{"id":13737,"date":"2012-04-04T02:30:22","date_gmt":"2012-04-04T07:30:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=13737"},"modified":"2012-04-04T02:30:22","modified_gmt":"2012-04-04T07:30:22","slug":"16-yuzyildan-sonra-tedrici-olarak-kurdistana-donusen-tarihi-ermenistanin-19-yuzyildaki-sosyo-ekonomik-degisimi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=13737","title":{"rendered":"16.y\u00fczy\u0131ldan sonra tedrici olarak K\u00fcrdistan\u2019a d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen Tarihi Ermenistan\u0131n 19. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki sosyo-ekonomik de\u011fi\u015fimi"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a>Sait \u00c7etino\u011flu<\/strong><\/p>\n

19.Yy.da Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n (Eski)\/K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n[1]<\/a> (Yeni) D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc ve Otokton Halklar \u00dczerine Etkisi.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0 merkezile\u015fme y\u00f6n\u00fcnde geli\u015fimi yada y\u00f6nelimi 18 Y\u00fczy\u0131lda\u00a0 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun do\u011fusunda zafere kazanm\u0131\u015f ve Do\u011fu Anadoluda Ermenilerin ve K\u00fcrtlerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\/K\u00fcrdistanda toplumsal ili\u015fkileri tamamen de\u011fi\u015ftirerek 1848\u2019dek ikinci fetih ile ili\u015fkileri i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lamaz bir s\u00fcrece itmi\u015ftir. Devletin Yeni\u00e7erileri ortadan kald\u0131rarak S\u00fcnni-\u0130slama y\u00f6nelimi ile birlikte ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ve devlet g\u00f6revlilerini arkalar\u0131na alan \u015feyhler, yeni bir bask\u0131 unsuru olarak Ermeni yaylas\u0131ndaki Ermeni k\u00f6yl\u00fclerinin ba\u015f\u0131na bela kesilmi\u015flerdir. \u00a0\u201cDaha \u00f6nceleri Ermeniler’in yerle\u015fik oldu\u011fu b\u00fct\u00fcn Ermeni b\u00f6l\u00adgesi herhangi bir b\u00fcy\u00fck K\u00fcrt beyinin idaresi alt\u0131ndayd\u0131 ve bundan dolay\u0131 Ermeniler di\u011fer a\u015firetlerin bask\u0131s\u0131ndan korunuyorlard\u0131. K\u00fcrt beyleri Ermenileri s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcyor ve bu s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc babadan o\u011fula berdevam ediyordu. Halbuki bu yeni ko\u015fullarda Ermeniler Os\u00admanl\u0131 idaresine ba\u011fl\u0131 ve onlarla vergi veren bir duruma ge\u00e7ince, K\u00fcrtler Ermeniler’i Osmanl\u0131’ya ba\u011fl\u0131, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ola\u011fan fakat \u015fimdi ba\u015fkas\u0131na tabi olan bir kitle olarak g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar.\u201d[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00c7ift\u00e7ilerin hem h\u00fck\u00fcmete hem de yerel beylere (m\u00fcltezime, a\u011faya vs) vergi \u00f6demesi Ermeni k\u00f6yl\u00fclerinin en \u00e7ok yak\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131n\u00adda gelmektedir. \u00d6zellikle Anadolu’daki vilayetlerde ya\u015fayan Ermeni k\u00f6yl\u00fcler bu uygulamadan \u00e7ok \u00e7ekmektedirler; zira burada geleneksel a\u011fal\u0131k ve beylik d\u00fczeni ne tam olarak i\u015flemekte ne de ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131labilmektedir. Devlet Tanzimat’la birlikte bir yandan modern ve kanunlarla tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f bir top\u00adlumsal hiyerar\u015fiyi h\u00e2kim k\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r, \u00f6te yandan da tam olarak h\u00e2kim olamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde geleneksel bask\u0131 sistemleriyle i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmak\u00adtad\u0131r. Bu durum pratikte Ermeni k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rmaktan ba\u015fka bir sonu\u00e7 vermemektedir. \u00dcstelik Tanzimat’\u0131n ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda yerel beylerin yap\u00adt\u0131\u011f\u0131 eziyet ve bask\u0131lardan haberdar olan ve k\u0131smen onlar\u0131 denetleyen devlet, \u00f6zellikle 1877-78 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan sonra do\u011fuda bu g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc nere\u00addeyse tamamen kaybetmi\u015f durumdad\u0131r: “Do\u011fu Vilayetleri’nin geleneksel egemenlik d\u00fczeni, en y\u00fcksek hiyerar\u015fi basama\u011f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan sultana ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu a\u011falar, beyler ve emirler taraf\u0131ndan belirleniyordu. Mahmut’un ve Tanzimat’\u0131n zor kullanarak uygulamaya koydu\u011fu tedbirler bu d\u00fczeni b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f, ancak yerine kurulmas\u0131 planlanan yeni, modern M\u00fcsl\u00fcman d\u00fczen tam olarak tesis edilememi\u015ftir.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019a millet sistemi girmedi\u011fi gibi 1863 sonras\u0131 Ermeni anayasas\u0131 da uygulama alan\u0131 bulamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0 Bu durum b\u00f6lgede incelemede bulunan ki\u015filerin raporlar\u0131nda alt\u0131 \u00f6nemle \u00e7izilen bir olgudur.<\/p>\n

19. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki Sosyo-ekonomik Durumu Bournoutian \u015f\u00f6yle resmeder:[4]<\/strong><\/a> Ermeni n\u00fcfusu, Ermenistan’\u0131n do\u011fusunun aksine, bat\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7ok daha geni\u015f bir b\u00f6lgeye yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u00f6te yandan, az\u0131msanmayacak say\u0131daki K\u00fcrt ve T\u00fcrk yerle\u015fimleri ya da odaklar\u0131yla par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm sergiliyordu. Yine de her iki taraf\u0131n k\u00f6y hayat\u0131na h\u00e2kim olan belirli ortak \u00f6zellikler s\u00f6z konusuydu. Okuryazarl\u0131k oran\u0131, bu d\u00f6nem \u00e7o\u011fu k\u0131rsal b\u00f6lgelerde oldu\u011fu gibi, on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son \u00e7eyre\u011fine kadar epey d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fc. Ermenice, K\u00fcrt\u00e7e ya da T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, her b\u00f6lgede, oran\u0131n yerel a\u011fz\u0131 konu\u015fuluyordu. Ataerkil bir aile yap\u0131s\u0131 vard\u0131; mallar erkek \u00e7ocuklar aras\u0131nda e\u015fit olarak da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131yordu. Gelenekler ve yerel adetler katiyetle uygulan\u0131yor, silah, m\u00fccevher ya da ki\u015fisel e\u015fyalar haricindeki mallar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, geni\u015f aile taraf\u0131ndan ortakla\u015fa kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. Genellikle k\u00f6y\u00fcn en varl\u0131kl\u0131 ve tecr\u00fcbeli erkekleri k\u00f6y b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olarak se\u00e7iliyordu. Bunlar, k\u00f6y\u00fcn sakinleri aras\u0131ndaki anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar* da arabuluculuk yap\u0131yor, adaleti sa\u011fl\u0131yorlard\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca vergi y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc hane halk\u0131na da\u011f\u0131tmak gibi bir g\u00f6revleri de vard\u0131. Bunun kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00fccretsiz i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc elde ediyor veya \u00e7e\u015fitli hediyeler al\u0131yorlard\u0131. On doku\u00adzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131na kadar, soylu s\u0131n\u0131fa mensup aileler hari\u00adcinde soyad\u0131 kullan\u0131lm\u0131yordu. Bu d\u00f6nemin ard\u0131ndan, ki\u015filer, mensu\u00adbu olduklar\u0131 a\u015firetin kurucusunun vaftiz ad\u0131na, e\u011fer zanaatkar ya da t\u00fcccar iseler mesleklerine, veya do\u011fum yerlerine g\u00f6re soyad\u0131 almaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Ald\u0131klar\u0131 soyad\u0131na “yan”, “yants” ya da “uni” soneki geti\u00adriliyordu.<\/p>\n

Birbirinden olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131 bir leh\u00e7e kullanan do\u011fu ve bat\u0131 Ermeni\u00adleri, k\u00f6ylerdeki yerle\u015fim d\u00fczeni a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da b\u00fcy\u00fck farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterir. Bat\u0131da, K\u00fcrt ak\u0131nlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 her zaman tedbirli olan geni\u015f Ermeni aileleri birbirlerine yak\u0131n otururlard\u0131. Evler, \u00fcst\u00fc kapal\u0131 ge\u00e7itler ve bi\u00adti\u015fik \u00e7at\u0131larla birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 olur, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla k\u00f6yler, hi\u00e7 bitmeyen bir evler labirenti gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrd\u00fc. Daima kendini belli eden bu “tehlike alt\u0131nda olma” hissi, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n 13-15 gibi daha gen\u00e7 ya\u015flarda evlenme\u00adlerine, yer yer hem kad\u0131nlar\u0131n hem erkeklerin, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kom\u015fular\u0131 aras\u0131nda fark edilmemek i\u00e7in onlarla ayn\u0131 giysileri giymelerine neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Reformlar\u0131n hayata ge\u00e7irildi\u011fi d\u00f6nem, Ermenilerin i\u00e7inde bulun\u00addu\u011fu ko\u015fullar\u0131 d\u00fczeltmek bir yana, eskisinden de k\u00f6t\u00fc hale getirdi. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve Ermeni k\u00f6yl\u00fcler \u00fczerindeki denetimlerinin reformlar sebebiyle tehdit alt\u0131na girdi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen T\u00fcrk ve K\u00fcrt derebeyleri, ba\u015fkentten gelen her t\u00fcr m\u00fcdahale kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00f6fkeye kap\u0131l\u0131yorlard\u0131. Ermeni k\u00f6ylerinin ileri gelenleri ve ta\u015frada g\u00f6revli din adamlar\u0131, re\u00adformlar\u0131n verdi\u011fi cesaretle kaleme ald\u0131klar\u0131 dilek\u00e7elerde, iyile\u015fme ta\u00adleplerini h\u00fck\u00fcmete bildirdiler. Bununla birlikte, merkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmetin i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu \u00e7aresiz kifayetsizlik, yerel a\u011falar\u0131, beyleri ve pa\u015fala\u00adr\u0131, bu taleplere cevap olarak Ermenileri topraklar\u0131ndan s\u00fcr\u00fcp intikam almak y\u00f6n\u00fcnde cesaretlendirdi. \u015eehre g\u00f6\u00e7 eden yersiz yurtsuz Erme\u00adnilerin say\u0131s\u0131 1856’dan sonra muazzam bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterdi. Geride ka\u00adlanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu ise, ancak serflik ya da k\u00f6lelik olarak tabir edilebilecek ko\u015fullara maruz kald\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131 Ermenistanda siyasal durum\u2019a gelirsek, Ermenilerin tamamen b\u00f6lgenin egemenli\u011fine terk edilmi\u015fli\u011fi s\u00f6z konusudur.<\/p>\n

Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan 1514 teki fethinden sonra Bat\u0131 Ermenistan yani Osmanl\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0 Do\u011fu Vilayetleri’nin geleneksel egemenlik d\u00fczeni, en y\u00fck\u00adsek hiyerar\u015fi basama\u011f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan sultana ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu a\u011fa\u00adlar, beyler ve emirler taraf\u0131ndan belirlenmektedir. Mahmut’un ve Tanzimat’\u0131n zor kullanarak uygulamaya koydu\u011fu tedbirler bu d\u00fczeni b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde par\u00e7alam\u0131\u015f, ancak yerine kurulmas\u0131 planlanan yeni, modern M\u00fcsl\u00fcman d\u00fczen tam olarak tesis edilememi\u015fti. Do\u011fu Vilayetleri’nin genellikle K\u00fcrtler ve Erme\u00adniler taraf\u0131ndan isk\u00e2n edilen k\u0131rsal alanlar\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir zaman ba\u015fkenttekine benzer i\u015fleyen bir millet sistemi olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131, an\u00adcak a\u00e7\u0131k hiyerar\u015fi ili\u015fkilerine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak dikkat edilmesiyle belirli bir modus vivendi <\/em>sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu tahamm\u00fcl edilebi\u00adlir birlikte ya\u015fam <\/em>K\u00fcrtlerin kendi \u00f6zerk egemenlik alanlar\u0131na sahip bulunduklar\u0131 ve himayeleri alt\u0131ndaki gayrim\u00fcslim reaya\u00addan geleneksel vergilerini ald\u0131klar\u0131 m\u00fcddet\u00e7e devam etti. Tan\u00adzimat Devleti de vergi talep ediyor, ancak bunu planlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 merkeziyet\u00e7i yap\u0131lar\u0131na i\u015flerlik kazand\u0131rmadan ve yerel egemenleri susturmadan yapmak istiyordu. Bunun sonucu olarak reaya pratik olarak devlete ve yerel egemenlere olmak \u00fczere bir \u00e7ifte vergilendirmeyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[5]<\/a><\/p>\n

Natanyan\u2019\u0131n\u00a0 Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n G\u00f6zya\u015f\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 raporunda bu \u00e7ifte vergi ve Ermeni halk\u0131n\u0131n terk edilmi\u015fli\u011fini resmeder. Bu rapor ayn\u0131 zamanda Bo\u011fos Natanyan\u2019\u0131n sonu getiren rapordur. Natanyan me\u015fhur K\u00fcrt Hac\u0131 Musa taraf\u0131ndan tutuklan\u0131p mahkeme sonunda s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderilecektir. Natanyan s\u00fcrg\u00fcnde g\u00f6zlerini yumar. Natanyan, devlet g\u00f6revlilerinin ve\u00a0 devletin g\u00f6zetimindeki soygun ve bask\u0131y\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k bir dille anlatmaktad\u0131r. \u201cDevletin durumdan haberdar olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen insan cell\u00e2d\u0131 beylerin sa\u00ady\u0131s\u0131 katlanarak art\u0131yor. Ermenistan’da a\u011flay\u0131\u015f, feryat ve \u015fik\u00e2yet gittik\u00e7e art\u0131\u00adyor, ama kimse duymuyor, duymuyor… A\u011falardan ziyade, emniyeti sa\u011fla\u00admakla g\u00f6revli olanlar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131ndan gelen yak\u0131\u015f\u0131ks\u0131z hareketler, K\u00fcrtlerden ziyade baz\u0131 askerlerin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yak\u0131\u015f\u0131ks\u0131z olaylar… Hangi birini s\u00f6yleyeyim, hangi birini b\u0131rakay\u0131m, cinayete kurban gitmek, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmek, d\u00f6v\u00fclmek, eziyet \u00e7ekmek her \u015fey Ermeni i\u00e7in. Ben sadece \u015fahit oldu\u011fum bir tanesini anlataca\u011f\u0131m, bu bile di\u011ferlerini tahmin etmeye yeter de artar. Mamahatun’da bulunan orduya bu\u011fday g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmesi emredildi. Kim g\u00f6t\u00fcrecek? Tabii ki Er\u00admeniler. [6]<\/a>\u00a0 \u00d6nemli de\u011fil g\u00f6t\u00fcrs\u00fcnler, devletlerine bir hizmet yapm\u0131\u015f olurlar. Ama d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yollar\u0131nda h\u0131rs\u0131z gruplar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan soyulup, d\u00f6v\u00fcl\u00fcp, yaralan\u0131p \u015fik\u00e2yet ettiklerinde sesleri duyulmazsa, o zaman ne yaps\u0131nlar? Ordular\u0131n hem yiyece\u011fi, hem giyece\u011fi Ermenilerin \u00fczerine y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f durumda. Eskiden ol\u00addu\u011fu gibi \u015fimdi de \u00f6yle. \u00d6nemli de\u011fil, devlet elinden geleni yaps\u0131n yeter. Her t\u00fcrl\u00fc eziyeti \u00e7ekip al\u0131n teriyle yo\u011furdu\u011fu ekmekten onlara pay \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, e\u011filip i\u015fledi\u011fi ketenden giyecek verdi\u011finde hakaret duyar, inanc\u0131na, dinine k\u00fcfredilir, k\u00f6y\u00fcne sald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Tarlas\u0131na, ba\u011f\u0131na bah\u00e7esine sald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Her t\u00fcrl\u00fc Zorbal\u0131k ve ahlaks\u0131zl\u0131k yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc korkak ve haklar\u0131n\u0131 korumaktan aciz bir halkt\u0131r. Ama ambar laz\u0131m olursa, Ermeni k\u00f6ylerine kurulmal\u0131, un laz\u0131m olursa Ermeni de\u011firmenleri \u00f6\u011f\u00fctmeli, gecelemek gerekirse K\u00fcrt ve T\u00fcrk k\u00f6yleri yak\u0131nda olsa bile olmaz, Ermeni k\u00f6y\u00fcnde gecelemelidirler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc isledikleri zaman d\u00f6vebilir, istedikleri zaman oyuncak edebilir, canlar\u0131 ne islerse yapabilirler. Emrederler, gelir yer i\u00e7erler. Zira y\u00fczlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r devlete sadakatle hizmet eden Ermeni bug\u00fcn \u00f6nyarg\u0131l\u0131 di\u011fer milletler \u00f6n\u00fcnde k\u00e2fir, dinsiz, imans\u0131z, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131l\u0131k, k\u00f6le, esir ve kukla bir millet say\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Devlet ne zaman bir polisi g\u00f6revli olarak di\u011fer milletlere ait bir k\u00f6ye g\u00f6ndermek istese memnun kalmazlar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc korkarlar. Onun i\u00e7in Ermeni k\u00f6y\u00fcne g\u00fcle oynaya giderler. Sudan sebeplerle cellat kesilir, korku salarak iyice s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcrler. Ha\u00e7a ve dine sayg\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k yapt\u0131ktan ba\u015fka, doymamacas\u0131na yer i\u00e7er, devletin kanunlar\u0131na ters olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen tek bir kuru\u015f \u00f6demeden giderler. Bunlar\u0131 yapan sadece polisler de\u011fil, askerler. Yerli ve ge\u00e7ici memurlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 da ayn\u0131 \u015feyleri yap\u0131yorlar. Y\u00f6renin Ermenileri bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir de \u00e7e\u015fitli K\u00fcrt soylar\u0131ndan eziyet \u00e7ekiyor. Bu K\u00fcrtler maddiyat\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, dine ve namusa da tecav\u00fcz ediyorlar.<\/p>\n

\u2026 Hem Palu hem \u00c7arsancak hem Ki\u011f\u0131 hem de Harput marhasal\u0131\u011f\u0131 dahi\u00adlinde bulunan topraklar\u0131n neredeyse t\u00fcm\u00fc yerel beylerin ve a\u011falar\u0131n elinde\u00addir. Sadece y\u00fczde bir kadar\u0131 Ermenilerin elinde[7]<\/a>\u2026 Ayr\u0131ca marabal\u0131k hakk\u0131nda da fikir sahibi olacaks\u0131n\u0131z. Ermeniler marabal\u0131ktan da eziyet g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlar. Ba\u00adzen kalabal\u0131k gruplar halinde Ermeni k\u00f6ylerine gidip marabalar\u0131n evlerinde konaklay\u0131p kuzu, koyun, tavuk k\u0131zartmas\u0131 ve t\u00fcrl\u00fc t\u00fcrl\u00fc yiyeceklerle dolu masalarda g\u00fcnlerce yiyip i\u00e7ip b\u0131rak\u0131p gidiyorlar. E\u011fer zavall\u0131 Ermeniler kar\u015f\u0131 koyacak olurlarsa, g\u00fcn\u00fcn birinde mutlaka ba\u015flar\u0131na bir bela gelece\u011fini bili\u00adyorlar. Bu sebeple isteyerek veya istemeyerek korkular\u0131na boyun e\u011fip k\u00f6le gibi itaat ediyorlar.<\/p>\n

\u015eimdi halk\u0131n devlete ni\u00e7in vergi \u00f6dedi\u011fine dair basit bir soru soral\u0131m. Tabii ki h\u0131rs\u0131zlar taraf\u0131ndan soyulmamak i\u00e7in. Ailesiyle beraber, her \u015feyiyle \u00f6zg\u00fcr, korkusuz, rahat hayat s\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in. Ancak tam tersi oluyor<\/strong>(ab\u00e7).\u201d[8]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u00c7apar\u00e7ur ile ilgili olarak raporunda \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerdeki g\u00f6zlemlerinden bir \u00e7ok \u00f6rnek verir. Natanyan\u2019\u0131n erdi\u011fi \u00f6rnekler \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Ermenilerin beyler aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve k\u00f6le derecesine indirildi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz<\/p>\n

A\u015firetler, S\u00fcleyman (ve o\u011fullar\u0131), Yusuf ve Dervi\u015f A\u011fa adl\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 Bey’in idaresindedir. Bunlar ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en Ermenileri aralar\u0131nda payla\u015fm\u0131\u015flar, ke\u00adyifleri i\u00e7in esir gibi kullan\u0131yorlar. \u015eu Ermeni \u015fu Bey’indir, \u00f6teki Ermeni \u015fu Bey’indir gibi. Ayn\u0131 vilayette m\u00fcd\u00fcr bulunmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen K\u00fcrtler \u00fczerin\u00adde h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrememektedir.[9]<\/a><\/p>\n

Harput\u2019ta da durum farl\u0131 de\u011fildir. \u201cYerel halk [K\u00fcrtler] Ermenilere sert davran\u0131yor. E\u011fer boyun e\u011fmezlerse eziyet g\u00f6\u00adr\u00fcyorlar. Hem \u015fehirde hem de k\u00f6ylerde Ermeniler oyuncak olmu\u015f durum\u00adda. Ak\u015famlar\u0131 korkusuzca dola\u015f\u0131p Ermeni evlerini kur\u015funluyorlar. H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k normal g\u00fcnl\u00fck olay olmu\u015f. Ermeniler ak\u015famlar\u0131 korkmadan d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kama\u00add\u0131klar\u0131 gibi, geceleri de rahat uyuyam\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6ylerde, a\u011fa denilenlerin en b\u00fcy\u00fck zevki Ermeni kad\u0131nlar\u0131n namusuy\u00adla oynamak. Kad\u0131nlar ba\u011f ve bah\u00e7elere gitmeye cesaret edemiyorlar. Evlere girme cesaretinde bile bulunuyorlar… \u0130stediklerini elde edemediklerinde kad\u0131n\u0131n evine, mal\u0131na ya da kocas\u0131na zarar veriyorlar. A\u011falar yerel h\u00fck\u00fc\u00admet ve polis taraf\u0131ndan korunuyorlar. K\u00f6ylerde zevk i\u00e7in adam d\u00f6v\u00fcyorlar, r\u00fc\u015fvet al\u0131yorlar, k\u00fcf\u00fcr ediyorlar, tecav\u00fcz ediyorlar bazen de tabancayla ya da b\u0131\u00e7akla \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcyorlar. \u015eik\u00e2yet edildi\u011finde de faydas\u0131 olmuyor, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc dinle\u00adyen yok. Ermeniler ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Dersim K\u00fcrtlerinden de \u00e7ok \u00e7ekiyor. Bunlar k\u00f6yl\u00fclerden y\u0131ll\u0131k vergi talep ediyorlar. Aksi halde can\u0131na kastediyorlar. K\u00fcrt Kaya adl\u0131 e\u015fk\u0131ya kendine benzer arkada\u015flar\u0131yla k\u00f6y k\u00f6y dola\u015farak hatta bazen \u015fehre de girerek Ermenilere korkun\u00e7 \u015feyler yap\u0131yor. Bu konuda devlet sessiz kal\u0131yor. \u015eikayetleri g\u00f6rmezden geliyor \u00e7\u00fck\u00fc kendi de pek \u00e7ok kanunsuz i\u015f yap\u0131yor.\u201d[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0Harput ovas\u0131nda Ermenilerden toplanan resmi vergiler 15\u2019i buluyor: bedel-i Asker, Emlak, Temetiv, hungak[tah\u0131l), Ba\u011fhat \u00fcz\u00fcm vergisi, Karpuz bah\u00e7esi vergisi, \u015earap ak\u00e7esi, Khamchour(canl\u0131 hayvan vergisi, pamuk vergisi, in\u015faat vergisi, pencere vergisi,sa\u011fl\u0131k vergisi, yol vergisi, Mekara teke (mekkare) +noksan-i arz vergisi %10[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

1848\u2019deki yeni fetihle birlikte Osmanl\u0131 askeri harek\u00e2tlar\u0131 k\u00fcrt\u00a0 prensliklere[12]<\/a> son verir ve bu feodal yap\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7alanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flarlar. Tekrar a\u015firet sistemine d\u00f6n\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu sistemle dini ve resmi otoriteyi ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131ran ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman tarikatlardan destek alan \u015feyhler devri ba\u015flar. Bu isyanlar\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 K\u00fcrt halk\u0131n\u0131n bat\u0131ya do\u011fru hareketini tetikler, bu hareket Araplar ve H\u0131ristiyanlar aleyhine geli\u015fir. B\u00f6ylece Turabdin bat\u0131s\u0131nda, 1850\u2019de hemen her yer K\u00fcrt b\u00f6lgesidir ve plato da \u00fc\u00e7te iki K\u00fcrt yerle\u015fimidir.[13]<\/a> 1880\u2019de Savur kazas\u0131 tamamiyle K\u00fcrt\u00b4t\u00fcr.[14]<\/a> K\u00fcrt halk\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck birimlere b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ataerkil sadakatler ve eski d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131klara sahiptirler.[15]<\/a><\/p>\n

H\u0131ristiyanlar onlar\u0131n belli ba\u015fl\u0131 kurbanlar\u0131d\u0131r. K\u00fcrt a\u011falar\u0131n\u0131n hara\u00e7 istedikleri H\u0131ristiyan kasabalar\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u0130li\u015fkiler feodal yap\u0131daki gibi derebeyinden efendisine \u015feklindedir. Bu tarz (zimni) yasal harac\u0131 a\u015far ve H\u0131ristiyan k\u00f6ylerine ya\u015fam\u0131 imk\u00e2ns\u0131z k\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Bab\u0131\u00e2li g\u00f6\u00e7ebeli\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele ederken K\u00fcrt \u015fiddetini H\u0131ristiyanlara do\u011fru y\u00f6nelterek[16]<\/a> baz\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 bast\u0131r\u0131r. Bozulan Osmanl\u0131 idaresiyle 19. yy. sonunda Diyarbak\u0131r vilayetindeki H\u0131ristiyan topluluklar\u0131 ihmallerin yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131, artan bir g\u00fcvensizlik ortam\u0131nda ya\u015famaktayd\u0131lar. K\u00fcrtler ve H\u0131ristiyanlar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler ise \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa dayan\u0131r ve Hamidiye Alaylar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 ile patlama noktas\u0131na gelirler.<\/p>\n

Hamidiye Alaylar\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 en \u00fcst\u00fcn a\u015firet hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir. Bunlar Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019da sulhu sa\u011flamak bahanesi ile ter\u00f6r estirir ve anar\u015fiyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrler. Su\u00e7lar\u0131 hi\u00e7 cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan Hamidiye\u00b4nin K\u00fcrt reisleri ak\u0131nlar\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131rlar. Victor B\u00e9rard\u2019\u0131n anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi; \u201cD\u00fczenlenmi\u015f h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k; yasalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f cinayet, \u00f6d\u00fcllendirilmi\u015f tecav\u00fcz uygulamaktalar.\u201d[17]<\/a><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 19.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren\u00a0 a\u015firetleri denetimsiz gezgin ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmelerini \u00e7ok zor, hatta imkans\u0131z hale getirmek \u00fczere daha d\u00fczenli bi\u00e7imde askeri g\u00fcce ba\u015fvuracak donan\u0131ma eri\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u201c1863-6’da, F\u0131rka-i \u0130slahiye ad\u0131nda, g\u00f6revleri yaln\u0131zca G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu’daki g\u00f6\u00e7ebele\u00adrin denetlenmesi ve yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7irilmesinden ibaret olan yeni bir gezici askeri g\u00fc\u00e7 olu\u015fturuldu. K\u0131smen F\u0131rka-i islahiye’nin faaliyetleri sonucunda bu b\u00f6lgede asayi\u015f sa\u011fland\u0131, bu da T\u00fcrkmenler ve \u00c7erkezler gibi Ana\u00addolu’nun ba\u015fka b\u00f6lgelerinden ve Kafkaslar’dan ka\u00e7arak buralara s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmak isleyen \u00e7ok say\u0131da yeni g\u00f6\u00e7meni buralara \u00e7ekti. Yeni gelenler k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck grup\u00adlara\u00a0 b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcyor ve g\u00fcneydo\u011fuda Ermeni, K\u00fcrt ve Alevi yo\u011funlu\u011fu olan b\u00f6lgelere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131yordu, ki bu da \u00e7ok daha farkl\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve yerle\u015fik bir toplum olu\u015fturuyordu. Hassa, islahiye, Osmaniye, Reyhanl\u0131, Kadirli ve Kozan ka\u00adsabalar\u0131n\u0131n hepsi 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda F\u0131rka-i islahiye’nin uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerle\u015fim politikalar\u0131n\u0131n sonucunda kurulmu\u015ftu. K\u00fcrtlerin a\u015firetlere b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131 merkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmetin bir yandan baz\u0131 K\u00fcrtleri yanda\u015f olarak kullan\u0131rken \u00f6te yandan di\u011ferlerine a\u011f\u0131r cezalar uygulamay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmelerini kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor\u00addu. Bu politikan\u0131n en a\u00e7\u0131k \u00f6rne\u011fi, 1891 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan ve K\u00fcrtlerden olu\u015fan Hamidiye alaylar\u0131nda g\u00f6zlenebilir. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son on y\u0131l\u0131nda ve 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Hamidiye’ye al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f askerlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu olu\u015f\u00adturan S\u00fcnni K\u00fcrtlere Do\u011fu Anadolu’da Alevi (K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f) K\u00fcrtleri yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma, di\u011fer etnik gruplar\u0131 (\u00f6zellikle Ermenileri) s\u00fcrme, topraklar\u0131na el koyma ve buralara yerle\u015fme serbestiyeti tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. S\u0131k s\u0131k merkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmet de do\u011frudan eyleme ge\u00e7iyor ve K\u00fcrt a\u015firetleri b\u00f6lgelerinden at\u0131yordu. S\u00f6zge\u00adlimi, Musul ile \u0130ran s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki b\u00f6lgede amans\u0131z e\u015fk\u0131yal\u0131klar\u0131 ile k\u00f6t\u00fc bir \u00fcn kazanan K\u00fcrt Hemvend a\u015fireti b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f, \u00dcsk\u00fcdar ve Ankara (1886), Bingazi (1887), Trablus (1889) ve \u0130stanbul’a (1890) gruplar halinde yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.[18]<\/a> G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi n\u00fcfus m\u00fchendisli\u011fi, s\u00fcrg\u00fcn ve yeni yerle\u015fimlerle b\u00f6lgenin y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc de de\u011fi\u015ftirmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

1860 y\u0131llar\u0131ndan itibaren Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019da m\u00fclkiyet m\u00fccadelesi keskin bir nite\u00adlik kazanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u201c\u015eeyhler, \u00e7ok eskiden derebeylere b\u0131rak\u0131l\u00adm\u0131\u015f bulunan ve daha sonralar\u0131 merkez idaresi taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan yeni kanunlarla \u00e7ift\u00e7iye terk edilmi\u015f olan b\u00fct\u00fcn m\u00fclkleri kendile\u00adrine mal etmek istediler. Bu hareketi ba\u015flatan me\u015fhur \u015eeyh Celalettin’in[19]<\/a> babas\u0131 \u015eeyh Sabadullah[20]<\/a> idi. O, dini fanatizmi kendisine bir silah olarak kulla\u00adn\u0131yordu.[21]<\/a> Sabadullah 1850\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda Khizan\u2019da \u00e7\u0131plak ayakla gezen bir mollad\u0131r[22]<\/a>. \u015eeyh Sabadullah. Khizan ve \u00e7evresinde fetihlere ba\u015flar. \u015eeyh Sabadullah din \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011fundan Ermeni\u00adler aras\u0131nda y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc kapatarak dola\u015f\u0131rd\u0131. Sebebi ise Hristiyan Ermeni’nin y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6rmemek ya da H\u0131ristiyan Ermeni kendi y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6rmesin diyedir. Onun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine g\u00f6re bu haram say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Ermeniler’i ordan s\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in onlar\u0131n ba\u011flar\u0131na ve bah\u00e7elerine el koyuyorlard\u0131<\/em>.[23]<\/a> Sabadullah, yoksul bir molla olarak \u00e7\u0131plak ayaklar\u0131 ile doland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlere devletin deste\u011fiyle \u015eeyh Sabadullah<\/em> olarak h\u00fckmetmektedir. Babas\u0131 ya\u015flan\u0131nca o\u011flu Celalettin g\u00f6revi ondan devral\u0131r. Natanyan\u2019a bak\u0131l\u0131rsa, hem K\u00fcrtler \u00fczerindeki n\u00fcfuz hem de serveti bak\u0131m\u0131ndan babas\u0131yla k\u0131yaslanamayacak kadar zenginle\u015fir. \u015eeyh Celalettin dinsel otoritesini ki\u015fisel zenginli\u011fi i\u00e7in kullanman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra verdi\u011fi dini payelerle kendisine ba\u011fl\u0131 geni\u015f bir kitle yaratmay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131r.[24]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u015eeyh Celalettin \u00f6rne\u011fi de \u00a0b\u00f6lgedeki Ermeniler \u00fczerindeki z\u00fcl\u00fcm ve bask\u0131slar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, Ermenilerin \u00e7aresizli\u011fini ve Ermenilerin ba\u015f ba\u015fa kald\u0131klar\u0131 Zul\u00fcm ve bask\u0131n\u0131n derecesini ve devletin kay\u0131ts\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6stermesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6\u011freticidir:<\/p>\n

1877-1878 Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrecinde pek \u00e7ok yerdeki \u00a0K\u00fcrt a\u015firetleri, t\u0131pk\u0131 1853-1856 K\u0131r\u0131m sava\u015f\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi, Osmanl\u0131 ordusunu takviye ediyor g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc alt\u0131nda civarlar\u0131ndaki Ermeni k\u00f6ylerine sald\u0131r\u0131p bu\u00adralar\u0131 talan etmi\u015flerdir. \u015eeyh Celalettin’in bu sald\u0131r\u0131lar i\u00e7in emir verdi\u011fine dair bir\u00e7ok g\u00f6z\u00adlem bulunmaktad\u0131r. Sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131yla birlikte, K\u00fcrt a\u015firetleri \u015eeyh Celalettin’in emriyle, Aghbak (Van’\u0131n g\u00fcneydo\u011fusunda, \u0130ran’\u0131n Salmast ve Hoy (Khoyt) b\u00f6lgesine s\u0131\u00adn\u0131r\u0131 olan bir k\u00f6y), Ba\u015fkale civar\u0131ndaki 24 Er\u00admeni ve S\u00fcryani yerle\u015fimini i\u015fgal etmi\u015fler\u00addir. Bu b\u00f6lge \u00f6teden beri K\u00fcrtler taraf\u0131ndan neredeyse sistematik bi\u00e7imde sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011f\u00adramakta, sakinleri \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmekte, eziyetlere u\u011framakta, zenginlikleri talan edilmekte, ta\u015f\u0131namayan varl\u0131klar\u0131 ise yak\u0131l\u0131p y\u0131k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u201c\u00dcstelik Celalettin’in b\u00fct\u00fcn yapt\u0131klar\u0131na ra\u011fmen cezas\u0131z kalmas\u0131 onun \u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rmakta ve bir\u00e7ok ba\u015fka zorban\u0131n sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etmektedir. Ku\u015fkusuz Celalettin’in b\u00fct\u00fcn bu sald\u0131rganl\u0131k ve h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa dini bir k\u0131l\u0131f uydurmas\u0131 da Khizan’daki zorbalar\u0131n i\u015fini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmakta ve Natanyan’\u0131n ifadesiyle, Khizan\u2019\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131na yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r: “Beytam Murat’\u0131n evini ve Surp Harutyun Kilisesi’ni y\u0131k\u0131nca onun g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6ren K\u00fcrtlerin b\u00fc\u00ady\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 \u015eeyhe kat\u0131ld\u0131\u2026 K\u00fcrtler ve sofilerin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklerden cesaret alan di\u011fer K\u00fcrtler de, ‘\u015eeyhin adamlar\u0131 yap\u0131yor ve cezaland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131yorlar’ diyerek barbarl\u0131\u011fa ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flar. \u0130\u015fte Khizan kazas\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca sebebi budur.” Ger\u00e7ekten de Natanyan, \u015feyhin cezas\u0131z kalan zorbal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcp harekete ge\u00e7en, benzer ya\u011fma ve talan hareketlerine giri\u015fen Hizanl\u0131lar\u0131 saymaktad\u0131r. Arif Bey ve Kerim Bey, kendilerine ba\u011fl\u0131 adamlar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Ermenilere eziyet eden ve kilise ve manast\u0131rlara zarar verenlerin ba\u015flar\u0131nda gelmektedir.\u201d[25]<\/a><\/p>\n

Natanyan’\u0131n s\u00f6z etti\u011fi \u015eeyh Celalettine benzer bi\u00e7imde, S\u0131rvantsdyants da Malatya ve Harput civar\u0131n\u00addaki Ermeni ve K\u00fcrt k\u00f6yl\u00fclerine eziyet eden Deli Silo adl\u0131 bir hayduttan s\u00f6z etmektedir. Deli Silo Tercanl\u0131 bir K\u00fcrtt\u00fcr ve civardaki T\u00fcrk, K\u00fcrt, Ermeni k\u00f6ylerini neredeyse ayr\u0131m yapmaks\u0131z\u0131n soymaktad\u0131r. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 eziyet ve zu\u00adl\u00fcmler ayyuka \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman devletin \u015fim\u015feklerini \u00fczerine \u00e7ekmektedir, ama t\u0131pk\u0131 Celalettin gibi o da zaman zaman idareciler taraf\u0131ndan kollanmakta ve sayg\u0131n biri gibi muamele g\u00f6rmektedir.[26]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca 19.yy\u2019da Bat\u0131 Ermenistan bir sava\u015f alan\u0131d\u0131r. Ermenilere y\u00f6nelik bask\u0131 ve \u015fiddetin yan\u0131nda Sava\u015f da b\u00f6lgeden ermeni g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fc tetikler. \u015eahbazyan \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6rnek olarak Bohdan\u2019dan T\u0131h k\u00f6y\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6sterir: T\u0131h’tan \u00fc\u00e7 Ermeni g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc vard\u0131r. Bu g\u00f6\u00e7lerin birincisi Bedir Han zaman\u0131nda Bohdan’\u0131n Ermeni g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc, ikincisi \u015eeyh Celaleddin’in babas\u0131 \u015eeyh Sabadullah zaman\u0131nda, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc ise Bedirhan o\u011flu Osman Pa\u015fa zaman\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bohdan ve \u015eernah’a yak\u0131n olan T\u0131h, 800 evden meydana gelmi\u015f bir Ermeni k\u00f6y\u00fcd\u00fcr.\u00a0 Osmanl\u0131 \u2013 Rus \u00a0sava\u015f\u0131 zaman\u0131nda, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, K\u00fcrt y\u00f6neticilerini baz\u0131 yerlerden zorla \u00e7\u0131karmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. Osman Pa\u015fa (Bedir Han’\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131ndan biri), Bohdan’a gi\u00adder, orda sekiz bin K\u00fcrd\u00fc Kars’a, Ruslar’la sava\u015fmaya g\u00f6t\u00fc\u00adr\u00fcr. Geri d\u00f6nd\u00fckleri zaman K\u00fcrtler kendilerine verilen silah\u00adlar\u0131 iade etmezler. Osman Pa\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fte T\u0131h’a girer ve t\u00fcm ordusunu T\u0131hl\u0131lar’\u0131n erza\u011f\u0131 ile besler. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u00ad\u011fu tekrar 15 b\u00f6l\u00fck askerle T\u0131h’\u0131 bombalar. Bu y\u0131k\u0131mdan son\u00adra T\u0131h’da g\u00f6\u00e7 ba\u015flar.[27]<\/a><\/p>\n

Gasp ve el koymalar Ermenistan\u2019dan s\u00fcrekli g\u00f6\u00e7le neticelenmektedir. Osmanl\u0131 mebusu Krikor Zohrab bunu gayet net bir \u015fekilde\u00a0 Marcel Leart ad\u0131yla yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bro\u015f\u00fcrde belgeler.<\/p>\n

\u201c1882 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan say\u0131ma g\u00f6re, Osmanl\u0131 topraklan \u00fczerinde ya\u015fayan toplam Ermeni n\u00fcfusu 2.660.000, bunun yan\u0131nda Do\u011fu Anadolu’da reform yap\u0131lma\u00ads\u0131\u00a0\u00a0 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen\u00a0\u00a0 6\u00a0\u00a0 vilayette\u00a0\u00a0 ya\u015fayan\u00a0\u00a0 Ermeni\u00a0\u00a0 n\u00fcfusu 1.630.000’dir. Yirmi y\u0131l sonra 1912’de yenilenen say\u0131ma g\u00f6re ise, toplam Ermeni n\u00fcfusu 2.100.000, 6 vilayetteki Ermeni n\u00fcfusu 1.018.000 olarak tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Marcel Leart, Erme\u00adni n\u00fcfustaki azalman\u0131n, 6 vilayetteki n\u00fcfusun azalmas\u0131ndan ileri geldi\u011fini ispat ettikten sonra, bunun b\u00f6lgede Ermenilere kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen y\u0131ld\u0131rma, katletme ve g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirme uygulamala\u00adr\u0131ndan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131r.<\/p>\n

ERMEN\u0130 N\u00dcFUSUNDA SON OTUZ YILDAK\u0130 GEL\u0130\u015eME<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/sup>Patrikhane Say\u0131mlar\u0131na G\u00f6re 1882 ve 1912 N\u00fcfus \u0130statistiklerinin Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1882 1912\u00a0\u00a0 Artan\u00a0\u00a0 Azalan Azalan T\u00fcrkiye Ermenistan\u0131<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1.630.000\u00a0\u00a0 1.018.000-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 612.000<\/p>\n

Kilikya\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 380.000\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 407.000\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 27.000<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun geri kalan k\u0131sm\u0131nda<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 650.000\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 675.000\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 25.000<\/p>\n

Toplam\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2.660.000\u00a0 2.100.000\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 52.000 – 612.000-560.000\u201d[28]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bask\u0131 ve bunun tetikledi\u011fi g\u00f6\u00e7ler Ermeni ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline gelmi\u015ftir.\u201d Ermeni-K\u00fcrt geriliminin bir y\u00f6n\u00fc K\u00fcrt beylerinin ya da a\u011falar\u0131n\u0131n Erme\u00adni k\u00f6yl\u00fclere a\u011f\u0131r y\u0131ll\u0131k vergiler y\u00fcklemeleridir, ancak pek \u00e7ok durumda yar\u0131-g\u00f6\u00e7ebe ya\u015fayan K\u00fcrtlerin do\u011frudan talan ve ya\u011fma hareketlerine giri\u015ftikleri de bilinmektedir. Bu durum Ermeni k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri o kadar rahats\u0131z etmektedir ki, bazen topluca ba\u015fka bir yere g\u00f6\u00e7 etmektedirler, bazen de verece\u011fimiz \u00f6r\u00adnekte oldu\u011fu gibi, K\u00fcrtlerin sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131ndan korunmak i\u00e7in daha g\u00fcvenilir bulduklar\u0131 yerlere ba\u011flanmak istemektedirler. Tarihini kesin olarak bileme\u00addi\u011fimiz ancak 1811 y\u0131l\u0131 civar\u0131nda yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lan ve 29 Ermeni k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn isimlerinin ve Ermenice yaz\u0131yla m\u00fch\u00fcrlerinin bulundu\u011fu bir dilek\u00e7ede, Div\u00adri\u011fi kazas\u0131n\u0131n Pingan k\u00f6y\u00fcndeki Ermeniler, e\u015fk\u0131yan\u0131n ve K\u00fcrtlerin sald\u0131r\u0131\u00adlar\u0131ndan b\u0131km\u0131\u015f, “ekrad ile e\u015fk\u0131yan\u0131n mazarrat ve ha\u015farat\u0131ndan” korunmak i\u00e7in Ma’\u00e2din-i H\u00fcm\u00e2y\u00fbn’a ilhak olmak istediklerini belirtmi\u015flerdir. K\u00fcrt a\u015firetlerinin, a\u011falar\u0131n ve beylerin Ermeni k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fc \u00fczerindeki bas\u00adk\u0131lar\u0131 kadar \u00f6nemli bir ba\u015fka mesele de yerel idareciler ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet g\u00f6rev\u00adlilerinin bu konuda tak\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131 tav\u0131rd\u0131r.\u201d[29]<\/a><\/p>\n

Sava\u015flar da g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn sebeplerinden biridir. 1828-1829 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131 sonunda yakla\u015f\u0131k 20.000 Ermeni Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131ndan g\u00f6\u00e7m\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.[30]<\/a>Vahan Bardizaktsi ise 25.000 rakam\u0131n\u0131 vermektedir.[31]<\/a><\/p>\n

1877-1878 Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n da Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019da s\u00fcrmesiy de yeni g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgas\u0131 g\u00fcndeme gelir. Sava\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131nda can ve mal g\u00fcvenliklerinden emin olamayan Ermeni k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Bayezid ve Kars’a giren ve Der Gugasov (\u011eugasof), Loris Melikov (Melikof) ve Lazarev gibi Ermeni k\u00f6kenli kumandanlar\u0131n y\u00f6\u00adnetti\u011fi Rus ordusunun geli\u015finden, \u00f6zellikle K\u00fcrtlerin sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 sona erece\u011fi i\u00e7in memnun olurlar. Ancak Rus ordular\u0131n\u0131n geri \u00e7ekilmesinden sonra K\u00fcrt\u00adlerin Van ve civar\u0131ndan gelerek intikam alaca\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylentileri h\u0131zla yay\u0131l\u0131r ve \u00f6zellikle Erzurum, Kars, Ele\u015fkirt civar\u0131ndaki Ermeni k\u00f6yl\u00fcler bu sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u00addan kendilerini koruyamayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek Rusya s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na do\u011fru g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeye karar verirler. Bu korku ve panik dalgas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kitlesel g\u00f6\u00e7e yol a\u00e7ma e\u011filimi g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi i\u00e7in hem Rusya Ermenilerinin hem de Osmanl\u0131 Er\u00admenilerinin liderleri g\u00f6\u00e7e engel olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar\u2026 Ayn\u0131 tarihlerde sava\u015f\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131, yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlar\u0131 g\u00f6rmek \u00fczere b\u00f6l\u00adgeye giden \u00fc\u00e7 Ermeni rahip de [Bardizaktsi, S\u0131rvantsyants ve\u00a0 Natanyan]bu g\u00f6\u00e7 hareketinin \u00f6nemli bir boyuta ula\u015fabilece\u011finden endi\u015felenmi\u015f ve kendileri de bunu durdurabilmek i\u00e7in \u00e7aba g\u00f6s\u00adtermi\u015flerdir. \u00d6zellikle Vahan Bardizaktsi y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00add\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bu g\u00f6\u00e7le ilgili olarak Lazarev’le g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bardizaktsi’nin yazd\u0131klar\u0131 dikkatle incelendi\u011finde, 1877-1878 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131 nedeniyle iki b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u0130lk g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgas\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f\u2026 \u0130kinci g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgas\u0131 ise sava\u015f\u0131n hemen sonunda ya\u015fanan g\u00f6\u00e7 hareketidir.\u201d[32]<\/a> Bu g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgas\u0131nda da \u201cEle\u015fkirt ovas\u0131ndan 110 k\u00f6yden fazlas\u0131 10-15.000 ki\u015fi Erivan Ovas\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015f, bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde Yezidiler ve Ermeni Katolikler de var. Gerisi Gregoryenlerdir.\u201d[33]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bin y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fan bir s\u00fcredir devam eden istilalar, K\u00fcrt ve T\u00fcrk a\u015firetlerinin yerle\u015fmesi ve ya\u015fanan g\u00f6\u00e7ler, Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019da, Ermenilerin sadece birka\u00e7 b\u00f6lgede n\u00fcfusun \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu olu\u015fturdu\u011fu, kalan yerlerde ise, sadece ancak H\u0131ristiyan gruplar\u0131n en kalabal\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmalar\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ermeniler anayurtlar\u0131nda \u201caz\u0131nl\u0131k\u201d konumuna d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015flerdir.[34]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da s\u00f6z etti\u011fimiz 1891 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan ve K\u00fcrtlerden olu\u015fan Hamidiye alaylar\u0131, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son on y\u0131l\u0131nda ve 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019da Ermenilerin ba\u015f\u0131na tam bir bela kesilmi\u015ftir. Hamidiye alaylar\u0131 kurulurken do\u011frudan g\u00fcd\u00fclen ama\u00e7lar, o s\u0131rada hen\u00fcz \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fcmemi\u015f olan ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 Ermeni faaliyetleri\u00adni bast\u0131rmak ve K\u00fcrtleri daha iyi denetleyebilmekti. Sultan, \u00fcc\u00adretli ve y\u00fcksek prestijli bir i\u015f olana\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flay\u0131p resmen bask\u0131n ve ya\u011fma hakk\u0131 tan\u0131yarak K\u00fcrtleri kendine s\u0131k\u0131ca ba\u011flamay\u0131 um\u00admu\u015ftu. Bunda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 da oldu: K\u00fcrtler Abd\u00fclhamid’i kendileri i\u00e7in sultanlar\u0131n en iyisi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyor, ona Bave Kurdan (“K\u00fcrtler’in Babas\u0131”) diyorlard\u0131. Baz\u0131 g\u00f6zlemciler (\u00f6rne\u011fin b\u00f6lgedeki ingiliz konsolosu), Hamidiye’nin kurulmas\u0131nda, K\u00fcrtle\u00adri b\u00f6lerek y\u00f6netme niyeti de sezmi\u015fti: “Baz\u0131 durumlarda Hami\u00addiye i\u00e7in a\u015firetler aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan se\u00e7im, b\u00f6lgedeki g\u00fc\u00e7 denge\u00adsinin korunmas\u0131na yar\u0131yor, bazen de tam tersi bir sonuca yol a\u00e7\u0131yordu. \u00c7o\u011funlukla zay\u0131f a\u015firetler tercih edilmekteydi; \u00e7\u00fcn\u00adk\u00fc bunlara verilen daha iyi silahlar ve e\u011fitim, geleneksel rakip\u00adlerinin \u00fcst\u00fcn g\u00fcc\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda denge sa\u011fl\u0131yordu.”A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a K\u00fcrt yanl\u0131s\u0131 olan bir \u0130ngiliz ajan\u0131na [Binba\u015f\u0131 Noel] g\u00f6reyse, Hamidiye’nin as\u0131l amac\u0131, “a\u015firetler aras\u0131ndaki kan davalar\u0131ndan [yararlanarak], y\u00f6netime kar\u015f\u0131 birle\u015fmelerini \u00e7ok zor hale getirecek bir sistem yaratmakt\u0131.” E\u011fer ger\u00e7ekten de a\u015firetlerin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc dengele\u00admek, fiilen g\u00fcd\u00fclen ama\u00e7lardan biri olduysa, bunda ancak k\u0131s\u00admi bir ba\u015far\u0131 elde edilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin 1893-4’te a\u015firetler aras\u0131n\u00addaki kan davalar\u0131n\u0131n artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlenmi\u015ftir. Ama daha da \u00f6nemlisi, Hamidiye’nin baz\u0131 reislere kom\u00ad\u015fular\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda normalde sahip olduklar\u0131ndan daha fazla g\u00fc\u00e7 vermi\u015f olmas\u0131yd\u0131.[35]<\/a> Bir a\u011fan\u0131n Hamidiye komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na se\u00e7ilme\u00adsi, a\u015firet i\u00e7indeki rakipleriyle olan bir\u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n bir anda onun lehine kapanmas\u0131n\u0131 da beraberinde getiriyordu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc komutan yap\u0131lan a\u011fa, a\u015firet mensuplar\u0131n\u0131 kendi yanma \u00e7ek\u00admek i\u00e7in da\u011f\u0131tabilece\u011fi pek \u00e7ok \u015feye (y\u00fcksek de\u011fer atfedilen \u00fccretli bir i\u015f, silahlar) sahip oluveriyordu. \u00dcstelik, Hamidiye birliklerini rakiplerinin ve d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne s\u00fcrebilirdi. Hamidiye komutanlar\u0131ndan en az ikisi, bu \u015fekilde \u00f6yle b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00fcce ula\u015ft\u0131 ki, sonunda devlet i\u00e7in tehlike olu\u015fturdular.[36]<\/a> Bruinessen, bunlara Miranl\u0131 ustafa Pa\u015fa ve milanl\u0131 \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa \u00f6rneklerini verir.<\/p>\n

Hamidiye, ilk Ermeni katliamlar\u0131nda da (1894-96) ac\u0131mas\u0131z\u00adca yer ald\u0131. Bu katliamlar, Sason b\u00f6lgesindeki bir Ermeni ayak\u00adlanmas\u0131ndan sonra yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ayaklanman\u0131n nedeni, Ermeni\u00adlerin \u00e7ifte vergi \u00f6demek zorunda kalmas\u0131yd\u0131[37]<\/a>: Hem h\u00fck\u00fcmet ar\u00adt\u0131k do\u011frudan vergi toplamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131, hem de K\u00fcrtler Erme\u00adnilerin \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinden geleneksel paylar\u0131n\u0131 almay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. Hamidiye ayaklanmay\u0131 bast\u0131rmak \u00fczere b\u00f6lgeye g\u00f6nderildi. Bu\u00adnun ard\u0131ndan b\u00fct\u00fcn Do\u011fu Anadolu, esas olarak sultan\u0131n emir\u00adleriyle ama ayn\u0131 zamanda da Hamidiye’nin kendi inisiyatifiyle Ermeni k\u00f6ylerine sald\u0131rd\u0131 ve bask\u0131nlar d\u00fczenledi. Binlerce, bel\u00adki onbinlerce Ermeni \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc, daha fazlas\u0131 da ellerinde hi\u00e7bir \u015fey kalmamacas\u0131na soyuldu.[38]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0130ttihat Terakki d\u00f6neminde Hafif s\u00fcvari alaylar\u0131 ismiyle devam eden \u201cHamidiye Alaylar\u0131ndan baz\u0131lar\u0131 Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131larla birlikte ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015f\u0131 veren halklara kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Yani Osmanl\u0131 askeri konumundayd\u0131lar farklar\u0131, ba\u015flar\u0131nda K\u00fcrt A\u011fas\u0131n\u0131n olmas\u0131yd\u0131,\u201d[39]<\/a> Hamidiye kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n Milli m\u00fccadele\u2019de de varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Bedirhanilerden Emir Celadet Bedirhan\u2019\u0131n Mustafa Kemal\u2019e 8 Ocak 1933 tarihli mektubundaki \u201cGazetelerde okudu\u011fuma nazaran \u0130zmir kald\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131nda \u015fak\u0131rdayan ilk demirler K\u00fcrd s\u00fcvarilerinin nallar\u0131 idi\u201d[40]<\/a> s\u00f6zlerinden anl\u0131yoruz. Belki de Eyl\u00fcl 1922 \u0130zmir\u2019inin bir cehenneme d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclmesinde bu Hamidiye kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n katk\u0131 sunmu\u015flar m\u0131d\u0131r?\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Ermeni toplumunun siyasile\u015fmesi ve Ermeni Devrimci Hareketi<\/strong>[41]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Bournoutian, Ermeni tarihi adl\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131nda komuta edilen ve g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc Ermeni birliklerinden olu\u015fan Rus ordusu sevin\u00e7le kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. Avrupa’daki Rus ordusu ise \u0130stanbul yak\u0131nlar\u0131na kadar gelmi\u015fti. Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ate\u015fkesi kabul etti ve m\u00fczakereler ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu esnada K\u00fcrt, \u00c7erkez ve ba\u015f\u0131bozuk askerlerin do\u011fudaki mezaliminden haberdar olan \u0130stanbul’daki Erme\u00adni ayd\u0131nlar, kendi liderlerinden \u00e7ekincelerini bir tarafa b\u0131rakmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve Ermenilerin gelece\u011finin de yap\u0131lacak bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerine dahil edilmesi konusunda \u0130stanbul’daki eski Rus b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isine ve di\u011fer Rus yetkililere ricada bulunulmas\u0131n\u0131 talep etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ayastefanos antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n 16. maddesine g\u00f6re, b\u00f6lgenin Ermeni sakinleri taraf\u0131ndan talep edilen reformlar Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetince ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilene, K\u00fcrt ve \u00c7erkez ak\u0131nlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 halk emniyete al\u0131\u00adnana kadar Rus birlikleri Ermeni vilayetlerinde kalmaya devam edi\u00adyordu. Disraeli ve D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Robert Salisbury liderli\u011findeki \u0130ngilizler ile Kont Andrassy’nin ba\u015fkanl\u0131k etti\u011fi Avusturya heyeti, antla\u015fmay\u0131 ge\u00e7ersiz kabul ettiklerini ilan ettiler ve sava\u015f tehdidinde bulundular. Devrimcilerle ba\u015f\u0131 dertte olan \u00c7ar 11. Aleksandr, “d\u00fcr\u00fcst\u00adl\u00fckten \u015fa\u015fmadan arabuluculuk yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131” vaat eden Alman \u015eans\u00f6l\u00adyesi Otto von Bismarck’\u0131n zorlamas\u0131yla, iki ay i\u00e7inde Berlin’de bir Avrupa toplant\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kabul etti. Eski \u0130stanbul Patri\u011fi Kh\u0131rimyan’\u0131n ba\u015fkanl\u0131k etti\u011fi bir Ermeni delegasyonu, Avrupa’daki bir\u00e7ok ba\u015fkenti ziyaret ederek kendilerine de L\u00fcbnan’la ayn\u0131 stat\u00fcn\u00fcn veril\u00admesi gerekti\u011fi konusunda Avrupal\u0131 diplomatlar\u0131 ikna etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu talep, H\u0131ristiyan vali, \u00f6zy\u00f6netim, gelirlerin yerel projeler i\u00e7in kul\u00adlan\u0131lmas\u0131, sivil mahkemeler, Ermeni ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlardan olu\u015fan kar\u00adma bir kolluk kuvveti anlam\u0131na geliyordu. Bununla birlikte b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7ler, daha kongre ba\u015flamadan, \u0130ngiltere, Rusya, Avusturya ve Os\u00admanl\u0131 devletlerinin ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 anla\u015fmalar yapt\u0131klar\u0131 gizli toplant\u0131lar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdiler. Ermeni heyeti Berlin Kongresi’ne (13 Haziran-13 Temmuz 1878) geldi\u011finde, Balkanlar’\u0131n ve Ermenilerin kaderi, asl\u0131nda \u00e7oktan karara ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Berlin Antla\u015fmas\u0131 uyar\u0131nca, Ermeni \u00f6zy\u00f6netimi g\u00fcndeme al\u0131nmad\u0131; bunun yerine, 61. madde de\u011fi\u015ftirilerek Rus birliklerinin geri \u00e7ekilmesi sa\u011f\u00adland\u0131. Reformlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi hususunda Avrupa’n\u0131n kolektif”sorumlulu\u011fu” g\u00fcndeme getirildi, \u00f6te yandan herhangi bir do\u011frudan g\u00f6zetim mekanizmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildi, Kh\u0131rimyan, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, me\u015fhur “demir kep\u00e7e” benzetmesiyle s\u00f6zc\u00fcklere d\u00f6kt\u00fc. Mevcut durum i\u00e7in bir kazan ke\u015fkek \u00d6rne\u011fini kullanan Kh\u0131rimyan’a g\u00f6re, her ulus, elinde demirden kep\u00e7esiyle, kazandan kendi pay\u0131na d\u00fc\u015feni al\u0131yordu; s\u0131ra Ermenilere geldi\u011finde, ke\u015fke\u011fi ka\u015f\u0131klamalar\u0131 i\u00e7in ellerine bir k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t par\u00e7as\u0131 (Ayastefanos Antla\u015fmas\u0131) tutu\u015fturulmu\u015ftu. K\u00e2\u011f\u0131ttan kep\u00e7eyle ke\u015fkek almak ne m\u00fcmk\u00fcn! Kh\u0131rimyan, Ermenilere, demirden kep\u00e7e almalar\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda bulundu; kastetti\u011fi silahl\u0131 m\u00fcca\u00addeleydi.<\/p>\n

\u0130zleyen iki y\u0131l boyunca b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7ler sorumluluklar\u0131n\u0131 yerine getirerek, Ermenilere y\u00f6nelik vaatlerini Bab\u0131\u00e2li’ye her f\u0131rsatta hat\u0131rlatmak\u00adtan geri durmad\u0131lar. 1880 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere ba\u015fbakan\u0131 olan Gladstone, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’ndaki H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n destek\u00e7isiydi. Dolay\u0131\u00ads\u0131yla, Osmanl\u0131lara yeni reformlar yapmalar\u0131 konusunda bask\u0131 yapabi\u00adlirdi. Ancak \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden, Avrupa’daki dengeler fazlas\u0131yla de\u011fi\u015fecek\u00adti. Avusturya-Macaristan’\u0131 etkisi alt\u0131na alan Panslavist hareketler ve olas\u0131 bir Frans\u0131z-Rus ittifak\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda duyulan kayg\u0131, Almanya ve Avusturya’n\u0131n anla\u015fmaya varmalar\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131’dan yana tav\u0131r alma\u00adlar\u0131yla sonu\u00e7land\u0131. \u00c7ar II. Aleksandr suikaste u\u011fray\u0131nca\u00a0 yerine ge\u00e7en o\u011flu III. Aleksandr ne Ermenilere ne de di\u011fer az\u0131n\u00adl\u0131klara g\u00fcveniyordu. Dahas\u0131, Afrika, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya ve \u00c7in’deki s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci yay\u0131lmalar, b\u00fcy\u00fck kuvvetlerin dikkatini ba\u015fka y\u00f6nlere \u00e7ek\u00adti; Ermeni Sorunu art\u0131k g\u00fcndemde de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n

Berlin Kongresi Ermenileri hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na u\u011fratmakla kalmam\u0131\u015f, ayn\u0131 zamanda onlar\u0131 belirsiz bir durumda b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Art\u0131k, millet-i sad\u0131kan\u0131n Rus yanl\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011fundan \u015f\u00fcphe ediliyordu. K\u00fcrtler ve Ermeni toplumunun siyasile\u015fmesinin k\u0131r\u0131lma noktas\u0131 olarak 1878\u2019i i\u015faret eder, \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin Bulgaristan’daki durumu tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7may\u0131 reddetmesi, Ruslar\u0131n 1877’de Moldavya’ya girmesinin bahanesi oldu ve y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015f\u0131 b\u00f6ylece ba\u015flad\u0131. Sava\u015f yine iki cephede cereyan ediyordu: Avrupa ve Anadolu’nun do\u011fusu. Rus Panslavizmine ve Rus Ortodoks Kilisesi’ne g\u00fcvenmeyen \u0130stanbul’da\u00adki Ermeni cemaati \u00f6nderleri, Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131 destekledi. Bununla birlik\u00adte, do\u011fudaki Ermeni n\u00fcfus katlan\u0131lmaz ko\u015fullardan usanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. K\u00fcrtler sava\u015f\u0131 f\u0131rsat bilerek bir kez daha Ermeni k\u00f6ylerine sald\u0131r\u0131nca, Ermeni generaller taraf\u0131ndan<\/p>\n

\u00c7erkezler Ermeni k\u00f6ylerine sald\u0131rmaya devam ediyorlard\u0131. Patrik ise Sultan’a sadakatini ilan ederek, Balkanlar’daki H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n aksine, Ermenilerin Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’ndan ayr\u0131lmay\u0131 kati suretle iste\u00admediklerini hat\u0131rlatarak ko\u015fullar\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Ermeni Sorunu’nun, vaad edilen reformlar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131yla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclece\u011fini umuyordu. Onun bu teminat\u0131na kulak asmayan Sultan Abd\u00fclhamid ise Avrupal\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin m\u00fcdahale etmeyece\u011fini bildi\u011finden, Ermeni vilayetlerindeki yerel yetkilileri istedikleri gibi davranmaya te\u015fvik edi\u00adyordu. K\u00fcrtler ve \u00c7erkezlerin kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 hara\u00e7 kesmeler, k\u0131z ka\u00e7\u0131rmalar, yasa ve d\u00fczen ihlalleri, ta\u015fradaki Ermeni liderlerin dilek\u00e7eleri h\u00fc\u00adk\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan tamamen g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edildi. Ermenilerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011fun\u00adlu\u011funda ne kendilerini savunacak ne de adaletsizli\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 seslerini y\u00fckseltecek cesaret kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Rus Yahudileri gibi kaderlerine raz\u0131 gel\u00admekten ba\u015fka \u00e7are g\u00f6rm\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Dahas\u0131, Abd\u00fclhamid, Rusya’da Kazaklar eliyle Yahudilere uygulanan k\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n bir benzerini Ermeni\u00adlere kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeyi planlad\u0131. Bu ama\u00e7la K\u00fcrtlerden olu\u015fan, Hamidiye olarak bilinen d\u00fczensiz s\u00fcvari alaylar\u0131n\u0131 silah alt\u0131na ald\u0131. Er\u00admeni savunma birimlerinin ruhban kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131, sosyalist s\u00f6ylemi Kilise’yi ve t\u00fcccar kesimi rahats\u0131z ediyordu; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Ermeni liderli\u011finin bunlara destek vermesi s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildi. Bu duruma ra\u011fmen Abd\u00fclhamid’in g\u00f6z\u00fcnde t\u00fcm Ermeniler tehdit te\u015fkil ediyordu. Abd\u00fclha\u00admid, \u0130slami reformcu Cemaleddin el-Afgani’nin (1838-1897) fikirleri\u00adni de kendi ama\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda tahrif etti. \u0130stanbul’u ziyaret ede\u00adrek Sultan’la g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fen el-Afgani, Bat\u0131 emperyalizmine direnmenin ve \u00fcstesinden gelmenin, ancak M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halklar\u0131n birle\u015fmesi ve islami de\u011ferlerin \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131yla m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015fti. Abd\u00fcl\u00adhamid ise halifelik makam\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak, \u0130mparatorluk b\u00fcnyesindeki M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131, Balkanlar ve Anadolu’daki H\u0131ristiyan devrimcilere kar\u015f\u0131 birle\u015ftirme yoluna gitti.<\/p>\n

Berlin Kongresi’nin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ermeni yazarlar\u0131 da et\u00adkiledi. Romantik d\u00f6nem sona ermi\u015f, yerini ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ili\u011fe b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hagop Baronyan’\u0131n (1841-1892) satirik oyunlar\u0131, Krikor Zohrab’\u0131n (1861-1915) renkli \u00f6yk\u00fcleri, Rupen Zartaryan’\u0131n (1874-1915) ta\u015fra ef\u00adsaneleri ve halk masallar\u0131n\u0131 derlemesi bu d\u00f6neme rastlar. Bu ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n di\u011fer isimleri aras\u0131nda Siamanto, Varujan, Medzarents ve [Yervant] Odyan yer al\u0131r. Bas\u0131n da bu ak\u0131m\u0131n takip\u00e7isi oldu. 1884’te Arpiar Arpiaryan (1852-1908) ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i kalemleri etraf\u0131na toplayan Arevelk <\/em>[Do\u011fu] gazetesini \u00e7\u0131karmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

1881’de, Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n verdikleri g\u00fcvencenin anlams\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark eden bir grup Ermeni ayd\u0131n, cemaat ileri gelenlerinin nasihatlerini bir yana b\u0131rak\u0131p, Balkanlar’daki direni\u015f hareketlerinin ve Ermenilerin Zeytun’da verdi\u011fi silahl\u0131 m\u00fccadelenin izinden gitmeye karar verdi. D\u00f6rt koldan savunma gruplar\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. Bunlar\u0131n en me\u015fhuru Beyaban Hayrenyats <\/em>[Atayurdu Savunma] cemiyetiydi. Gen\u00e7lik burada kendi halk\u0131n\u0131 korumaya ant i\u00e7mi\u015fti. \u0130lk Ermeni siyasi partisi Armenagan, 1885’te, Van’da \u00f6\u011fretmenlik yapan M\u0131g\u0131rdi\u00e7 Portukalyan’\u0131n \u00f6\u011frencileri taraf\u0131ndan kuruldu. Krikoris Terlemezyan taraf\u0131n\u00addan \u00f6rg\u00fctlenen ve Kh\u0131rimyan’m milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finden etkilenen Arme\u00adnagan platformu, e\u011fitim ve silahl\u0131 direni\u015fin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, gelecekte elde edilecek \u00f6zy\u00f6netim i\u00e7in haz\u0131rl\u0131k yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 savunuyordu. Partinin kurulmas\u0131ndan birka\u00e7 ay \u00f6nce Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131ndan s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilmi\u015f olan Portukalyan, ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Marsilya’da Armenia <\/em>gazetesini yay\u0131nlama\u00adya ba\u015flad\u0131. Portukalyan’\u0131n Avrupa’daki faaliyetleri yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6r\u00admekte olan bir\u00e7ok Rusya Ermenisi’ni de etkiledi. Bunlar, k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde kendi devrimci[42]<\/a> \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin, Sosyal Demokrat H\u0131n\u00e7ak Partisi’nin temellerini Cenevre’de att\u0131lar[kurulu\u015fu 1887][43]<\/a>. Bu esnada Van’da faaliyetlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Armenaganlar, \u0130ran Azerbaycan\u0131, Kafkasya ve Bulgaris\u00adtan’daki Ermeniler aras\u0131ndan taraftar toplad\u0131lar. \u00d6rg\u00fctledikleri silahl\u0131 fedailer sayesinde, izleyen on y\u0131l boyunca Van b\u00f6lgesini K\u00fcrt sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u00addan korudular.<\/p>\n

XIX.\u00a0 yy. sonunda kurulan devrimci Ermeni partilerinin benimsedikleri temel ama\u00e7 Bat\u0131 Ermenilerinin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe kavu\u015fturulmas\u0131 ve Rusya ile Osmanl\u0131 imparatorluklar\u0131n\u0131n egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131nda ya\u015fayan do\u011fu ve bat\u0131 Er\u00admenilerinin birle\u015ftirilmesiyle ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir Ermenistan’\u0131n kurulmas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

XX.\u00a0 yy.a gelinirken Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda d\u00f6rt Ermeni siyasi partisi fa\u00adaliyet g\u00f6steriyordu: Armenagan Partisi (kurulu\u015fu 1885), Sosyal-Demokrat H\u0131n\u00e7ak Partisi (kurulu\u015fu 1887), bu partiden kopan Veragazmyal <\/em>(Yeniden \u0130n\u00ad\u015fa) H\u0131n\u00e7ak Partisi ve Ermeni Devrimci Federasyonu (Ta\u015fnaktsutyun, kurulu\u015fu 1892). Ermeni siyasi partileri, hedeflerine ula\u015fmak \u00fczere, Osmanl\u0131 impa\u00adratorlu\u011funda Ermeni halk\u0131n\u0131n ulusal kurtulu\u015f m\u00fccadelesinde dayan\u0131\u015fabilecekleri ba\u015fka siyasi \u00f6rg\u00fctlerle \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftirmeye y\u00f6neliyorlard\u0131. \u00d6teki halklar\u0131n siyasi \u00f6rg\u00fctleriyle i\u015fbirli\u011fi ilkesi parti programlar\u0131na da yans\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ermeni partilerinin, Ermeni halk\u0131n\u0131n Sultan II. Abd\u00fclhamit rejimine kar\u015f\u0131 verdi\u011fi ulusal kurtulu\u015f m\u00fccadelesinin ko\u015fulla\u00adr\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda olup haklar\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele etmekte olan di\u011fer halklar\u0131n siyasi \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin ya\u00adn\u0131 s\u0131ra T\u00fcrk halk\u0131n\u0131n J\u00f6nt\u00fcrkler gibi Sultan’\u0131n y\u00f6netiminden ve g\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc siyasetten ho\u015fnut olmayan liberal katmanlar\u0131n\u0131 da bir araya getiren tek bir cephe olu\u015fturmaya y\u00f6neldikleri a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.[44]<\/a><\/p>\n

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[1]<\/a> 10. yy.\u2019da \u0130slamiyeti benimseyen K\u00fcrt a\u015firetleri Ermeni platosuna do\u011fru ilerlerler. Kuzeyde 9. yy.\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrler. Daha sonra bat\u0131ya ve g\u00fcneye, Diyarbak\u0131r vilayetine inerler. Bu yay\u0131l\u0131m s\u0131ras\u0131nda K\u00fcrt \u0131rk\u0131na farkl\u0131 elemanlar kat\u0131l\u0131r. <\/strong>Yves Ternon,Mardin 1915\u00a0 Bir Y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n Patolojik Anatomisi. Belge Uluslararas\u0131 yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131na haz\u0131rlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Garo Sasuni, K\u00fcrt Ulusal Hareketleri ve 15.yy\u2019dan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze Ermeni K\u00fcrt ili\u015fkileri \u00c7. B. Zartaryan-M.Yetkin, Med Y. 1992 s 143<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Arsen Yarman, Palu-Harput 1878, 1. Cilt Adalet aray\u0131\u015f\u0131, Derlem Y. 2010, 91-99<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> George A. Bournoutian, Ermeni Tarihi, Ermeni Halk\u0131n\u0131n Tarihine K\u0131sa bir Bak\u0131\u015f,\u00e7ev. E.Abado\u011flu, O.K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7da\u011f\u0131, Aras\u00a0 Y. s 210-211<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Hans-Lukas Kieser, Iskalanm\u0131\u015f Bar\u0131\u015f, \u00e7ev.Atilla Dirim, \u0130leti\u015fim Y. 2005, s 33<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> 1877-78 ve \u00f6ncesindeki Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015flar\u0131nda askerlerin lojisti\u011fi kad\u0131n-erkek Ermeniler taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. Ermeni halk\u0131 y\u00fck hayvan\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00dcstelik bu kolay bir i\u015f de\u011fildir. Sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda Trabzon\u2019dan Erzurum\u2019a s\u0131rt\u0131nda tah\u0131l g\u00f6t\u00fcren Ermeni kad\u0131nlara sald\u0131r\u0131da bulunan askerler ve asker ka\u00e7aklar\u0131nca sald\u0131r\u0131 ola\u011fan i\u015flerdendir.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Osmanl\u0131n\u0131n egemenli\u011finde K\u00fcrtlerin Ermenistan\u2019\u0131 feth etti\u011fini s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Burada \u0130dris-i Bitlisi ile Yavuz Selim\u2019in antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Arsen Yarman Palu-Harput 1878, II.Cilt Raporlar, Derlem Y. 2010,s 115-117<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> Arsen Yarman Palu-Harput 1878, II.Cilt Raporlar, Derlem Y. 2010,s 157<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Arsen Yarman Palu-Harput 1878\u2026 s 190<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> Arsen Yarman Palu-Harput 1878\u2026 s 192<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> Yves Ternon,Mardin 1915\u00a0 Bir Y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n Patolojik Anatomisi<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> S. de Courtois, Une communaut\u00e9 syriaque en p\u00e9ril \u00e1 la fin de l\u00b4Empire ottoman, Diarb\u00e9kir, Mardin et le Tur Abdin (1880-1919)<\/em>, 2001, s. 70.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> Savur ve \u00e7evresinde yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde yerle\u015fik bir halk olan Muhallemiler ya\u015famakta. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u0131k s\u0131k K\u00fcrtler\u00b4le kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> Gerard Chaliand, Le Malheur kurde<\/em> (K\u00fcrt Felaketi), Paris Seuil, 1992, s. 58.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> S. de Courtois, Une communaut\u00e9 syriaque en p\u00e9ril \u00e1 la fin de l\u00b4Empire ottoman, Diarb\u00e9kir, Mardin et le Tur Abdin (1880-1919)<\/em>, 2001, s. 71-73.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> Victor B\u00e9rard, La Politique du Sultan<\/em> (Sultan\u0131n Politikas\u0131, Paris, Armand Colin, 1897, s. 215-223.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> Re\u015fat Kasaba, D\u00fcnya, \u0130mparatorluk ve Toplum, Kitap Y. 2005, s 166<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> \u00dcnl\u00fc Erme\u00adni romanc\u0131 Raffi’nin [Hagop Melik Melkonyan](1835-1888) ilk bask\u0131s\u0131 1884 y\u0131l\u0131nda Moskova’da yap\u0131lan Celalettin <\/em>(Jalaleddin) adl\u0131 roman\u0131, onun y\u00f6netti\u011fi bu sald\u0131r\u0131 ve talan\u0131 ele almaktad\u0131r. Romanda b\u00fct\u00fcn bu eziyetleri ve k\u00fcle d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f memleketi, \u00e7ocuklu\u011funun ge\u00e7ti\u011fi k\u00f6y\u00fcne d\u00f6nen bir gen\u00e7 adam\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcyle g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Roman\u0131n kahraman\u0131, babas\u0131n\u0131, kendilerine bask\u0131 ve eziyet yapanlara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in su\u00e7layan ve sonunda ailesi i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele ederken \u00f6len Sarhat adl\u0131 bir gen\u00e7tir.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> Bundan 25 y\u0131l \u00f6nce [1853] Mog \u00fclkesinin Arzavu k\u00f6y\u00fcnden Molla Sadullah adl\u0131 ki\u015fi \u00e7\u0131plak ayakla Khizan kazas\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015f. Ona yanda\u015f olarak \u015eirvan Olek k\u00f6y\u00fc\u2019nden Molla Khalti e\u015flik etmekteymi\u015f. \u015eeyhlik \u00fcnvan\u0131 almay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f. Kh\u0131zan\u2019daki K\u00fcrtleri toplayarak onlara vazedermi\u015f. Ara s\u0131ra da \u00f6teki d\u00fcnyadan kendisine bir \u015feyler bildirildi\u011finis\u00f6yleyerek bunlar\u0131 aktar\u0131rm\u0131\u015f\u2026 b\u00f6ylece b\u00fcy\u00fck bir servet dizmi\u015f. Ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011flu \u015eeyh Celalettin ondan g\u00f6revi devral\u0131nca, kendisi de istirahata \u00e7ekilmi\u015f. Celalettin babas\u0131ndan daha becerikli \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p, daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir servet yapm\u0131\u015f ve K\u00fcrtler \u00fcst\u00fcnde m\u00fcthi\u015f bir n\u00fcfuza sahip olmu\u015f. \u2026 istedi\u011fi da\u011f\u0131 ve orman\u0131 zapt etmeye, ayak bast\u0131\u011f\u0131 her yeri i\u015fgal etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f. \u2026 Arsen Yarman Palu Harput\u2026\u00a0 II. Cilt s 221-23<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> Garo Sasuni, K\u00fcrt Ulusal Hareketleri\u2026 s 143<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> Arsen Yarman Palu Harput, 1. Cilt, Derlem Y. 2010, s 142<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a> Hagop \u015eahbazyan, K\u00fcrt-Ermeni \u0130li\u015fkileri, \u00e7ev.Ferit M. Y\u00fcksel, KalanY.2005, s 71<\/p>\n

[24]<\/a> Arsen Yarman Palu Harput, 1. Cilt, Derlem Y. 2010, s 142<\/p>\n

[25]<\/a> Arsen Yarman Palu Harput, 1. Cilt, Derlem Y. 2010, s 144-145<\/p>\n

[26]<\/a> Arsen Yarman Palu Harput, 1. Cilt, Derlem Y. 2010, s 145-146<\/p>\n

[27]<\/a> Hagop \u015eahbazyan, K\u00fcrt-Ermeni \u0130li\u015fkileri\u2026 s 71<\/p>\n

[28]<\/a> Nesim Ovadya \u0130zrail, 1915 Bir \u00d6l\u00fcm Yolculu\u011fu Krikor Zohrab, Pencere Y. 2011, s 234-238<\/p>\n

[29]<\/a> Arsen Yarman Palu Harput, 1. Cilt\u2026 s 110<\/p>\n

[30]<\/a> George A. Bournoutian, Ermeni Tarihi\u2026 s 193<\/p>\n

[31]<\/a> Vahan Bardizaktski, s\u0131ladan S\u00f6zler, Arsen Yarman Palu Harput, II. Cilt, s 51<\/p>\n

[32]<\/a> Arsen Yarman Palu Harput, 1. Cilt\u2026 s 161-162<\/p>\n

[33]<\/a> Bilal \u015fim\u015fir \u0130ngiliz Belgelerinde Osmanl\u0131 Ermenileri, bilgi Y. 1986, 182, Akt. Arsen Yarman Palu Harput, 1. Cilt\u2026 s 164<\/p>\n

[34]<\/a> George A. Bournoutian, Ermeni Tarihi\u2026 s 209<\/p>\n

[35]<\/a> Her alay\u0131 olu\u015fturan a\u015firet reislerine verilen unvanlar ve r\u00fctbelerden dolay\u0131 a\u015firetler aras\u0131nda \u00e7eli\u015fkiler derinle\u015fir. K\u00fcrtler, hem kendi aralar\u0131nda \u00e7eli\u015fkilerini derinle\u015ftirirler, hem de Ermenilerin topraklar\u0131n\u0131 K\u00fcrdistanla\u015ft\u0131rma kavgas\u0131n\u0131 yaparlar. K\u00fcrt-Ermeni \u00e7e\u00adli\u015fkisi de giderek derinle\u015fir. Sultan’\u0131n plan\u0131 tutar. Avrupal\u0131lara ‘biz de\u011fil K\u00fcrtler yap\u0131\u00adyor’ diye a\u00e7\u0131klar. Art\u0131k hem K\u00fcrtleri kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131na almakta hem de Ermeni sorununu. Ermeniyi katlederek \u00e7\u00f6zmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktayd\u0131.M. Kalman Bat\u0131 Ermenistan (K\u00fcrt ili\u015fkileri) ve Jenocid, Zel Y. 1994, 54<\/p>\n

[36]<\/a> Martin van Bruinessen, A\u011fa, \u015eeyh, Devlet,\u00e7ev Banu Yalkut, \u0130leti\u015fim Y. 2006,s 286-87<\/p>\n

[37]<\/a> \u00c7ifte vergi art\u0131k yeni fetih\u2019in ger\u00e7eklerinden birdir. Ermeniler hem K\u00fcrtlere hem devlete vergi vermektedirler.<\/p>\n

[38]<\/a> Martin van Bruinessen, A\u011fa, \u015eeyh, Devlet,\u00e7ev Banu Yalkut, \u0130leti\u015fim Y. 2006,s 291-92<\/p>\n

[39]<\/a> M. Kalman Bat\u0131 Ermenistan (K\u00fcrt ili\u015fkileri) ve Jenocid, Zel Y. 1994, 55<\/p>\n

[40]<\/a> Emir Celadet Ali Bedirxan, Bir K\u00fcrt ayd\u0131n\u0131ndan Mustafa Kemal\u2019e Mektub, Doz Y. 2010,\u00a0 49<\/p>\n

[41]<\/a> George A. Bournoutian, Ermeni Tarihi\u2026s 212-219<\/p>\n

[42]<\/a> Ermeni Devrimcilerinin sosyalizm ile tan\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 eskidir. Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto erken bir tarihte Ermeniceye \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir. Engels 1888 tarihli ilk \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131s\u0131na yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ns\u00f6zde bu \u00e7eviriden \u015f\u00f6yle s\u00f6zeder; \u201cBundan bir\u00adka\u00e7 ay \u00f6nce \u0130stanbul’da yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131 beklenen Ermenice \u00e7evirisi, bana s\u00f6ylendi\u011fi\u00adne g\u00f6re, yay\u0131nc\u0131 Marx’\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan bir kitap yay\u0131nlamaktan korktu\u011fu, \u00e7evirmen de kitab\u0131 kendi eseri gibi g\u00f6stermeye yana\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u201d K. Marx-F. Engels Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto ve Hakk\u0131nda Yaz\u0131lar, Yordam kitap, 2008, s 62. Manifestonun daha \u00f6ncesinde Almanca ve Rus\u00e7a bask\u0131s\u0131 mevcuttur.<\/p>\n

[43]<\/a> 1887-1921 d\u00f6neminde, Ermeni kurtulu\u015f hareketinde sos\u00adyalizm ile milliyet\u00e7ilik birbirinden ayr\u0131lmaz bir bi\u00e7imde, i\u00e7i\u00adce girmi\u015ftir. 1887 H\u0131n\u00e7akyan Partisi’nin kuruldu\u011fu y\u0131ld\u0131r, 1921 ise Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti’nin Sovyetle\u015ftirmesinin tarihidir.Anahide ter Minasyan, 1876-1923 D\u00f6neminde Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funda Sosyalist Hareketin Do\u011fu\u015funda ve Geli\u015fmesinde Ermeni Toplulu\u011fun Rol\u00fc, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funda Sosyalizm ve Milliyet\u00e7ilik, i\u00e7inde Der, M. Tun\u00e7ay, E.J. Z\u00fcrcher, \u0130leti\u015fim Y.2004, s 165.<\/p>\n

[44]<\/a> Ermeniler ve \u0130ttihat Terakki, A. Avagyan, G.F. Minassian, \u00e7ev. L. Denisenko-Mutlucan \u015eahan, aras Y. 2005, s 13<\/p>\n

http:\/\/hyetert.blogspot.com\/2012\/04\/16yuzyldan-sonra-tedrici-olarak.html<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sait \u00c7etino\u011flu 19.Yy.da Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n (Eski)\/K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n[1] (Yeni) D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc ve Otokton Halklar \u00dczerine Etkisi. Osmanl\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0 merkezile\u015fme y\u00f6n\u00fcnde geli\u015fimi yada y\u00f6nelimi 18 Y\u00fczy\u0131lda\u00a0 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun do\u011fusunda zafere kazanm\u0131\u015f ve Do\u011fu Anadoluda Ermenilerin ve K\u00fcrtlerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\/K\u00fcrdistanda toplumsal ili\u015fkileri tamamen de\u011fi\u015ftirerek 1848\u2019dek ikinci fetih ile ili\u015fkileri i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lamaz bir s\u00fcrece itmi\u015ftir. Devletin Yeni\u00e7erileri ortadan kald\u0131rarak S\u00fcnni-\u0130slama y\u00f6nelimi ile […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":13738,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,70],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13737","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-haberler","category-makaleler"],"yoast_head":"\n16.y\u00fczy\u0131ldan sonra tedrici olarak K\u00fcrdistan\u2019a d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen Tarihi Ermenistan\u0131n 19. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki sosyo-ekonomik de\u011fi\u015fimi - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/akunq.net\/tr\/?p=13737\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"16.y\u00fczy\u0131ldan sonra tedrici olarak K\u00fcrdistan\u2019a d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen Tarihi Ermenistan\u0131n 19. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki sosyo-ekonomik de\u011fi\u015fimi - Bati Ermenistan Ve Bati Ermenileri Sorunlari Ara\u015ftirmalar Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Sait \u00c7etino\u011flu 19.Yy.da Bat\u0131 Ermenistan\u2019\u0131n (Eski)\/K\u00fcrdistan\u2019\u0131n[1] (Yeni) D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc ve Otokton Halklar \u00dczerine Etkisi. 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