0131nda el konulmu\u015f mallar\u0131n sahiplerine geri verilmesi bir Lozan h\u00fck\u00fcmd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Ama burada bir de bir ek yapmak isterim. Tazminat konusunu sadece el konulan mallarla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olarak tart\u0131\u015fmamak gerekir. Tazminat daha geni\u015f ve daha kapsaml\u0131 bir husustur ve Ermenilerin birey olarak mallar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmelerinin \u00f6tesinde bir anlam\u0131 vard\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7ta bir millet k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve maddi zenginlikleriyle ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; bana g\u00f6re tazminat bireysel de\u011fil ama kollektif bir meseledir.<\/p>\n

Herkesin bildi\u011fi ve ama okumad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi\u011finiz belgeler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda peki hi\u00e7 bilinmeyen yeni belge yay\u0131nlamad\u0131n\u0131z m\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Elbette b\u00f6yle epey belge de var. Size sadece bir \u00f6rnek vereyim. Biliyorsunuz bug\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 inkar edenler \u00f6nemli bir yalan\u0131 da durmadan yayarlar. Bunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Yusuf Hala\u00e7o\u011flu gelir. Hala\u00e7o\u011flu \u00e7e\u015fitli kitaplar\u0131nda, i\u00e7eri\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 baz\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 ar\u015fiv belgesi numaralar\u0131 vererek, Suriye\u2019ye yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f olan Ermenilere geride b\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131 mallar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n verildi\u011fini iddia eder. Siz Ermeniler i\u00e7in bu bilgi tabii ki k\u00f6t\u00fc bir \u015fakad\u0131r. Fakat T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bir\u00e7ok insan, Osmanl\u0131 belgeleri kaynak g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi i\u00e7in bu bilgiye inan\u0131r. Ve Ermenilere mallar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n verildi\u011fini zanneder. Hala\u00e7o\u011flu, ger\u00e7i kaynak olarak g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi Osmanl\u0131 belgelerinin i\u00e7eri\u011fini tam a\u00e7\u0131klamam\u0131\u015f, tahrif etmi\u015ftir ama bu ayr\u0131 bir konudur.<\/p>\n

Biz bu kitab\u0131m\u0131zda, Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Maliye, Adliye ve \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131klar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ortakla\u015fa kurulmu\u015f bir komisyona ait resmi bir rapordan baz\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmler yay\u0131nlad\u0131k. \u015eubat 1918 tarihli bu rapor, \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan Emval\u2013i Metruke kanunlar\u0131 gere\u011fi, Ermenilere mallar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n verilmesi gerekti\u011fini ama bu i\u015fin 1918 \u015eubat ay\u0131 itibar\u0131yla hala yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu ve ortada kanunlara ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir durum oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. Yani \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmet, \u201cErmenilerin mallar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 vermedik\u201d diye itiraf etmektedirler ve bu \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Belgenin i\u00e7eri\u011fini ve yorumunu kitab\u0131m\u0131zdan okuyabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n

Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 nedeniyle Ermenilerin u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 maddi kayb\u0131n hesaplanmas\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde m\u00fcmk\u00fcn m\u00fcd\u00fcr ve kitab\u0131n\u0131zda konuyla ilgili bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma var m\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n

G\u00f6zlerinizi kapat\u0131n\u0131z ve 1914 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki Ermeni varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00a0 ve g\u00f6zleriniz \u00f6n\u00fcne getirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131z. Buna bir de 100 y\u0131l ekleyiniz. E\u011fer Ermeniler imha edilmemi\u015f olsalard\u0131, 1914\u2019deki bu zenginlik bug\u00fcn hangi boyutlara ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f olurdu? Bunun rakamlarla ifade edilebilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor musunuz?<\/p>\n

Ben Ermenilerin kayb\u0131n\u0131n maddi rakamlarla ifade edilmesini bile vicdan\u0131ma s\u0131\u011fd\u0131ramam. Para ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclemeyecek bir kay\u0131pt\u0131r bu. Ayr\u0131ca kitab\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n konusu bu de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n

Ermeni mallar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131yla gasp edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n inkar edilmesinde ne gibi bir rol oynamaktad\u0131r?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bence \u00e7ok kuvvetli bir ba\u011f var. Bu kitab\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ana arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131ndan birisidir. E\u011fer devlet 1915\u2019de i\u015flenmi\u015f su\u00e7lar\u0131 kabul ederse, bu insanlar\u0131n u\u011frad\u0131klar\u0131 zararlar\u0131 da telafi etmek gerekti\u011fini kabul etmek zorunda kalacakt\u0131r. Bu nedenle inkar\u0131 tercih etmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bir de kimsenin bilmedi\u011fi bir ba\u015fka hakikati daha \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131k ortaya. Bu da \u00e7ok ilgin\u00e7 bir nokta asl\u0131nda. G\u00f6sterdik ki, Emval\u2013i Metrukeleri ile ilgili \u00e7\u0131kan t\u00fcm kanun ve kararnamelerde gerek Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmeti gerek Cumhuriyet h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri mallar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek sahiplerinin Ermeniler oldu\u011fu ilkesini hep tekrar etmi\u015flerdir. H\u00fck\u00fcmetler, ya \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar \u00f6rne\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi, Ermenilerin mallar\u0131na \u201ckar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sahibine \u00f6denmek \u00fczere\u201d el konuldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015flerdir; ya da Cumhuriyet h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri d\u00f6neminde oldu\u011fu gibi, \u201cmallar\u0131n as\u0131l sahipleri ortada olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, bu mallara zarar gelmesin diye, onlar\u0131, mal sahipleri ad\u0131na ge\u00e7ici bir s\u00fcre idare ediyoruz\u201d demektedirler. Bu nedenle, her iki d\u00f6nemde de, ya mal\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ya da mal\u0131n kendisinin Ermenilere mutlaka verilece\u011fi ilkesi tekrar edilmi\u015ftir. Kanunlar\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc budur. \u0130lgin\u00e7tir, \u00f6zellikle Cumhuriyet d\u00f6nemindeki kanunlar\u0131n hi\u00e7 birisinde, \u201cbu mallara el koyduk, Ermenilerin de\u011fildir\u201d, denmez. \u201cMallar\u0131n Ermeniler ad\u0131na idare edildi\u011fi\u201d, s\u00f6ylenir. Yani eldeki kanunlara g\u00f6re de h\u00fck\u00fcmet Ermenilere mallar\u0131n\u0131 veya kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 geri vermek zorundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bana, ge\u00e7mi\u015fi bir de bu nedenle inkar ediyorlar gibi geliyor. \u00c7ok fazla g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc kopart\u0131yorlar \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc eldeki kendi kanunlar\u0131na g\u00f6re bile haks\u0131z olduklar\u0131n\u0131 biliyorlar. Bana g\u00f6re, \u00e7ok y\u00fcz k\u0131zart\u0131c\u0131 bir su\u00e7 i\u015flenmi\u015f oldu\u011funu bilmeleri onlar\u0131 daha \u00e7ok inkarc\u0131 yap\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Eklemek istedi\u011finiz bir \u015fey var m\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcm r\u00f6portajlar\u0131mda oldu\u011fu gibi, bu r\u00f6portaj\u0131m\u0131 da Hrant Dink\u2019in 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda Radikal gazetesinden Ne\u015fe D\u00fczel\u2019e s\u00f6yledikleri ile bitirmek isterim: \u201cErmeni m\u00fclkleri meselesi hakikaten T\u00fcrkiye’nin \u015fu anda gelece\u011fe ili\u015fkin en \u00f6c\u00fc konusu, en korkun\u00e7 konusudur…. Zaten bu \u00fclkede \u00f6lenlerden ziyade kalanlar \u00fczerine konu\u015fmak daha zor.\u201d<\/p>\n

Niye, sorusuna ise \u015fu cevab\u0131 verir Hrant, \u201c\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc inan\u0131lmaz haks\u0131zl\u0131klar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacak. ‘Ermenilerden kalan mallar kimlere payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, neler, kimler ne oldu’ diye sorulsa, bu \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck sars\u0131nt\u0131 yarat\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00fclkeye belletilmi\u015f bir tarih \u00e7\u00f6kecektir. E\u011fer bu tarih yanl\u0131\u015f anlat\u0131ld\u0131ysa, o zaman ba\u015fka \u015feyler de yanl\u0131\u015f anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi topluma yay\u0131lacakt\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye’de \u00f6nemli bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm olacak.\u201d<\/p>\n

Tek \u00fcmidim kitab\u0131n b\u00f6yle bir tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 ba\u015flatmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Meline Anumyan<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Akunq.net <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Okurlar\u0131m\u0131za \u2018Akunq\u2019 web sayfas\u0131n\u0131n, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fini kabul eden ve bu konuda bir\u00e7ok kitab\u0131 olan T\u00fcrk tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f tarih\u00e7i Taner Ak\u00e7am\u2019la ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi m\u00fclakat\u0131 sunuyoroz. R\u00f6portaj internet \u00fczerinden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Say\u0131n Ak\u00e7am, \u00f6\u011frenciniz olan \u00dcmit Kurt\u2019la birlikte yazm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funuz \u2018Kanunlar\u0131n Ruhu. Emval-i Metruke Kanunlar\u0131nda Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n \u0130zini S\u00fcrmek\u2019 kitab\u0131n\u0131z birka\u00e7hafta \u00f6nce yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 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