{"id":14819,"date":"2012-05-05T02:31:15","date_gmt":"2012-05-05T07:31:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=14819"},"modified":"2012-05-04T05:33:08","modified_gmt":"2012-05-04T10:33:08","slug":"izmir-1922-hiristiyan-hayati-o-gun-izmir-iskelesinde-cok-ucuzdu-sonrasinda-da","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=14819","title":{"rendered":"\u0130zmir 1922: H\u0131ristiyan hayat\u0131 o g\u00fcn \u0130zmir iskelesinde \u00e7ok ucuzdu. Sonras\u0131nda da!"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sait \u00c7etino\u011flu<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Majorie Housepian Dobkin’in, Bir Kentin Y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131, 1922 \u0130zmir’i adl\u0131 incelemesi 1922 y\u0131l\u0131 \u0130zmir’ine odaklanmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n geni\u015f Osmanl\u0131 co\u011frafyas\u0131ndaki H\u0131ristiyan unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n dalga dalga sald\u0131r\u0131larla sistemli bir \u015fekilde yok edilmesi ve kadim topraklar\u0131ndan kaz\u0131nma tarihinin bir \u00f6zetidir. O sadece 1922 \u0130zmir’ini resmetmez o g\u00fcnleri nakletti\u011fi gibi, sonras\u0131ndaki olaylar\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli kaynaklardan aktararak okuyucularla payla\u015f\u0131r.\u00a0Ya\u015fam \u015fartlar\u0131 t\u00fcm\u00fcyle fetih\u00e7ilerin zevkine kalm\u0131\u015f, ruhsatl\u0131 hara\u00e7 sistemine boyun e\u011fen H\u0131ristiyanlar var olduk\u00e7a ve d\u0131\u015f fetih olanaklar\u0131 varken iyi i\u015fleyen Osmanl\u0131 sistemi, bu olanak ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kendi tebaas\u0131na y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir. Dobkin’in s\u00f6zleriyle Y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f, \u00fcretkenli\u011fini art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir haz\u0131rl\u0131k yapmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00e7o\u011fu zaman daha y\u00fcksek bir ya\u015fam standard\u0131na sahip gibi g\u00f6z\u00fcken H\u0131ristiyan kom\u015fular\u0131na dikti g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc. \u0130\u00e7 fethin hedefi, Elen k\u00f6kenli Osmanl\u0131 vatanda\u015flar\u0131 ile Ermeniler olur.<\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7i Y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan T\u00fcrkler de bu sistemin ma\u011fdurlar\u0131yd\u0131lar, fakat vergilerin aslan pay\u0131n\u0131 her zaman \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun as\u0131l emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturan reaya \u00f6demi\u015ftir. Osmanl\u0131 sisteminde H\u0131ristiyanlar, ister kendilerine ister m\u00fclklerine y\u00f6nelik olsun, yap\u0131lan yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131klar i\u00e7in adalet aramalar\u0131 bo\u015funad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yunanistan’\u0131n nispeten k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n, Rusya, Britanya ve Fransa’n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck yard\u0131m\u0131yla, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 elde etti\u011fi ve di\u011fer Rum yurtta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirme niyetini ilan etti\u011fi 1830’dan sonra, Patrik idam edilir. Art\u0131k M\u00fcsl\u00fcman y\u00f6neticiler \u0130mparatorluktaki di\u011fer H\u0131ristiyanlar’\u0131 muhtemel hain ve Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131 da kalle\u015f olarak g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu fobi ayn\u0131 zamanda H\u0131ristiyan unsurlardan kurtulman\u0131n bir bahanesini sa\u011flar ve \u00f6zellikle Hamid taraf\u0131ndan derece derece uygulamaya konulur. \u0130ttihad ve Terakki \/ 1. J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk ard\u0131ndan Kemalist\/2. J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk y\u00f6netimi Hamid’den devral\u0131nan politikay\u0131 sonu\u00e7land\u0131racaklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk y\u00f6netiminde H\u0131ristiyanlara y\u00f6nelik \u015fiddet dalga dalga y\u00fckselir: 1909 ila 1911 aras\u0131nda, Makedonya’n\u0131n k\u00f6y ve kasabalar\u0131ndaki H\u0131ristiyan liderler esrarengiz bir bi\u00e7imde kayboldular ya da \u00f6l\u00fc bulundular. Ne gariptir ki, bu kurbanlar\u0131n hemen hepsi Hamit’i devirme hareketinde rol oynam\u0131\u015f insanlard\u0131. Selanik’teki Amerikan Konsolosu George Horton infazlara tan\u0131k olmu\u015ftu. ‘Program, \u00f6nde gelenlerin yok edili\u015flerinin ard\u0131ndan daha s\u0131radan insanlara do\u011fru geni\u015flemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131,’ diye yaz\u0131yordu. ‘Selanik sokaklar\u0131, valiyi ziyarete gelip de kocalar\u0131, o\u011fullar\u0131 veya karde\u015fleri hakk\u0131nda haber almak isteyen bi\u00e7are k\u00f6yl\u00fc kad\u0131nlar\u0131yla doluydu. Ald\u0131klar\u0131 cevap pek alayc\u0131yd\u0131: “B\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle ka\u00e7\u0131p gitmi\u015f, seni terk etmi\u015ftir,” veya “Amerika’ya gitmi\u015ftir belki de.” Ancak ger\u00e7ek daha fazla saklanamad\u0131 ve \u00e7obanlar da\u011flarda, ormanlarda hendek ve koyaklarda bulunan cesetlerden haber getirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. … Bir sonraki a\u015fama g\u00fcya “silahs\u0131zland\u0131rma” idi. Bu, H\u0131ristiyan unsurun silahlar\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131n\u0131p T\u00fcrkler’e silah da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 demekti. Amac\u0131n saklanan silahlar\u0131n toplanmas\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 aramalar s\u0131ras\u0131nda uygulanan i\u015fkencelerden belli oldu.’<\/p>\n

1909’da Kilikya’da Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7apta bir provas\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130ttihad ve Terakki’nin yerel y\u00f6neticileri ve Dedea\u011fa\u00e7’tan gelen Osmanl\u0131 birliklerinin koordinasyonu ile Adana’da yirmi be\u015f bin Ermeni’yi katlettiler.<\/p>\n

Ermeniler Hamit’ten nefret ettikleri ve J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk rejimini fiilen destekledikleri i\u00e7in, Adana katliam\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaz geldi onlara. J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklere olan g\u00fcvenin sars\u0131lmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Ermeniler, g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olarak kat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, ba\u015flar\u0131ndaki T\u00fcrk komutanlar\u0131n emirleri do\u011frultusunda son derece sadakatle d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015ferek Osmanl\u0131’ya ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdiler.<\/p>\n

Soyk\u0131r\u0131m’\u0131n ikinci provas\u0131 Ege ve Trakya’da uygulan\u0131r. Bu ayn\u0131 zamanda Ege B\u00f6lgesindeki Elen k\u00f6kenli Osmanl\u0131 vatanda\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7in sonun ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Murahhas\u0131 Mahmut Celal ve Ku\u015f\u00e7uba\u015f\u0131 E\u015fref koordinat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde valiler kaymakamlar ve askeri y\u00f6neticilerce y\u0131ld\u0131rma g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcrtme ve old\u00fcrmelerle kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k Elen g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc ba\u015flat\u0131l\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6neticiler ba\u015fta Dr. Re\u015fit olmak \u00fczere bu b\u00f6lgede edindikleri tecr\u00fcbelerle 1915 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131nda ba\u015frol\u00fc alacaklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ayd\u0131n Mebusu Emmanuil Emmanuilidis 1919’da kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun Son Y\u0131llar\u0131 adl\u0131 an\u0131lar\u0131nda H\u0131ristiyanlara kar\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fan atmosferi \u015fu s\u00f6zleriyle nakleder: 1913 senesinin son \u00e7eyre\u011finde, \u0130stanbul’u ziyaret eden birisi, yollarda yeni elbiseli, kadife pantolonlu ve kafalar\u0131na siyah kalpak giyen, garip insanlara rastlard\u0131. Ancak sonradan anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131 ki bunlar me\u015fhur fedailerdi.Yani H\u0131ristiyanlara kar\u015f\u0131 al\u0131nan kararlar\u0131 uygulamak i\u00e7in, \u0130stanbul ve di\u011fer illerde J\u00f6nt\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan kurulan orduydu. Bir taraftan uygulama g\u00fcc\u00fc haz\u0131rlan\u0131rken, di\u011fer taraftan, yap\u0131lmakta olan uygun bir propaganda ile, halk yakla\u015fmakta olan darbeye haz\u0131rlan\u0131yordu. Gazetecilik halk\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini tahrik ediyordu ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00fcnl\u00fck gazeteler, Rumlara kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00f6nmez T\u00fcrk nefretini k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmay\u0131 hedef al\u0131yordu[1]. Bu yay\u0131nlar\u0131n neticesi, Rumlar memlekette var olduk\u00e7a, T\u00fcrklerin fakir kalacaklar\u0131, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n \u015feref ve hayatlar\u0131n\u0131n emin olmayaca\u011f\u0131 ve Devletin de \u00e7e\u015fitli tehlikelere maruz kalaca\u011f\u0131yd\u0131. Balkan h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n at \u00fcst\u00fcnde kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuk cesetleriyle T\u00fcrk bayra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerine bast\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren foto\u011fraflar yay\u0131mlan\u0131yordu. \u00dcz\u00fcc\u00fc haritalar bas\u0131larak, elden giden iller siyah renkle g\u00f6sterilip okullar\u0131n duvarlar\u0131na as\u0131larak, altlar\u0131na intikam kelimesi yaz\u0131l\u0131yordu ve Bulgaristan’a ilhak edilen b\u00f6lge bile yas rengi siyahla kapl\u0131yd\u0131 ve bunun da hesab\u0131n\u0131 Hellenizmin \u00f6demesi gerekiyordu. \u0130ntikam ve nefret melekleri gibi, yurdun her taraf\u0131na konu\u015fmac\u0131 ve propagandac\u0131lar g\u00f6nderildi. Bunlardan en fazla laik olan\u0131 \u00d6mer Naci \u0130zmir’e g\u00f6nderildi. Anti H\u0131ristiyan nefreti k\u0131sa bir zamanda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemeyecek bir seviyeye geldi.<\/p>\n

Rumlara kar\u015f\u0131 ilk darbe, sava\u015ftan \u00f6nce vurulur. 1914 senesinin ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda, 250.000 [Ku\u015f\u00e7uba\u015f\u0131’na g\u00f6re 1milyon] Elen k\u00f6kenli Osmanl\u0131 vatanda\u015f\u0131 kovularak varl\u0131klar\u0131na el kondu ve bu \u015fekilde Trakya ile \u0130zmir b\u00f6lgesinin T\u00fcrkle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in, ilk olumlu ad\u0131m at\u0131ld\u0131. Ama bu yeterli de\u011fildi. Bu politikan\u0131n olumlu sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in en az 10 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir s\u00fcrenin daha ge\u00e7mesi gerekiyordu.<\/p>\n

J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin y\u00f6netime gelmelerinden itibaren her f\u0131rsatta Hamid’den devrald\u0131klar\u0131 H\u0131ristiyan unsurlar\u0131n yok edilme politikalar\u0131n\u0131 dalga dalga uygulamaya koymu\u015flar ve birinci b\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015f ile birlikte tebaalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fc muamele ve Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n ruhsat\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek geni\u015f co\u011frafyada e\u015f g\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fc olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir. 1914’te ba\u015flayan sava\u015f J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklere istedikleri vatanda\u015flar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 Cihada ruhsat sa\u011flar. \u0130stanbul’daki A.B.D. El\u00e7ili\u011finde g\u00f6revli olan Lewis Einstein \u015f\u00f6yle yorumluyordu: ‘M\u00fcttefik filosu \u00c7anakkale’den ge\u00e7meyi ba\u015faramam\u0131\u015f, Bo\u011fazlar al\u0131namam\u0131\u015ft\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131 liderler istediklerini yapabilirlerdi. U\u011fursuz politikalar\u0131n\u0131n trajedisi bu ifadede yat\u0131yordu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc “istedikleri \u015fey” demek Ermeniler’in imhas\u0131 demekti.’ 1915 Nisan\u0131ndan itibaren Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m s\u00fcreci ile birlikte Bat\u0131daki Elenler ve Pontoslular i\u00e7in tehcir ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcm yolculu\u011fu ba\u015flar. Sahildeki ve bo\u011fazlardaki Elenler \u0130ttifak Kuvvetleri lehine casusluk yapt\u0131klar\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle, memleketin selameti i\u00e7in, k\u0131y\u0131lardan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6lge i\u00e7in ba\u015flat\u0131lan uygulama, her tarafta ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, ayn\u0131 talimatlarla tatbik edildi. \u0130dari makamlardan yurtlar\u0131n\u0131n bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in o kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir s\u00fcre veriliyordu ki, kimse yan\u0131na en ufak bir e\u015fyas\u0131n\u0131 bile almaya f\u0131rsat bulam\u0131yordu. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman k\u00f6yl\u00fcler ganimet kokusunu al\u0131r almaz, hemen o b\u00f6lgeye sirayet ettiler. Kovulanlar y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fe ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 an, ya\u011fmalar da ba\u015fl\u0131yordu. Yani k\u0131saca burada da Ermenilere yap\u0131lanlar tekrar edildi. Der Emmanuilidis.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Mebusu Emmanuilidis, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u015fu s\u00f6zlerle ifade eder. Ermeni felaketi b\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye’yi kapsad\u0131. Her \u015fehir, k\u00f6y, k\u00f6\u015fe, Ermeni mukimlerinden yoksun kald\u0131. Yaln\u0131z \u0130stanbul, \u0130zmir ve Halep muaf b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. Bu oradaki Ermenilerin zarar g\u00f6rmedikleri anlam\u0131na gelmedi, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130stanbul’da s\u00fcrg\u00fcn konvoyuna d\u00e2hil edilmeleri i\u00e7in, y\u00fczlerce Ermeni tutuklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130zmir’de Ermeniler azd\u0131. Oradaki as\u0131l tehlike kalabal\u0131k Rumlardan gelmekteydi ve elbette s\u0131ra Rumlara da gelece\u011fi zaman, oradaki Ermenilerin de icab\u0131na bak\u0131lacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Konsolos Horton 1922 \u0130zmir’inde olanlar\u0131 \u015fu s\u00f6zleriyle \u00f6zetler. ‘Ermeniler’i yok etmek ve bo\u015f zamanlarda da Rumlar’la ilgilenmek \u00fczere belli bir plan var gibiydi,’ Horton’un g\u00f6zlemi Emmanuilis’in s\u00f6zleri ile \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n

1918’de M\u00fctareke ilan edilmesine ra\u011fmen H\u0131ristiyan unsurlar\u0131n emniyeti sa\u011flanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Robert Kolejin m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Caleb Gates, bar\u0131\u015f \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131ndaki gecikmenin ve \u015fimdi oldu\u011fu gibi, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar’\u0131n bask\u0131n olduklar\u0131 bir b\u00f6lgenin ba\u015f\u0131na Ermeniler getirilirse, ‘yapt\u0131klar\u0131ndan hi\u00e7 de pi\u015fmanl\u0131k duymayan ve Ermeniler’le ilgili d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri hi\u00e7 de de\u011fi\u015fmemi\u015f’ ba\u015ftan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 silahl\u0131 T\u00fcrk ahalinin \u00f6fkesinin felaket getirece\u011finden korkuyordu. B\u00fct\u00fcn o yapt\u0131klar\u0131ndan sonra, T\u00fcrkler’in, Ermeniler’den \u00f6dleri kopuyordu ‘ve can korkusu olan bir cani her zaman en tehlikelisidir’. Gates, t\u00fcm b\u00f6lgeyi korumaya yetecek kadar askerin oldu\u011funa dair hi\u00e7 umudu yoktu ve \u0130til\u00e2f ya da Amerikan askerleri kurtarmaya gelmeden \u00f6nce Ermeniler’in bo\u011fazlanaca\u011f\u0131ndan korkuyordu.<\/p>\n

J\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler i\u00e7in Sava\u015f bitmemi\u015ftir. Bir anlamda i\u00e7 sava\u015f olarak 1922’ye kadar devam ederek. 1922 Eyl\u00fcl’\u00fcnde Kemalistlerin zaferiyle sonu\u00e7lan\u0131r. Kemalistler \u0130zmir’e Sakall\u0131 Nurettin Pa\u015fa komutas\u0131nda girdiklerinde gavur \u0130zmiri feth ederler.<\/p>\n

Ya\u011fma, talan, \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeler ve yang\u0131n tam da fethin kendisidir.<\/p>\n

Fetih ordusunun yan\u0131ndaki T\u00fcrk askerleri \u00e7ak\u015f\u0131rl\u0131 pantolon giymi\u015f, \u00e7apraz fi\u015feklik takm\u0131\u015flard\u0131 ve bir dizi kama ta\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bu birliklere bazen \u00e7ete deniyordu, ho\u015f olaylara vak\u0131f yabanc\u0131lar muvazzaf askerlerle \u00e7ete birlikleri aras\u0131nda pek ayr\u0131m yapmazlard\u0131. T\u00fcrk liderler, eski asilerden olu\u015fan gruplar\u0131n 1920’de M. Kemal’in ordusuyla b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fip o tarihten bu yana disiplin alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kabul ediyorlard\u0131. Bir Birle\u015fik Devletler asker\u00ee istihbarat raporuna g\u00f6re, 1922 y\u0131l\u0131nda, s\u00f6z edilen disiplin, ‘m\u00fckemmel ve \u00fcst r\u00fctbelilerin sald\u0131klar\u0131 korkuyla, vah\u015fetle ve ibretle sa\u011flan\u0131yor’ idi. Ayn\u0131 raporda, moralin de ‘ya\u011fma arzusuyla’ diri tutuldu\u011fu yaz\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk ya\u011fmalanacak yerler Ermeni ve Rum d\u00fckk\u00e2nlar\u0131yd\u0131. \u015eimdilik ara sokaklarda olmak \u00fczere, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sivil gruplar i\u015fe giri\u015fmi\u015flerdi bile; daha sonra, \u0130talyan ve T\u00fcrk devriyelerin m\u00fcdahale etmediklerini anlayan askerler de gaza gelmi\u015flerdi; k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra subaylar\u0131 da kat\u0131lacakt\u0131 onlara. Rue Franque’daki g\u00f6steri\u015fli d\u00fckkanlara girdiler ve kollar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda dantel ve satenler, ceplerinde saat ve m\u00fccevherlerle y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fcp gittiler. ‘Hi\u00e7bir m\u00fcdahaleyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmadan veya korku duymadan hareket ediyorlar,’ diye yaz\u0131yor Frans\u0131z bir subay. ‘Hi\u00e7 acele etmiyorlar, en de\u011ferli \u015feyleri al\u0131p kalan\u0131 at\u0131yorlar. Neden \u00e7ekinsinler ki? Polis g\u00f6revi g\u00f6ren devriyeler onlara yard\u0131m ediyor.’<\/p>\n

Ya\u011fmalar bir s\u00fcre sonra yerini silahl\u0131 soygunlara b\u0131rakt\u0131r. O gece K\u0131z\u0131lha\u00e7l\u0131 Binba\u015f\u0131 Davis Brsitol’a telgraf \u00e7eker: ‘M\u00fclteciler \u00fclkeyi terk etmeli ya da al\u0131nmal\u0131lar. Can g\u00fcvenlikleri yok. Bunun, Milliyet\u00e7i H\u00fck\u00fcmetin \u0131rk sorununun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc olarak ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 son karar oldu\u011funa inan\u0131n.<\/p>\n

Ak\u015fama do\u011fru, T\u00fcrkler’in sistematik bir bi\u00e7imde Ermeniler’in pe\u015fine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fckleri iyice belli olmu\u015ftu. Konsolos Yard\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 Park ve Barnes, Litchfield’e do\u011fru yola d\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcrken, u\u00e7lar\u0131ndan kan damlayan sopalar\u0131yla be\u015f ayr\u0131 grubun r\u0131ht\u0131mdaki m\u00fclteciler aras\u0131nda dola\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve kurbanlar\u0131n\u0131 arad\u0131klar\u0131na tan\u0131k olmu\u015flard\u0131. Bu gruplardan birinin bir adam\u0131n tepesine \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcp \u00f6ld\u00fcresiye d\u00f6vd\u00fcklerini g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015flerdi. ‘\u0130nan\u0131lmayacak kadar vah\u015fice bir \u015fey,’ diyordu Barnes.[i] ‘Son darbe indi\u011finde sald\u0131rganlardan \u00fc\u00e7 metre kadar \u00f6tedeydik. \u0130skeleye y\u0131\u011f\u0131l\u0131p da denize at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda v\u00fccudunda k\u0131r\u0131lmad\u0131k bir kemik kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na emindim.’ Amerikal\u0131lar’\u0131n y\u00fczlerindeki deh\u015fet ifadesini fark eden T\u00fcrkler’den biri, kurban\u0131n Ermeni oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 kibarca ve omuzlar\u0131n\u0131 silkerek ‘Ba\u015fka ne yapmal\u0131yd\u0131k ki?’ demi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Ermeni mahallesi mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 and\u0131r\u0131yor,’ diye kaydetmi\u015f 13 Eyl\u00fcl’de, bir Frans\u0131z subay<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 gen\u00e7 kad\u0131nlar, k\u0131zlar, \u00f6zellikle de g\u00fczel olanlar\u0131, al\u0131p g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcler ve ba\u015f\u0131nda n\u00f6bet\u00e7ilerin bekledi\u011fi bir eve t\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131lar. Devriyeler heveslerini onlardan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n

Gazeteci Clayton, portatif daktilosunda yeni bir destan d\u00f6kt\u00fcr\u00fcyordu: ‘Bak\u0131ms\u0131z T\u00fcrk mahallesi hari\u00e7, \u0130zmir diye bir \u015fey kalmad\u0131. Az\u0131nl\u0131klar sorunu art\u0131k sonsuza kadar halloldu.<\/p>\n

Konsolos George Horton, deh\u015fet, vah\u015fet ve mezalim a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u0130zmir’in biti\u015fiyle k\u0131yaslanabilecek tek \u015feyin Romalar’\u0131n Kartaca’y\u0131 imhas\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu: ‘\u00dcstelik Kartaca’da, h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerinin sorumlu oldu\u011fu duruma seyirci kalan bir H\u0131ristiyan filosu da yoktu.’ T\u00fcrkler ya\u011fmalam\u0131\u015f, bo\u011fazlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131 ve \u015fimdi de kenti yak\u0131yorlard\u0131 ‘\u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kendilerine m\u00fcdahale edilmeyece\u011fi kanaatini edinmi\u015flerdi, sistematik bir bi\u00e7imde.’<\/p>\n

Ed Fisher’a g\u00f6re olup bitenler Bulwer Lytton’\u0131n Pompei’nin Son G\u00fcnleri’yle k\u0131yaslanabilirdi ancak.<\/p>\n

‘\u0130zmir’den yan\u0131mda g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm en \u00f6nemli izlenim, insan \u0131rk\u0131na ait oldu\u011fum i\u00e7in duydu\u011fum utan\u00e7t\u0131r.’diyen Konsolos Horton’un i\u015faret etti\u011f ‘Ermeniler’i yok etmek ve bo\u015f zamanlarda da Rumlar’la ilgilenmek \u00fczere belli bir plan dahilinde hareket edilir.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6rfezde denizin bo\u011fulan Ermeni ve Rum cesetleriyle dolu oldu\u011funu ifade eder Gazeteci Ahmet Emin Yalman. \u0130zmirli bundan dolay\u0131 uzun zaman bal\u0131k eti yemedi\u011fini de ekler.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcttefik g\u00fc\u00e7ler i\u00e7in M. Kemal’in Rum ve Ermeniler i\u00e7in can\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131kman\u0131n zaman\u0131 hi\u00e7 de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n

George Horton \u0130zmir’de 100,000’den fazla kay\u0131p oldu\u011funu hesaplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Onun hesab\u0131 \u00e7ok daha sa\u011fduyuludur, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc yang\u0131ndan hemen \u00f6nceki g\u00fcnlerde \u0130zmir’de kabaca 400,000 Osmanl\u0131 H\u0131ristiyan’\u0131 (do\u011fma-b\u00fcy\u00fcme \u0130zmirli art\u0131 m\u00fclteci) varken, 1 Ekim itibariyle en az 190,000’inden haber yoktu. Amiral Bristol’un kay\u0131p rakamlar\u0131 \u00f6zellikle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. 2000 rakam\u0131n\u0131 telaffuz eder. Birle\u015fik Devletler temsilcisi Kemalistlerden imtiyaz pe\u015findedir. \u0130ngilizler y\u00fckl\u00fc sigorta bedellerini \u00f6demmenin[2] hesab\u0131n\u0131 yapmakta iken Frans\u0131zlar c\u00f6mert bir teklifte bulunup, e\u011fer ‘sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve ahlak\u00ee bir a\u00e7\u0131dan’ se\u00e7me \u015fanslar\u0131 olursa, hasat mevsiminde \u00e7iftlik i\u015f\u00e7isi olarak istihdam edilmek \u00fczere y\u00fcz ya da iki y\u00fcz m\u00fcltecinin ‘deneme mahiyetinde sevk’ini kabul ediyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bir yabanc\u0131 geminin g\u00fcvertesine atamayan on binler, kendilerini yeniden g\u00f6\u00e7 yollar\u0131nda bulurlar. Bu tutsaklardan B\u0131zd\u0131kyan anlat\u0131m\u0131yla, yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgelerinden ge\u00e7en s\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri sivil kalabal\u0131k tutsaklar\u0131 sopa, b\u0131\u00e7ak, kazma ve silahlarla kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yormu\u015f. Bazen erkeklerin \u00fcst\u00fcne rastgele sald\u0131r\u0131yorlarm\u0131\u015f; bazen de daha se\u00e7ici oluyorlarm\u0131\u015f. Her biri adeta \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye yeminliymi\u015f gibi hareket ettiklerinden, fazlas\u0131yla Rum ya da Ermeni \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f. ‘T\u00fcrkler’in Ermeniler’e kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok daha h\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 vurgulamak laz\u0131m,’ diyordu B\u0131zd\u0131kyan, kendisiyle yap\u0131lan r\u00f6portajda. ‘Bu bir muamma. Niye \u00f6yle oldu\u011funu bilemiyoruz, ama \u00f6yleydi.’ Bir ba\u015fka tan\u0131k, ‘Bir adam\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne, “\u0130\u015fte bu, Ermeni!” diye ba\u011f\u0131rarak atlarlard\u0131,’ diyordu A\u015fiyan. ‘Bazen, asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok sa\u011flam bir usul olmasa bile, bir adam\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fturur ve aksan\u0131ndan anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlard\u0131. Bazen esmer bir Rum, s\u0131rf Ermeni san\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc.’<\/p>\n

Bu anlat\u0131mlar Ayval\u0131k do\u011fumlu \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f Elen edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kalemi \u0130lias Venezis’in anlat\u0131mlar\u0131yla da uyumludur. 31328 numaral\u0131 esir Venezis’in esaret g\u00fcnlerini anlattt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zya\u015fam \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc Esaretin G\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Numara 31328 ‘de esir grup i\u00e7indeki Ermenilerin kimliklerini gizlediklerini, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Ermenilerin \u00f6zellikle aran\u0131p katledildi\u011finin \u00f6rneklerini nakleder.<\/p>\n

\u0130yi insanlar da yok de\u011fildir: ‘Derken bir g\u00fcn patronum bana d\u00f6n\u00fcp dedi ki, “Stepan, senin i\u00e7in bir \u015feyler yapaca\u011f\u0131m; benim mahv\u0131m da olabilir, ama yapmazsam da vicdan\u0131m rahat etmeyecek. Sana bir Rum ad\u0131 takaca\u011f\u0131m, sana baz\u0131 belgeler haz\u0131rlayaca\u011f\u0131m ve bu cehennemden kurtulup ailene kavu\u015fabilesin diye, seni bir sonraki mahk\u00fbm grubuyla Atina’ya g\u00f6nderece\u011fim. Allah yard\u0131mc\u0131m olsun!’<\/p>\n

Kartaca’n\u0131n yok edilmesi ve b\u00fcy\u00fck Roma ve Londra yang\u0131nlar\u0131 Bat\u0131 vicdan\u0131nda bug\u00fcn bile yank\u0131 bulmaktad\u0131r, fakat sadece elli y\u0131l \u00f6nce b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kentin imha edildi\u011fi neredeyse unutulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

[1] Bu gazetelerden birinde iki k\u0131z karde\u015fin g\u00fcya ba\u015flar\u0131na gelen bir olay anlat\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bir g\u00fcn iki k\u0131z karde\u015f bir Yunan ma\u011fazas\u0131ndan al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f yaparlarken, Selanik g\u00f6\u00e7meni olan bunlardan biri, ma\u011faza sahibinin surat\u0131nda, bir akrabas\u0131n\u0131n \u0131rz\u0131na ge\u00e7erek, onu \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeden \u00f6nce g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcslerini kesen bir Yunan askerini tan\u0131d\u0131. B\u00f6yle ve daha korkun\u00e7 hik\u00e2yeler halka anlat\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0[2] Sava\u015f’\u0131n bitiminden sonra \u0130zmir yang\u0131n\u0131 ile ilgili 150 civar\u0131nda dava a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Amerikan kaynaklar\u0131ndan bildirilir. Konsolos Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Frederick O. Bird’\u00fcn 24 Haziran 1924 tarihli raporunda : “…\u0130ngiliz \u015firketinin poli\u00e7e sahiplerinden, m\u00fclkleri terkedilmi\u015f mallar kanuna maruz kalan, ikematgah olarak sigorta edilmi\u015fken sonra d\u0131\u015f (yabanc\u0131) devletler dairesi ve ikematgah olarak kullan\u0131lan ve izmir yang\u0131n\u0131ndan sonra bir ka\u00e7 ayda m\u00fclkleri yokedilmesine ra\u011fmen poli\u00e7e kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6denmesinin reddedildi\u011fi Ermeni k\u00f6kenli T\u00fcrk yurtta\u015f\u0131 biri i\u00e7in, garanti edilmi\u015f \u00f6demeyi yapmay\u0131 reddeden \u015firket, mallar yok edildi\u011fi zaman m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n o ki\u015fide olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 varsaym\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.” Denilmektedir. B\u00f6ylece yang\u0131n kurbanlar\u0131n\u0131n tazminatlar\u0131 \u00f6denmez ve sigorta \u015firketleri \u00fclkeyi terk ederler.<\/em><\/p>\n

21 Temmuz 1924 Cumhuriyet Gazetesindeki yarg\u0131 ilgin\u00e7tir. H\u00fck\u00fcmet kendini varis tayin eylemi\u015ftir:<\/em><\/p>\n

“Yang\u0131n\u0131n sava\u015f zaman\u0131 olmas\u0131 ve \u0130zmir’in de sava\u015f alan\u0131nda olmas\u0131 fikrini savunan sigorta \u015firketleri tazminat taleplerini reddetmektedirler. Bu \u00e7eki\u015fmenin \u00fcst\u00fcne, H\u00fck\u00fcmet, \u015firketleri ya tazminat taleplerini \u00f6demeye ya da T\u00fcrkiye’deki faaliyetlerini sona erdirmeye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131. \u015eirketler y\u00fcksek mebla\u011fdaki tazminat de\u011ferlerini \u00f6demek yerine \u0130zmir’deki ofislerini kapatmay\u0131 ve oradan \u00e7ekilmeyi tercih ettiler.<\/em><\/p>\n

H\u00fck\u00fcmet, Rum veya Ermeni m\u00fcltecilerine ait olan ve d\u00f6rtte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc yok olan binalardan dolay\u0131 en buyuk tazminat talebine sahiptir. T\u00fcm terkedilmi\u015f mallar hukumete geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcg\u00fcne g\u00f6re, yang\u0131n zararlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck pay\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmete d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor ve Terk edilmi\u015f Mallar Komisyonu ad\u0131na H\u00fck\u00fcmetin tazminat talebi 12 milyon dolard\u0131r.”<\/em><\/p>\n

[i] Barnes’in D\u0131\u015fi\u015flerine raporu, 18 Eyl\u00fcl 1922. NA,<\/em><\/p>\n

Kaynak: Birikim<\/em><\/p>\n

http:\/\/hyetert.blogspot.com\/2012\/01\/izmir-1922-hristiyan-hayat-o-gun-izmir.html<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sait \u00c7etino\u011flu Majorie Housepian Dobkin’in, Bir Kentin Y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131, 1922 \u0130zmir’i adl\u0131 incelemesi 1922 y\u0131l\u0131 \u0130zmir’ine odaklanmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n geni\u015f Osmanl\u0131 co\u011frafyas\u0131ndaki H\u0131ristiyan unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n dalga dalga sald\u0131r\u0131larla sistemli bir \u015fekilde yok edilmesi ve kadim topraklar\u0131ndan kaz\u0131nma tarihinin bir \u00f6zetidir. O sadece 1922 \u0130zmir’ini resmetmez o g\u00fcnleri nakletti\u011fi gibi, sonras\u0131ndaki olaylar\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli kaynaklardan aktararak okuyucularla payla\u015f\u0131r.\u00a0Ya\u015fam \u015fartlar\u0131 t\u00fcm\u00fcyle […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":14820,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[44,1,70],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14819","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ermeni-soykirimi","category-haberler","category-makaleler"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0130zmir 1922: H\u0131ristiyan hayat\u0131 o g\u00fcn \u0130zmir iskelesinde \u00e7ok ucuzdu. Sonras\u0131nda da! - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=14819\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0130zmir 1922: H\u0131ristiyan hayat\u0131 o g\u00fcn \u0130zmir iskelesinde \u00e7ok ucuzdu. 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